The document provides definitions and guidelines for conducting an outbreak investigation, including defining cases, collecting data on time, place and person, developing hypotheses, and implementing control measures. It outlines the 10 steps of an outbreak investigation which include preparing for field work, verifying diagnoses, establishing the existence of an outbreak, and describing data to characterize the outbreak and identify potential causes. The goal is to control ongoing outbreaks, prevent future outbreaks, and advance knowledge of the disease.
An overview of a key statistical technique in epidemiology – standardization - is introduced. The process and application of both direct and indirect standardization in improving the validity of comparisons between populations are described.
Life is full of curves and thus the epidemiology. However, some curves are important as Epidemic Curves and Survival Curves. This presentation is an attempt to know about epidemic curves.
An overview of a key statistical technique in epidemiology – standardization - is introduced. The process and application of both direct and indirect standardization in improving the validity of comparisons between populations are described.
Life is full of curves and thus the epidemiology. However, some curves are important as Epidemic Curves and Survival Curves. This presentation is an attempt to know about epidemic curves.
steps in epidemic investigation
Prepare for field work
Confirm the existence of an outbreak
Verify the diagnosis and determine the etiology of the disease.
Define the population at risk
Develop case definition, start case finding, and collect information on the cases(after choosing study design)
Describe person, place and time (by questionnaire)
Evaluation of ecological factors
Formulate several possible hypothesis hypotheses.
Test hypotheses using analytical study
Refine hypotheses and carry out additional studies
Draw conclusions to explain the causes or determinants of outbreak based on clinical, laboratory, epidemiological & environmental evidence
Report and recommend appropriate control measures to concerned authorities at the local/national, and if appropriate at international levels
Communication of the findings
Follow up of the recommendation to assure implementation of control measures
Investigation of an epidemic by taking ebola as an example...Grandhe Sumanth
investigation of an epidemic by taking ebola as an example....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Outbreak management ppt comprises the definition , history , investigations and the steps of management of outbreak. This was my seminar and UG class tpoic
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To define the magnitude of the epidemic outbreak or Involvement in terms of time, place and person.
To determine the particular conditions and factor responsible for the occurrence of the epidemic.
To identify the cause, source(s) of infection, and modes of transmission to determine measures necessary to control the epidemic; and
To make recommendations to prevent recurrence.
Verification of diagnosis
Confirmation of the existence of an epidemic
Defining the population at-risk
Rapid search for all cases and their characteristics
Data analysis
6) Formulation of hypotheses
7) Testing of hypotheses
8) Evaluation of ecological factors
9) Further investigation of population at risk
10) Writing the report
The unusual occurrence in a community or region of disease, specific health related behaviour (eg. Smoking) or other health related events (eg. Traffic accidents) clearly in excess of “expected occurrence.
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
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Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
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Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
2. Definition of outbreak
• O
Occurrence of more cases of disease than
f f di th
expected in a given area among a specific
group of people over a particular period of
time.
or
• Two or more linked cases of the same
illness.
3. Definitions
• Outbreak- more cases in a time and place
p
(or population) than expected.
• Epidemic- same as outbreak or more
widespread/prolonged, more political
• Cluster- a group of cases in a certain
place and time suspected to be greater
than expected.
expected
4. Definitions
• Vehicle- non-living intermediary (food,
water, fomite)
t f it )
• V t
Vector- li i intermediary (insect,
living i t di (i t
arthropod): mechanical or biological
transmission (part of life cycle)
• Reservoir- habitat where the agent grows
and multiplies (humans, animals,
environment)
5. Definitions
• Modes of transmission
– Direct:
Direct contact (mucous membranes, skin, fecal-oral)
Droplet spread
– Indirect:
Airborne
Vehicle borne- food water or fomite
borne food,
Vectorborne- arthropod
• Portals of Entry- ingestion, inhalation,
p
percutaneous
6. Objectives of outbreak
investigations
• To control ongoing outbreaks
outbreaks,
• To prevent future outbreaks,
• To advance knowledge about a
disease.
