The document provides an overview of the theory of translation. It begins by defining translation as producing a target language text that elicits a similar reaction in the target language receptor as the original text does for the source language receptor. It discusses types of equivalence, including formal, partial correspondence, and situational equivalence. It also covers levels of equivalence, types of translation such as equivalent, literal, and free translation. The document discusses some fundamentals of translation theory including grammatical problems when translating between languages. It covers topics such as non-equivalents, partial equivalents, and free versus bound use of grammar forms. It also discusses lexical problems in translation and different types of lexical meaning and valency.
References
Webb, S. (2007). Learning word pairs and glossed sentences: The effects of a single context on vocabulary knowledge. Language Teaching Research, 11, 63-81.
http://leoxicon.blogspot.com/2013/05/context-or-co-text.html
References
Webb, S. (2007). Learning word pairs and glossed sentences: The effects of a single context on vocabulary knowledge. Language Teaching Research, 11, 63-81.
http://leoxicon.blogspot.com/2013/05/context-or-co-text.html
Code-switching is one of the phenomenon of language which occurs in societies to make the communication more effective and meaningful. But it has also some negative impacts.
Here, we have tried to present all things based on English and Bengali language.
Critical Language Awareness commonly described CLA is a prerequisite technique to Critical Discourse Analysis. CLA is primarily an understanding that makes us competent socially, politically, ideologically and among various discourses and contexts of different linguistic variations.
Transformations in Transformational Generative GrammarBayu Jaka Magistra
If we examine the following pairs of sentences:
(1) The mechanic repaired my car.
(2) My car was repaired by the mechanic.
(3) The spider ate the fly quickly.
(4) The spider quickly ate the fly
Instinctively, we realize that sentence no (2) is not only grammatical, but has the same meaning as sentence no (1) as well (even though the focus is different). Likewise, Sentences (3) and (4) are also similar for the same reason.
In Chomskyan linguistic tradition, the changes happening to the above-mentioned examples are dealt by means of transformations which can be defined as “…a device for changing one sentence into another sentence…” (Deterding & Poedjosoedarmo, 2001).
This presentation concisely explain the sense and mechanisms of transformations in Chomskyan linguistic tradition, specifically early Chomsky's idea referring to his revolutionary work, Syntactic Structure (1957)
Code-switching is one of the phenomenon of language which occurs in societies to make the communication more effective and meaningful. But it has also some negative impacts.
Here, we have tried to present all things based on English and Bengali language.
Critical Language Awareness commonly described CLA is a prerequisite technique to Critical Discourse Analysis. CLA is primarily an understanding that makes us competent socially, politically, ideologically and among various discourses and contexts of different linguistic variations.
Transformations in Transformational Generative GrammarBayu Jaka Magistra
If we examine the following pairs of sentences:
(1) The mechanic repaired my car.
(2) My car was repaired by the mechanic.
(3) The spider ate the fly quickly.
(4) The spider quickly ate the fly
Instinctively, we realize that sentence no (2) is not only grammatical, but has the same meaning as sentence no (1) as well (even though the focus is different). Likewise, Sentences (3) and (4) are also similar for the same reason.
In Chomskyan linguistic tradition, the changes happening to the above-mentioned examples are dealt by means of transformations which can be defined as “…a device for changing one sentence into another sentence…” (Deterding & Poedjosoedarmo, 2001).
This presentation concisely explain the sense and mechanisms of transformations in Chomskyan linguistic tradition, specifically early Chomsky's idea referring to his revolutionary work, Syntactic Structure (1957)
[Note: This is a partial preview. To download this presentation, visit:
https://www.oeconsulting.com.sg/training-presentations]
Sustainability has become an increasingly critical topic as the world recognizes the need to protect our planet and its resources for future generations. Sustainability means meeting our current needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet theirs. It involves long-term planning and consideration of the consequences of our actions. The goal is to create strategies that ensure the long-term viability of People, Planet, and Profit.
Leading companies such as Nike, Toyota, and Siemens are prioritizing sustainable innovation in their business models, setting an example for others to follow. In this Sustainability training presentation, you will learn key concepts, principles, and practices of sustainability applicable across industries. This training aims to create awareness and educate employees, senior executives, consultants, and other key stakeholders, including investors, policymakers, and supply chain partners, on the importance and implementation of sustainability.
