The document discusses literal translation, which aims to remain close to the original text's form while ensuring correct grammar in the target language. It provides definitions of literal translation from various authors, noting it prioritizes lexical correspondences and structural identity between the source and target texts. Common features are maximal closeness to the source text's meaning and structure, while conforming to target language grammar. However, some disagree on whether it can lead to unnatural translations, though others argue it is a valid technique when other methods fail.

1. Universidad Latina de Panamá Faculty of Educactional Science Bachelor in English with an Emphasis on Translation Commercial Translation (From Spanish to English) Presented by: Stanley Choi

2. An Engisht into Literal translation

3. Definition by some authors

4. Literal translation Is a mode of translation that remains close to the form of the original. “ A translation which gives priority to lexical correspondences and results in ungrammatical sentences, or it could also mean a translation that is as close as possible to the original while still ensuring TL grammaticality (but not naturalness).” ( Palumbo, Giuseppe )

5. Palumbo (2009) explains that it is a translation strategy or technique involving a choice of TL equivalents that stay close to the form of the original while ensuring grammar in the TL. Newmark (1981) agrees that this technique is the best option for translating texts where the form is as important as the content such as great speeches, autobiographies, literary works.

6. Delisle et al. define literal translation as a translation strategy which preserves the formal features of the ST, while conforming to TL grammar. Wilss defines it as “structural idendity or near-identity on the syntagmatic and syntatic level” between the ST segment and its corresponding TT segment.

7. Common features of this translation procedure Maximal closeness to the ST meaning and structure. Conformity to the TL grammar.

8. Disagreements Some authors assume that literal translation lead to a bad translated text , a translated text where the ST structure is reflected in an exaggerated and unwanted way. On the other hand, Vinay & Darbelnet explained, “ My thesis is, however, that literal translation is correct and must not be avoided , if it secures referential and pragmatic equivalence to the original.” *It can be used when other techniques have failed.

9. Examples:

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