The document discusses different types of translation, including:
1. Literal translation, which aims to maintain the form and word order of the original text as closely as possible, which can sometimes result in unnatural or ungrammatical translations.
2. Free translation, which focuses on conveying the overall meaning of the original text in a natural way using the target language. This type of translation may introduce some interpretation.
3. Communicative translation, which aims to render the meaning of the original text in a way that is readily acceptable and comprehensible to the target audience. This type prioritizes effective communication over maintaining the original form.
translation connects the world, and to be able to communicate with others. it transfers knowledge between the languages. to enable to communication between different people, and through translation, we help to understand each other.
Micro-Linguistics Perspective in the Translation of Sensitive Issues of Sūrah...FadilElmenfi1
The study aims at examining the problems the Qurʾān translators encounter while translating the Qurʾān. It is based on the translation of professional translator namely, Yusuf Ali. The translated text is compared to the original text to determine to which extent the translation reflects the real meaning of the original Qurʾānic text. In short, the study sets out to identify the problematic areas in the translated Qurʾānic texts on the syntactic and semantic levels.
translation connects the world, and to be able to communicate with others. it transfers knowledge between the languages. to enable to communication between different people, and through translation, we help to understand each other.
Micro-Linguistics Perspective in the Translation of Sensitive Issues of Sūrah...FadilElmenfi1
The study aims at examining the problems the Qurʾān translators encounter while translating the Qurʾān. It is based on the translation of professional translator namely, Yusuf Ali. The translated text is compared to the original text to determine to which extent the translation reflects the real meaning of the original Qurʾānic text. In short, the study sets out to identify the problematic areas in the translated Qurʾānic texts on the syntactic and semantic levels.
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HR recruiter services offer top talents to companies according to their specific needs. They handle all recruitment tasks from job posting to onboarding and help companies concentrate on their business growth. With their expertise and years of experience, they streamline the hiring process and save time and resources for the company.
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Retail media wordt gezien als het nieuwe advertising-medium en ook mediabureaus richten massaal retail media-afdelingen op. Merken die niet in de betreffende winkel liggen staan ook nog niet in de rij om op de retail media netwerken te adverteren. Marvin belicht de uitdagingen die er zijn om echt aansluiting te vinden op die markt van non-endemic advertising.
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𝐓𝐉 𝐂𝐨𝐦𝐬 (𝐓𝐉 𝐂𝐨𝐦𝐦𝐮𝐧𝐢𝐜𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐬) is a professional event agency that includes experts in the event-organizing market in Vietnam, Korea, and ASEAN countries. We provide unlimited types of events from Music concerts, Fan meetings, and Culture festivals to Corporate events, Internal company events, Golf tournaments, MICE events, and Exhibitions.
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"𝐄𝐯𝐞𝐫𝐲 𝐞𝐯𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐢𝐬 𝐚 𝐬𝐭𝐨𝐫𝐲, 𝐚 𝐬𝐩𝐞𝐜𝐢𝐚𝐥 𝐣𝐨𝐮𝐫𝐧𝐞𝐲. 𝐖𝐞 𝐚𝐥𝐰𝐚𝐲𝐬 𝐛𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐞𝐯𝐞 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐭 𝐬𝐡𝐨𝐫𝐭𝐥𝐲 𝐲𝐨𝐮 𝐰𝐢𝐥𝐥 𝐛𝐞 𝐚 𝐩𝐚𝐫𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝐨𝐮𝐫 𝐬𝐭𝐨𝐫𝐢𝐞𝐬."
Enterprise Excellence is Inclusive Excellence.pdfKaiNexus
Enterprise excellence and inclusive excellence are closely linked, and real-world challenges have shown that both are essential to the success of any organization. To achieve enterprise excellence, organizations must focus on improving their operations and processes while creating an inclusive environment that engages everyone. In this interactive session, the facilitator will highlight commonly established business practices and how they limit our ability to engage everyone every day. More importantly, though, participants will likely gain increased awareness of what we can do differently to maximize enterprise excellence through deliberate inclusion.
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3. Translation consists of studying the lexis, grammatical
structure, communication situation, and cultural context of the
source language text; all these are analyzed in order to
determine its meaning.
This same meaning is then reconstructed using the lexicon and
grammatical structure which are appropriate in the target
language and its cultural context.
4. For example, if we use Arabic as a source language and
English as the target, “Ana Muslim” becomes the source text
whose lexicon, grammatical structure, communication
situation and cultural context are analyzed in order to
determine its meaning.
The meaning is then reconstructed using the lexicon and
grammatical structure which are appropriate in the target
language. To that extent,
“Ana Muslim” is restructured thus: ‘I am a Muslim’.
5. Skills needed in translation
In popular belief, to translate, a person only needs:
• reasonable knowledge of a foreign language;
• long and varied experience; and
• a few good dictionaries
6. It is in fact virtually impossible , except in extreme cases, to
draw a line between what counts as a good translation and
what counts as a bad translation.
Every translation has points of strength and points of
weakness and every translation is open to improvement.
7. Nida (1964) stated the following requirements of good
translation:
(1) It must make sense.
(2) It must convey the spirit and manner of the original.
(3) It must have a natural and easy form of expression.
(4) It must produce a similar response.
8. Word for word translation
Literal Translation
Free translation
Semantic translation
Communicative translation.
9. . A form of literal translation which seeks to match the individual
words of the original as closely as possible to individual words
of the target language.