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
1. Develop a comprehensive understanding of the fundamental principles and concepts that form the foundation of sustainability within corporate environments.
2. Explore the sustainability implementation model, focusing on effective measures and reporting strategies to track and communicate sustainability efforts.
3. Identify and define best practices and critical success factors essential for achieving sustainability goals within organizations.
CONTENTS
1. Introduction and Key Concepts of Sustainability
2. Principles and Practices of Sustainability
3. Measures and Reporting in Sustainability
4. Sustainability Implementation & Best Practices
To download the complete presentation, visit: https://www.oeconsulting.com.sg/training-presentations
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Kyiv PMDay 2024 Summer
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Marvin neemt je in deze presentatie mee in de voordelen van non-endemic advertising op retail media netwerken. Hij brengt ook de uitdagingen in beeld die de markt op dit moment heeft op het gebied van retail media voor niet-leveranciers.
Retail media wordt gezien als het nieuwe advertising-medium en ook mediabureaus richten massaal retail media-afdelingen op. Merken die niet in de betreffende winkel liggen staan ook nog niet in de rij om op de retail media netwerken te adverteren. Marvin belicht de uitdagingen die er zijn om echt aansluiting te vinden op die markt van non-endemic advertising.
Falcon stands out as a top-tier P2P Invoice Discounting platform in India, bridging esteemed blue-chip companies and eager investors. Our goal is to transform the investment landscape in India by establishing a comprehensive destination for borrowers and investors with diverse profiles and needs, all while minimizing risk. What sets Falcon apart is the elimination of intermediaries such as commercial banks and depository institutions, allowing investors to enjoy higher yields.
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www.seribangash.com
A Memorandum of Association (MOA) is a legal document that outlines the fundamental principles and objectives upon which a company operates. It serves as the company's charter or constitution and defines the scope of its activities. Here's a detailed note on the MOA:
Contents of Memorandum of Association:
Name Clause: This clause states the name of the company, which should end with words like "Limited" or "Ltd." for a public limited company and "Private Limited" or "Pvt. Ltd." for a private limited company.
https://seribangash.com/article-of-association-is-legal-doc-of-company/
Registered Office Clause: It specifies the location where the company's registered office is situated. This office is where all official communications and notices are sent.
Objective Clause: This clause delineates the main objectives for which the company is formed. It's important to define these objectives clearly, as the company cannot undertake activities beyond those mentioned in this clause.
www.seribangash.com
Liability Clause: It outlines the extent of liability of the company's members. In the case of companies limited by shares, the liability of members is limited to the amount unpaid on their shares. For companies limited by guarantee, members' liability is limited to the amount they undertake to contribute if the company is wound up.
https://seribangash.com/promotors-is-person-conceived-formation-company/
Capital Clause: This clause specifies the authorized capital of the company, i.e., the maximum amount of share capital the company is authorized to issue. It also mentions the division of this capital into shares and their respective nominal value.
Association Clause: It simply states that the subscribers wish to form a company and agree to become members of it, in accordance with the terms of the MOA.
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Legal Requirement: The MOA is a legal requirement for the formation of a company. It must be filed with the Registrar of Companies during the incorporation process.
Constitutional Document: It serves as the company's constitutional document, defining its scope, powers, and limitations.
Protection of Members: It protects the interests of the company's members by clearly defining the objectives and limiting their liability.
External Communication: It provides clarity to external parties, such as investors, creditors, and regulatory authorities, regarding the company's objectives and powers.
https://seribangash.com/difference-public-and-private-company-law/
Binding Authority: The company and its members are bound by the provisions of the MOA. Any action taken beyond its scope may be considered ultra vires (beyond the powers) of the company and therefore void.
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While the MOA lays down the company's fundamental principles, it is not entirely immutable. It can be amended, but only under specific circumstances and in compliance with legal procedures. Amendments typically require shareholder
"𝑩𝑬𝑮𝑼𝑵 𝑾𝑰𝑻𝑯 𝑻𝑱 𝑰𝑺 𝑯𝑨𝑳𝑭 𝑫𝑶𝑵𝑬"
𝐓𝐉 𝐂𝐨𝐦𝐬 (𝐓𝐉 𝐂𝐨𝐦𝐦𝐮𝐧𝐢𝐜𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐬) is a professional event agency that includes experts in the event-organizing market in Vietnam, Korea, and ASEAN countries. We provide unlimited types of events from Music concerts, Fan meetings, and Culture festivals to Corporate events, Internal company events, Golf tournaments, MICE events, and Exhibitions.