7. 10 Steps in an Outbreak Investigation
A) Preliminary analysis:
1 Prepare for field work
p
2 Verify the diagnosis
3 Establish the existence of an outbreak
4 Define and identify cases
y
5 Describe the data in terms of time (epidemic curve),
place, and person
6 Develop hypotheses
7 Test hypotheses: (compare attack rates between exposed
and non exposed)
B) further investigation:
8 Carry out additional studies
9 Implementing control and prevention measures
10 Outbreak report
8. Step.1 Prepare for field work
• Review literature
• Prepare the supplies and equipments
p pp q p
• Consult laboratory staff
• Arrange for portable computer, camera
g p p ,
• Consult local staff
10. Epidemiologist
Microbiologist Outbreak
Environmental specialist
Ministry / Government
Investigation
Press officer Team?
Others
FIELD
11. Roles in Foodborne Outbreak
Investigations
Graphic developed by Terry Rabatsky-Ehr,
Regional Epidemiologist, CT DPH
12. Vector
Reservoir Dead Sick
Investigation Surveillance
Prediction Exposed
Clinicians
Epidemiologist
g
Coordination
Education Laboratory
L b t Clinical
Health
personnel
Specimen
transfer
t f
Special General Diagnostic
groups population
Media Authorities Decisions
Infrastructure
Regulations
Vaccinations etc
13. Step 2 Verify the diagnosis
• Describe cases clinically
• Obtain a complete listing of foods served
• Collect specimens of feces and vomits and send
for laboratory
• Submit suspected food for laboratory
• Look for the possible source of contamination and
periods of inadequate refrigeration and heating
• Inquire about the origin of the incriminated food,
manner of its preparation and storage before
serving
• Search for food handlers with skin infections.
Culture all purulent lesions and collect nasal
swabs from all food handlers
14. Step 3 Establish Existence of an Outbreak
3.
Routine surveillance
Clinical / Laboratory
3)Detection of
) f General public
outbreak Media
16. Routine surveillance
3)Detection f
3)D t ti of Clinical L b
Cli i l / Laboratory
t
General public
outbreak Media
Is this an outbreak?
•Compare the current number of cases with
the number from the previous weeks or months
•Check health department records
Check
•Consult local data sources
17. Step 4. Define d Identify C
St 4 D fi and Id tif Cases
• Epidemiologists establish a case
p de o og sts estab s
definition: a standard set of criteria for
deciding whether a person should be
classified as having the disease or
l ifi d h i th di
condition under study.
• Usually includes :
1. Clinical information about the disease
2. Characteristics about the people who
are affected
3. Information about the location or place
4. A specification of time during which
the outbreak occurred.
18. Step 4. Define d Identify C
St 4 D fi and Id tif Cases
Investigators often classify cases as one of
the following:
• Confirmed: usually has laboratory
verification
• Probable: usually has clinical features
without lab verification
• Possible: usually has fewer of typical
clinical features
19. Example case definition
• Possible or suspect
– Patient with severe diarrhoea
• Probable
– Patient older than 5 years with severe
dehydration or dying of acute watery
diarrhoea in town “x” between 1 June
x”
and 20 July 1998
• Confirmed
– Isolation of Vibrio cholerae from stool
of patient
20. Step 4. Define and Identify Cases
The following information is collected:
Risk factors Identifying information
Clinical
Information:
Information: Name, address,
Specific
Date of onset,
Exposures, Telephone no, …..
symptoms, signs,
t i
Immunity
ttt,
status
Hospitalization,
death
Demographic
information:
Age, sex, race,
occupation
ti
22. Line Listing
Next, selected critical items are
,
abstracted into a table called a “line
g
listing”
– Each column represents an important
variable, such as age and sex
g
– Each row represents a different case,
by number
• This simple format allows the investigator
to scan key information on every case and
update it easily
24. Step 5. Describe the Data
• Characterize the outbreak by time,
place, and person (descriptive
epidemiology)
25. Characterizing By Time: Epidemic
Curve
Epidemic curve or “epi curve” = a
graph of the number of cases by their
date of onset.
