The document discusses various concepts related to translation and subtitling. It defines linguistic equivalence, paradigmatic equivalence, stylistic equivalence, and textual equivalence in translation. It also defines linguistic and cultural untranslatability. Intralingual subtitling deals with subtitles in the same language, while interlingual subtitling refers to subtitles changing languages. Key constraints in subtitling include synchronization, reading speed, literacy, visuals, frame changes, and medium. Legibility and readability are also important. Subtitles can be centered or left-aligned. Translation requires consideration of readability, space, time on screen, and other limitations. Reduction and simplification techniques include using fewer words, simplifying syntax, and

2. *Linguistic Equivalence
--there is homogeneity on the
linguistic level of both SL and TL texts.
*Paradigmatic Equivalence
-- there is an equivalence of ‘the
elements of a paradigmatic expressive axis’.

3. *Stylistic (translational) Equivalence
--where there is ‘functional equivalence
of elements in both original and translation
aiming at an expressive identity with an
invariant of identical meaning.
*Textual (syntagmatic) Equivalence
--where there is equivalence of the
syntagmatic structuring of a text.

4. Catford distinguishes two types of
untranslatability, which he terms linguistic
and cultural.
 On the linguistic level, untranslatability
occurs when there is no lexical or
syntactical substitute in the TL for an SL
item.
 Linguistic untranslatability, is due to
differences in the SL and the TL, whereas
cultural untranslatability is due to the
absence in the TL culture of a relevant
situational feature for the SL text.

5.  Subtitles can be defined as ‘transcriptions of
film or TV dialogue, presented
simultaneously on the screen’.

6. Intralingual subtitling
** deals with the production of subtitles that
remain in the same language as the original
and are used for the deaf or hard of hearing,
or for language learners.

8. Interlingual subtitling
**refers to both a change in mode and
language, going ‘from one language into
another language, and from spoken dialogue
into a written, condensed translation which
appears on the screen.

10.  Synchronization constraints.
 Reading speed of the viewer.
 Literacy and Age of the viewer.
 Correlation with the visuals on-screen and
the sound track.
 Frame changes.
 Medium through which the subtitles are to be
shown.

11. Legibility
Readability or Simplicity

12.  Subtitlers must focus on the appearance of
the subtitles and the timing. With regard to
the appearance of the subtitle, for languages
that read left to right, the positional options
are for text to be either centered or left-
aligned.

13. Example:
Centred:
“He said that he would not be able to come
until tomorrow.”
“He said
that he would not be able to come until
tomorrow.”

14. Left-aligned:
“He said that he would not be able to come
until tomorrow.”
“He said
that he would not be able to come until
tomorrow.”

15.  The translator must consider ways to present
the text so that it is readable, taking into
consideration constraints such as reading
speed and genre, but also bearing in mind
the space available on the screen, the time
the subtitle will be shown, the frame
changes and all the other limitations on their
translation abilities.

16. REDUCTION
--Using fewer words to render the same
meaning.
Example:
Metropolitan Police Force
= “Police” or any unwordy equivalent to
target language

17.  REDUCTION
--simplification of syntactical structure
of the spoken language.
Example:
“What time can we expect your son to
arrive?”
=
“What time is your son arriving?”

18. SIMPLIFICATION
--Simplification, however, rather than
making changes regarding the amount
of text appearing on the screen, deals
with the type or quality of text that
appears on the screen.

19.  Get a video clip of any “Gandang Gabi Vice”
Episode (Minimum of 5mins) and put the
BEST English subtitle for the video.
The video will be presented next meeting.
(3 Members per Group.)