𝐓𝐉 𝐂𝐨𝐦𝐬 provides unlimited package services including such as Event organizing, Event planning, Event production, Manpower, PR marketing, Design 2D/3D, VIP protocols, Interpreter agency, etc.
Sports events - Golf competitions/billiards competitions/company sports events: dynamic and challenging
⭐ 𝐅𝐞𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐣𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐬:
➢ 2024 BAEKHYUN [Lonsdaleite] IN HO CHI MINH
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➢CHILDREN ART EXHIBITION 2024: BEYOND BARRIERS
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"𝐄𝐯𝐞𝐫𝐲 𝐞𝐯𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐢𝐬 𝐚 𝐬𝐭𝐨𝐫𝐲, 𝐚 𝐬𝐩𝐞𝐜𝐢𝐚𝐥 𝐣𝐨𝐮𝐫𝐧𝐞𝐲. 𝐖𝐞 𝐚𝐥𝐰𝐚𝐲𝐬 𝐛𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐞𝐯𝐞 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐭 𝐬𝐡𝐨𝐫𝐭𝐥𝐲 𝐲𝐨𝐮 𝐰𝐢𝐥𝐥 𝐛𝐞 𝐚 𝐩𝐚𝐫𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝐨𝐮𝐫 𝐬𝐭𝐨𝐫𝐢𝐞𝐬."
2. Bibliography
Гүрбазар Г. Орчуулгын онол, дадлагын үндэс , УБ, 1996
Комиссаров Теория перевода, Москва , 2001
Catford , J.C . A Linguistic Theory of Translation.
London.1965
Bell Roger T. Translation and translating. UK. Longman
Group Ltd,1994
Frishberg,Nancy J. Interpreting. Registry of Interpreters,1990
Sofer, Morry The translator’s Handbook. Schreiber
Publications,2002
Baker, Mona Encyclopedia of Translation Studies,2001
3. Lecture 1.
SOME FUNDAMENTALS OF THE THEORY OF TRANSLATION
Translation means that the message produced by the
translator should call a reaction from the TL receptor
similar to that called by the original message from the
SL receptor.
.
4. •Equivalence is the reproduction of a SL text by TL
means.
• The degree of equivalence depends on the linguistic
means used in the SL texts and on the functional style to
which the text belongs.
5. TYPES OF EQUIVALENCE
Equivalence implies variability and
consequently several types of
equivalence can be distinguished.
First Type – Formal Equivalence.
Children go to school every morning.
Second Type – Partial Correspondence Equivalence.
All through the long foreign summer the American tourist abroad has
been depressed by the rubber quality of his dollar.
6. Third Type – Situational or Factual
Equivalence.
Keep off, wet paint –
Many happy returns of the day
In this way, the third type of equivalence conveys the
sense, the meaning of the utterance without
preserving its formal elements.
7. Keep off, wet paint –
Many happy returns of the day
In this way, the third type of equivalence conveys
the sense, the meaning of the utterance without
preserving its formal elements.
8. LEVELS OF EQUIVALENCE
Equivalence may occur at different linguistic levels:
phonetic, word building, morphological, at word
level, at phrase level, at sentence level and finally at text
level.
Word-building Level of Equivalence
e.g.: irresponsible ; unpredictable
Morphological Level of Equivalence
e.g.: The report’s proposals were handed to a political
committee.
Equivalence at Word Level
e.g.: She clasped her hands round her handbag. (Agatha
Christie).
9. Equivalence of Phrase Level
(Hippies are in revolt against an acquisitive
society. –
Equivalence at Sentence Level
It occurs: a) in phraseology – two is company,
three is none –b) in orders and regulations – keep
off the grass
10. •Equivalence at Text Level
To see a World in a Grain of Sand,
And a Heaven in a Wild Flower,
Hold Infinity in the palm of your hand,
And Eternity in an hour.
(W. Blake, Auguries of
Innocence)
.
11. TYPES OF TRANSLATION
The following three types of translation can be
distinguished:
equivalent translation
literal translation
free translation
description translation
12. Translation Loans
Literal translation should not be confused with translation loans. A
translation loan is a peculiar form of word-borrowing by means of
literal translation.