• Number of cases is plotted on y axis
y-axis
• Time is plotted on the x-axis
Advantages:
• Shows course of epidemic
• May enable estimation of probable time
period of exposure
26. Epidemic Curve
• X axis- time (of onset, of exposure)
• Y axis- number of cases
• No gap between data points (X axis is
continuous) )
• X axis unit= ¼ as long as the incubation
pe od
period
• Each box usually= 1 case
27. Epidemic Curve
• Magnitude over time
• Shape: point source vs propagated
p p p p g
• Evaluation of intervention
• g
Outliers recognized
28. Examples of epidemic curves
• Point source
epidemic
– Shape – a steep Point source
up slope, a peak
slope
and a gradual
down-slopep
– Interpretation -
people are
exposed to the
same source over
a relatively brief
l ti l b i f
period
29. Examples of epidemic curves
• Continuous
common source
Continuing common source
epidemic
– Shape - curve will
have a plateau
instead of a peak
– Interpretation -
p p
people are
exposed to the
same source over
an extended
period
30. Examples of epidemic curves
Multiple waves -person to person
p p p
• Propagated
epidemic
– Shape - a series
of progressively
taller
t ll peaksk
– Interpretation -
person-to-
t
person spread
31. Characterizing By Place: Spot
Map
• Assessment of an
outbreak by place
provides information on
the geographic extent of
a problem
• A spot map of cases i a
t f in
community may show
clusters or patterns that
reflect water supplies,
wind currents, or
,
proximity to a restaurant
or grocery store.
32. Characterizing By Person
• Determine the populations at risk by
characterizing the outbreak by person
• Define populations by
– Personal characteristics (Examples: age, race,
sex, or medical status)
– Exposures ( (Examples: occupation, leisure
activities, use of medications, tobacco, drugs)
33. Step 6 Develop Hypotheses
6.
• Hypotheses based on
– Descriptive epidemiology - person,
place and time
34. Cases
Person Time
Place
Evaluate information
Pathogen? Source? Transmission?
35. Step
St 7. Test Hypotheses
– Use analytic epidemiology to test
hypotheses by using a comparison
group t quantify relationships
to tif l ti hi
between various exposures and the
disease.
disease
– Calculate and compare attack rates
among those exposed And those not
exposed.
36. Example:
• Best for analyzing an outbreak in a small
y g
well-defined population
– Example: gastroenteritis among people
p g gp p
who attended a wedding
• Ask each attendee the same set of
questions about potential exposures
• Then, the attack rate can be calculated for
people who ate a particular item (were
exposed) and an attack rate for those who
did not eat that item (were not exposed).
exposed)
37. Attack Rates
For the exposed group, the attack rate
equals the number of people who ate item
and became ill divided by (÷) the total
number of people who ate that item.
Total # of people who ate the item
and became ill
Exposed Group =
Total # of people who ate that item
38. Attack Rates
For the not exposed group, the attack rate
equals the number of people who did not
eat item but still became ill divided by (÷)
the total number of people who did not eat
that item.
item
Total # of people who did not eat
the item but still became ill
Not Exposed Group =
Total # of people who did not eat
that item
39. • To identify source of outbreak, look for
– High attack rate among those exposed and
– Low attack rate among those not exposed
and
In addition
– Most of the people who became ill should
have consumed the item
40. Relative Risk
Relative risk is calculated by dividing (÷)
the attack rate for people who were
exposed to the item by the attack rate for
those who were not exposed.
Attack rate for people who were
exposed to the item
Relative Risk =
Attack rate for those who were
not exposed
43. Example: Attack Rates
Food Not Exposed Group
• Baked Ham 17/29 = 59%
• Mashed potatoes 23/37 = 62%
• Spinach 20/32 = 62%
• Cabbage salad
C bb l d 28/47 = 60%
• Milk 44/71 = 62%
• Ice C
I Cream (V )
(Van) 3/21 = 14%
• Ice Cream (Choc) 20/27 = 74%
• Fruit l d
F it salad 42/69 = 61%
46. Step 7: Testing the hypotheses
– Carry out statistical tests to determine
the proper source of the outbreak ( e.g
chi-square test)
– look for “statistical significance”
P <0.05 ( i.e the difference between the
groups is not due to chance)
47. Step 8.
8
Carry Out Additional Studies
Laboratory and environmental studies
y
• While epidemiology can implicate vehicles
and guide appropriate public health
action, laboratory evidence can clinch the
findings
• Environmental studies often help explain
why an outbreak occurred and may be
very important in some settings
48. Step 9. Implementing Control and
Prevention Measures
P ti M
• Remove source of contamination
• Remove persons from exposure
• Isolate and/or treat infected persons
• Interrupt transmission
• Eliminate the susceptibility of individuals
by vaccination or prophylactic
May
M occur at any
t time during the outbreak!!
ti d i th tb k!!
chemotherapy
49. Step 10 Outbreak report
St 10. O tb k t
• Prepare written report
• It include discussion of factors
leading to outbreak
• Evaluation of the methods used for
the control of outbreak
• Recommendations for prevention of
similar outbreak