The document discusses various translation strategies used by translators. It describes global translation strategies that determine how close a translation is to the original text, including word-for-word, literal, faithful, and semantic translations. It also discusses local translation strategies at the word or phrase level, such as direct strategies like literal translation and indirect strategies like equivalence translation, shifts in grammar or viewpoint, and componential analysis to describe concepts. The strategies aim to balance accurate meaning with natural language in the target text culture and language.

1. Group 3
Rahmanul Ajiss
10321254
Niken Nabella
11321158
Siti purwaningsih
11321159
Beny Rizal

2. TRANSLATION STRATEGIES
Strategy used by (professional)
translator for dealing with various types of
text especially for non equivalent
word/term.
Peter Newmark. 1988. A Textbook of Translation New
York: Prentice Hall

3. TRANSLATION STRATEGIES
1. Global Translation Strategy
(translation method)
The overall strategy you apply to a text
as a whole – the primary choice you
have to make here is how close to the
source text you want your target text to
be.
2. Local Translation Strategy
(translation procedure):

4. Global Translation Strategies

5. I. ST/SL FOCUS (Imitative Translation) includes:
1) word-for-word translation
preservation of word order and as literal
translation as possible of individual words,
including cultural words.
2) literal translation
apart from as literal as possible translation of
individual words, grammatical structures are
converted into the nearest target language
equivalents.
Example :
ST : I am going nowhere.
TT : Aku sedang pergi tidak kemana-mana (word-for-
word translation)

6. 3) faithful translation
stays, if possible, within the constraints of the
grammatical structures of the target text, but
draws on certain contextual factors.
4) semantic translation
more emphasis on naturalness than in faithful
translation, and translation of certain cultural
words into neutral equivalents in the TL.
Example :
ST : He is a bookworm
TT : Dia adalah seorang kutu buku (faithful
transtlation)
Dia adalah seseorang yang suka sekali
membaca (semantic translation)

7. II. TT/TL focus (functional communication)
includes:
1) Adaptation translation
The freest form of translation and more of a
target language/culture based interpretation of
the source text than a translation as such, this is
sometimes called document design.
Example :
Cinderella story was adapted into Bawang
Merah Bawang Putih. The story was adapted by
adjusting the cultural of the reader.

8. 2) Free translation
Focuses on the content of the target text
rather than the form, which means that the
same content is expressed in the target text
but with very different grammatical structures.
Example :
(ST) Modern means of communication are so
rapid that a buyer can discover what price a
seller is asking can accept it if he wishes
although he may be thousands of miles.
(TT) Alat komunikasi modem sangat pesat
dimana seorang pembeli dapat menemukan
berapa harga yang diminta oleh seorang
penjual seperti yang diharapkannya meskipun

9. 3) idiomatic translation
makes use of idioms and colloquialisms that
are not present in the source text.
Example :
(ST) The rain likes cat and dog
(TT) Hujan deras.
4) communicative translation
aims at reproducing the exact message of the
source text content-wise and context-wise but
with emphasis on naturalness and
acceptability/comprehensiveness to the target
text readership.
Example :
(ST) I would admit that I am wrong.
(TT) Saya mengaku salah.

10. Local Translation Strategies
• Literal
Translation
• Transference
• Translation
Loan
• Naturalization
Direct
Procedure
• Equivalence
• Shifts
Indirect
procedure

11. I. Direct procedures
1. Literal translation
is ideally the segmentation of the SLT into
individual words and TL rendering of those
word-segmentations one at a time (word-for-
word translation).
e.g. : new = baru
car = mobil
new car = mobil baru

12. 2. Transference translation
is the process of transferring a SL word into a
TL text by adjusting the word pronunciation.
e.g. : process = proses
computer = komputer
staff = staf
3. Translation loan
is transferring the SL into TL word literally.
e.g. : status quo= status quo (keadaan yang
sekarang)
balanced budget= balanced budget
(anggaran berimbang)

13. 4. Naturalization
basically transference in which you apply
target language spelling and morphology
(and pronunciation) to the expression or
word in question.
e.g. : data=data
target=target
total=total

14. II. Indirect procedures
1. Equivalence
focus on equivalence in meaning in the
perspective of the reader of the target
text – this means that you may
sacrifice equivalent in form, or you may
have to choose something which is not
exactly the same thing as in the source
text, but the closest in the target
language.

15. Equivalence is divided into:
a. Cultural equivalent
b. Functional equivalent
c. Descriptive equivalent
d. (Near) synonymy
e. Reduction
f. Amplication
g. Compensation

16. a. Cultural equivalent
translating a culturally rooted word in the
source text/language with a roughly
equivalent culturally rooted word of the
target language/text.
e.g. :
SL : Next week, the Attorney General ,
Andi Ghalib will visit switserland.
TL : Minggudepa n, Jaksa Agung, Andi
Ghalib akan berkunjung ke Swiss

17. b. Functional equivalent
translating a word in the source
language/text with a functionally equivalent
target language word (i.e. a word which has
the same meaning).
e.g.: cutter = pisau
c. Descriptive equivalent
translating a source language/text word
using a description of the concept it refers
to in the target language.
e.g. :
SL: The girl is dancing with great fluidity
and grace.

18. d. (Near) synonymy
translating a source language/text
word or expression with a target
language expression that is nearly.
e.g. : SL : What a cute baby
you’ve got.
TL : Alangkah lucunya bayi
anda .
e. Reduction/expansion
adding or removing elements in
translation.

19. f. Amplication
explanation of meaning in target text
e.g. :
SL :“Tetapi bagaimana si Dora?” “dia
sudah terima itu cincin?”
TL : “but what about Dora ?” I asked to
my friend, “Did she get the ring?”
g. Compensation
making up for the loss of something in the
source text, by adding something else in
the target text.
e.g. : a pair of scissors = sebuah gunting

20. 2. Shifts
a. Transposition
translation of a source language/text
expression into a target language expression
which involves change in grammatical
structure or in word class.
e.g. :
(SL) Musical instruments can be divided into
two basic groups.
(TL) Alat musik dibagi menjadi dua
kelompok dasar.

21. b. Modulation
change of viewpoint or substantial
conceptual concept in the translation, for
instance, using the name of a category for a
specific member of the category, using a
part for the whole (and vice versa), active for
passive, changing polarity etc.
e.g. : (SL) You are going to have a child.
(TL) Anda akan menjadi seorang
bapak.
(SL) I cut my finger.
(TL) Jariku terpotong, not, Saya

22. c. Componential analysis
This strategy is similar to the
descriptive strategy, the difference is
when the descriptive strategy used to
translate the word that has relation
with a culture, but the componential
analysis used common words.
e.g. :
(SL) The girl is dancing with great
fluidity and grace.
(TL) Gadis itu menari dengan
luwesnya.