Translation loans are built on the pattern of foreign words or phrases
with the elements of the borrowing language, e.g. collective farm is a
translation loan of the Russian колхоз but in a full and not in an
abbreviated form: goodneighbourly relations – ñàéí õºðøèéí
õàðèëöàà (a full loan);
13. Free Translation
Free translation is a special type of translation used
as a rule in annotations, prices, abstracts, etc.
2. Free translation is rendering of meaning regardless
of form. The aim of such kind of translation is to
convey information in a most compact manner.
1.
14. •
Description translation
Differences in cultural background frequently require
detailed additions which are explanatory. It is description
translation. That is familiar to the native reader may be
unfamiliar to the reader of the translation.
Her home is filled from top to toe with Victoria,
classically elegant, very together.
15. Lecture 2.
GRAMMATICAL PROBLEMS
Equivalence can be achieved by different transformations:
grammatical, lexical, stylistic.
The vigil of the U.S. Embassy supported last week by many prominent
people and still continuing, the marches last Saturday, the
resolutions of organizations have done something to show that the
Prime Minister does not speak for Britain.
16. Grammatical Typical Features of Modern English
Naturally only some features of Modern English will be considered
here. The deeply rooted tendency for compactness has stimulated a
wide use of various verbal complexes:
1.the infinitive complex
2.the gerundial complex
3. the participial complex
4.the absolute nominative construction.
17. Non-equivalents
Some English grammatical forms and structures have no
corresponding counterparts in Mongolian, others have only
partial equivalents.
Non-equivalents) includes:
•
articles
•
gerund
•
Past Perfect Tense
18. Articles.
The categories of definiteness and indefiniteness are
universal but the ways and means of expressing these
notions are vary in different languages.In English this
function is fulfilled by the articles whereas in Russian by
word order, in Mongolian by pronouns.
Both the definite and indefinite articles in English are
meaningful and their meanings and their functions cannot
be ignored in translation.
19. The Gerund
Another non-equivalent form is the gerund. It fulfils various functions
in the sentence and can be translated by different means.
•
The gerund modified by a proper noun in the possessive case is
translated by a subordinate clause.
•
The gerund used in the function of a prepositional object is also
rendered in translation by a subordinate clause.
•
The so-called half-gerund may also be translated by a subordinate
clause.
20. The Past Perfect Tense.
•
The meaning of the Past Perfect Tense is usually might be
rendered in translation by some adverbs of time.
The stone heat of the day had gentled down.
(I.Shaw).
Өдрийн уëàéññàí ÷óëóóíы õàëóóí íü õýäèéíýý íàìæив.
•
But in many cases the Past Perfect Tense is translated by
the Mongolian Past Tense without any temporal specification.
The mainspring of his existence was taken away when she
died… Ellen was the audience before which the blustering drama
of Gerald O’Hara had been played.
(M. Mitchell).
21. Lecture 3.
PARTIAL EQUIVALENCE
Source and target language grammatical forms hardly ever
coincide fully. The scope of their meaning and their functions and
usage generally differ, therefore these forms are mostly partial
equivalents.
1.The category of number in English and in Mongolian is a case in
point. Mostly the use of the singular and the plural in the two
languages coincides. But divergences in the use of the singular and
the plural appear in the first place in the so-called Singularia and
Pluralia Tantum, e.g: gallows – дүүжлүүр, news – мэдээ.
22. 2.There is also a considerable difference between the use of the
Passive voice in English and in Mongolian. English language allows
different types of passive constructions and there are a number of
verbs in English which can be used in the passive voice while the
correlated verbs in Mongolian cannot.
Original samples of Paris clothing have been flown to London to
illustrate lectures to the fashion industry.
23. Partial Equivalents caused by different usage
Partial equivalents are also caused by different syntactical
usage. The priority of Syntax due to the analytical character of the
English language is reflected in a number of features firmly
established in it by usage.
Chief among them are:
•
the use of homogeneous members which are logically
incompatible,
•
a peculiar use of parentheses,
•
the morphological expression of the subject in the principal
and the subordinate clauses, etc.
24. Lecture 4. FREE AND BOUND USE OF GRAMMAR FORMS
1.Grammatical forms are generally used freely according to their
own meaning and their use is determined by purely linguistic factors,
such as rules of agreement, syntactic construction, etc. in such cases
their use is not free but bound.