. The translator seeks to translate an original word by the same
target word as much as possible (this is technically called
concordance). In addition, the order of words of the original
language will be followed as closely as possible.
It is often condemnned as bad translation pratice, especially
between languages of remote origins like English and Arabic.
Word-for-word translation is not recognized as mature
translation pracitce because it does not take· structural
mismatches such as word order and modification differences
between languages into consideration.
10. By way of illustration, consider the following sentences and their
Arabic word-for-word translations:
a. I caught a small fish صغيرة سمكة اصطدت أنا
b. Adel wanted to buy a new car. جديدة سسيارة يشتري أسن أراد عادل
As can be seen, the word-for-word Arabic translations above are
ungrammatical and/or unnatural.
11. It seeks to be transparent to the original text, letting the reader
see as directly as possible the structure and meaning of the
original.
Literal translation is where the forms of the original are retained
as much as possible, even if those forms are not the most
natural forms to preserve the original meaning. Literal
translation is sometimes called word-for-word translation (as
opposed to thought-for-thought translation).The translators
seeks as far as possible to capture the precise wording of the
original text and the personal style of each writer.
2. literal translation
12. Literal translation is probably the oldest type of translation practice.
It involves the conveyance of denotative meaning of phrases and
sentences in a text from one language to another.
Therefore, literal translation works where there is correspondence
between the two languages in terms of semantics and structure as
can be illustrated by the following English sentences and their Arabic
translations:
a. Ahmed went to the library last week. المكتبة إلى أحمد ةبتكملا ىلإ دمحأ بهذهب
الماضي السبوع
b. Hala is an old hard-hearted woman قاسية عجوز امرأة هالة
القلب
13. A literal translation of words, idioms, figures of speech etc. results
in unclear, unnatural and sometimes nonsensical translations and
has little communication value.
For example, in translating Arabic questions to English;
اسمك؟ ما What name yours?
جئت؟ أين من From where you come?
This literal translation makes little sense in English. Therefore, the
appropriate translation would be.
What is your name?
Where did you come from?
14. Notably, literal translation often falters, especially in the case of multi-
word units like collocations and idioms as can be illustrated below
(The appropriate Arabic expressions are parenthesized):
to pay a visit (بزيارة )يقوم زيارة يدفع
to take after (لـ )يشبه/يطلع بعد يأخذ
to rain cats and dogs (بغزارة )تمطر اً كلب و اً قطط تمطر
strong tea (ثقيل )شاي قوي شاي
However, literal translation may sometimes work in the case of multi-
word units as can be illustrated below:
to take a decision اً قرار يتخذ war and peace و الحرب
السلم
crocodile tears التماسيح دموع the cold war الباردة الحرب
day and night نهار ليل
15. 3. Free translation
Free translation is one which preserves the meaning of the original but
uses natural forms of the target language, including normal word order
and syntax, so that the translation can be naturally understood. Free
translation is a kind of idiomatic translation.
Free translation is the kind of translation that has additional extraneous
information which is not included in the source text. However, this kind of
translation is not totally considered acceptable and normal. It is, however,
usually used to bring a kind of humor and special response from the target
language speakers. And it also emphasizes on the reaction of those
reading or hearing it and the meaning is not necessarily the same as that
of the source language.
Free translation produces the Target Language text without the style,
form, or content of the original.
16. This kind of translation is sometimes called idiomatic
translation. Texts are translated based on their meaning not
structure. Interpretation and paraphrasing are two ways of
understanding and translating the text into the target language.
For example, the English proverb “Do or die” can be freely into
شيء كل أخسر أو أربح اما
This English proverb refers to the notion that either you are
going to do this or a second chance may never occur, do it now
or do it never.
17. Another example, in one translation, the source said:
“ It was a glooming day, when the Nigerian got an independence
from white men. And since then, the Nigerian has been liberated and
lived in harmonious and luxurious life.
It was translated as follows;
“ That day was a fantastic and laconic day for white men when the
Nigerian sought for relievement in order to free himself from the
bondage of white men ….”
18. Communicative translation is freer, and gives priority to the
effectiveness of the message to be communicated. It focuses on
factors such as readability and naturalness, and is appropriate to
translations of “pragmatic” texts where the actual form of the
original is not closely bound to its intended meaning. These are texts
like advertisements, tourist brochures, product descriptions and
instructions, manuals.“
Communicative translation attempts to render the exact contextual
meaning of the original text in such a way that both content and
language are readily acceptable and comprehensible to the
readership. The communicative strategy is more concerned with the
overall sense of the text.
19. The translation of the public notices like
”No Smoking” التدخين ممنوع , respects
the Target language grammar and culture.
The Target text is as close as possible to
the source text, functionally and
pragmatically.
20. Semantic translation is closer, more literal; it gives high
priority to the meaning and form of the original, and is
appropriate to translations of source texts that have high
status, such as religious texts, legal texts, literature, perhaps
ministerial speeches.
It is presumed that the translation has the same meaning as
the original text. No change of information is possible. The
presumption of semantic identity between Source Text and
Target Text is based on the various degrees of equivalence of
their meanings. The translator usually tries to produce in
Target Language the closest possible equivalent to Source
Text.
21. The translator sticks to the source text ignoring
the real usage in the target culture. For example,
to translate the Arabic proverb عليك ويوم لك يوم
one can say: “ A day for you, a day against you”.
This is grammatically and semantically correct,
but it is not typically used in the Target Language.
The equivalent proverb should be: “You win, you
lose some”, which is totally different from the
original phrase.