2.The rule of sequence of Tenses is another case in point: the use
of the tense in the English subordinate clause is bound. If the past
Tense is used in the principal clause, the Past or the Future-in-the-Past
must be used in the subordinate clause instead of the Present or of the
Future
25. Types of Grammatical Transformations
As has been said, divergences in the structures of the two
languages are so considerable that in the process of translation
various grammatical and lexical transformations.
These transformations may be classified into four types:
Transpositions
Replacements
Additions
Omissions.
26. Lecture 6. LEXICAL PROBLEMS
Languages differ in their phonological and grammatical systems; their systems
of meaning are also different. Any language is able to describe things, notions,
phenomena and facts of life. This ability of language ensures cognition of the
outside world. But the ways of expressing these things and notions usually vary in
different languages. That means that different languages use different sets of
semantic components, that is, elements of meaning to describe identical extraLinguistic situations.
She is not out of school yet.
(G.Heyer).
Ýìýãòýé ñóðãóóëèà àðàé òºãñººã¿é áàéãàà.
The same fact is described in the English and the Mongolian languages by
different semantic elements.
Benjamin paced his chamber, tension building in him. (E.Taylor).
Áåíæàìèí íü ºðººí人 àëõàæ, ò¿¿íèé ò¿ãø¿¿ð íü óëàì íýìýãäñýýð.
27. Three Types of Lexical Meaning
As one of the main tasks of translation is to
render the exact meaning of words, it is
important to consider here the three types of
lexical meaning which can be distinguished.
They are: referential, emotive and stylistic.
28. Lecture 7.
Different Valency
The ability of a word to appear in various combinations is described as
its Lexical valence or collocation ability which amounts to semantic
agreement. Collocation ability implies the ability of a lexical unit to combine
with other lexical units, with other words or lexical groups. The contexts in
which a word is used bring out its distribution and potential collocation
ability, thus the range of lexical valence of words is linguistically
determined by the lexical meaning of words, by the compatibility of notions
expressed by them and by the inner structure of he language word-stock.
29. a bad mistake –á¿ä¿¿ëýã àëäàà
a bad headache – õ¿ òýé òîëãîé
ºâäºëò
a bed debt – áóöààæ ºãººã¿é ºð
a bad accident – õ¿íä çîëã¿é
ÿâäàë
a bad wound –õ¿íä øàðõ
a bad egg – ìóóäñàí ºíäºã
a bad apple – ÿëçàðñàí àëèì .
30. Different Usage
Traditional usage of words of word combinations is typical of
each language. Traditional S.L. and T.L. usage or cliches do not
coincide. The words forming such cliches often have different
meanings in the two language but they are traditionally used to
describe similar situations. The problem of the proper selection
of equivalent words and clichås can be solved only if the
peculiarities of the correlated languages are taken into
consideration, e.g.
He is survived by his wife, a son and a daughter.
31. Lecture 8. Rendering of Proper Names in Translation
The function of proper name is purely nominative. They help to
distinguish a person, a pet or a place, to recognize them as unique.
Thus they have only nominal meaning and are designated by a
capital letter.
There are two ways of rendering proper names in translation:
transcription and translation.
Transcription is now universally accepted: Mary – Мэри. Phonetic
peculiarities, however, sometimes interfere and modify this principle
by causing certain departures, e.g. the name of the well-known
novelist Iris Murdoch is rendered with the inserted letter (and
sound) “p” – Айрис Мэрдок.
32. Rendering of Numerals
This group of words comes very close to terms. Their Mongolian
counterparts are naturally used in translation: ten – àðàâ, hundred –
çóó, thousand – ìÿíãà.
Rendering of Scientific and Technical Terms
Terms are generally associated with a definite branch of science or
technology. They tend to be mono semantic in the given branch of
science or technology and therefore easily call forth the required
concept. They are translated by corresponding or loan terms:
calorie – калори, equator - экватор, polysemantic –îëîí óòãàò,
etc. but it should be borne in mind, that one and the same term may
have different meanings in different branches of science and
technology, e.g.: line – 1) контейнер, øóãàì;2) äàìæóóëàëòûí
õîîëîé , etc. thus a term may sometimes be polysemantic, e.g.:
power (phys.) – õ¿ , õ¿ èí àäàë,, энерги, (math.) – çýðýã.