The document summarizes a term paper on public health surveillance in Nepal. It discusses the objectives, methodology, findings and conclusions of the paper. The key points are: public health surveillance involves ongoing collection and analysis of health data to guide public health practice; Nepal has integrated disease surveillance within its health management information system; and the country was commended for its efficient AFP surveillance and polio eradication efforts while still needing to address potential wild poliovirus circulation.
To understand:
The principles of detecting and controlling an
outbreak.
What is needed for outbreak investigation
Steps in disease outbreak investigations.
To understand:
The principles of detecting and controlling an
outbreak.
What is needed for outbreak investigation
Steps in disease outbreak investigations.
A principal aim of epidemiology is to assess the cause of disease. However, since most epidemiological studies are by nature observational rather than experimental, a number of possible explanations for an observed association need to be considered before we can infer a cause-effect relationship exists.
Life is full of curves and thus the epidemiology. However, some curves are important as Epidemic Curves and Survival Curves. This presentation is an attempt to know about epidemic curves.
Unit-IV Health Surveillance ANP m.sc I year.pptxanjalatchi
Nurses modify patient risk factors through surveillance and intervention (often carried out simultaneously), with direct oversight and surveillance for groups of patients, enabling early detection and timely intervention (Dresser, 2012) .
A principal aim of epidemiology is to assess the cause of disease. However, since most epidemiological studies are by nature observational rather than experimental, a number of possible explanations for an observed association need to be considered before we can infer a cause-effect relationship exists.
Life is full of curves and thus the epidemiology. However, some curves are important as Epidemic Curves and Survival Curves. This presentation is an attempt to know about epidemic curves.
Unit-IV Health Surveillance ANP m.sc I year.pptxanjalatchi
Nurses modify patient risk factors through surveillance and intervention (often carried out simultaneously), with direct oversight and surveillance for groups of patients, enabling early detection and timely intervention (Dresser, 2012) .
ONLINE FUZZY-LOGIC KNOWLEDGE WAREHOUSING AND MINING MODEL FOR THE DIAGNOSIS A...ijcsity
The need for a reliable and efficient way of storing and mining data about people living with HIV/AIDs with the intent to monitor the health status for effective therapy is on the increase. This paper presents a model of a web-based system for knowledge warehousing and mining of diagnosis and therapy of HIV/AIDs using Fuzzy Logic and data mining approach. A model was developed, using the predictive modeling technique, for predicting HIV/AIDs and monitoring of patient health status. The fuzzy inference
rule and a decision support system based on cognitive filtering was employed to determine the possible course of action to be taken. A case study of some data of PLWH was used and the result obtained shows that the developed system is efficient. The system uses XAMP on Windows OS platform. The system was tested and evaluated with satisfactory results
BRIEF COMMENTARY: USING A LOGIC MODEL TO INTEGRATE PUBLIC HEALTH INFORMATICS ...hiij
The COVID-19 pandemic has been a watershed moment in public health surveillance, highlighting the
crucial role of data-driven insights in informing health actions and policies. Revisiting key concepts—
public health, epidemiology in public health practice, public health surveillance, and public health
informatics—lays the foundation for understanding how these elements converge to create a robust public
health surveillance system framework. Especially during the COVID-19 pandemic, this integration was
exemplified by the WHO efforts in data dissemination and the subsequent global response. The role of
public health informatics emerged as instrumental in this context, enhancing data collection, management,
analysis, interpretation, and dissemination processes. A logic model for public health surveillance systems
encapsulates the integration of these concepts. It outlines the inputs and outcomes and emphasizes the
crucial actions and resources for effective system operation, including the imperative of training and
capacity development.
BRIEF COMMENTARY: USING A LOGIC MODEL TO INTEGRATE PUBLIC HEALTH INFORMATICS ...hiij
The COVID-19 pandemic has been a watershed moment in public health surveillance, highlighting the
crucial role of data-driven insights in informing health actions and policies. Revisiting key concepts—
public health, epidemiology in public health practice, public health surveillance, and public health
informatics—lays the foundation for understanding how these elements converge to create a robust public
health surveillance system framework. Especially during the COVID-19 pandemic, this integration was
exemplified by the WHO efforts in data dissemination and the subsequent global response. The role of
public health informatics emerged as instrumental in this context, enhancing data collection, management,
analysis, interpretation, and dissemination processes. A logic model for public health surveillance systems
encapsulates the integration of these concepts. It outlines the inputs and outcomes and emphasizes the
crucial actions and resources for effective system operation, including the imperative of training and
capacity development.
Be it with regard to natural, accidental or intentional means, public health has always been under threat. As is the case with the current COVID 19 pandemic, public health preparedness to prevent, respond to and recover is key for securing country’s overall development and growth.
COUNTDOWN on WHO 2020 Targets: A Focus on helminthiasisCOUNTDOWN on NTDs
Professor Russell Stothard, COUNTDOWN's programme Director attended the Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute's Winter symposium titled 'Helminth Infection - from Transmission to Control'
Surveillance in public health refers to the systematic collection, analysis, and interpretation of data on health-related events in order to inform public health action. It is an important tool for identifying and monitoring health trends and patterns, and for evaluating the effectiveness of public health interventions.
There are several different types of surveillance that can be used in public health, including:
Disease surveillance: This involves the monitoring of specific diseases or health conditions, such as influenza or cancer, in order to identify trends and patterns and inform prevention and control efforts.
Environmental surveillance: This involves the monitoring of environmental factors that may impact public health, such as air quality or water contamination.Behavioral surveillance: This involves collecting data on health-related behaviors, such as tobacco use, physical activity, and diet, in order to identify trends and potential risk factors for disease.
Health care utilization surveillance: This involves tracking the use of health care services, including hospitalizations, visits to primary care providers, and emergency department visits, in order to understand patterns of care and identify potential gaps in service.
Surveillance data is typically collected through a variety of sources, including electronic health records, population-based surveys, and reports from health care providers. The data is analyzed and interpreted by public health professionals, and the results are used to inform the development and implementation
of public health policies and programs.
Surveillance in public health can help to identify trends and patterns in health and disease, and inform the development of policies and programs to address public health issues. It can also help to identify and respond to outbreaks of infectious diseases, and monitor the effectiveness of public health interventions.
Effective surveillance systems require the participation of a variety of stakeholders, including public health agencies, health care providers, and community organizations. It is also important to ensure that surveillance data is collected, analyzed, and disseminated in a timely and accurate manner, in order to inform decision-making and respond to public health needs.
There are also ethical considerations to be taken into account when conducting surveillance in public health, including the confidentiality and privacy of the individuals whose data is being collected. It is important to ensure that the benefits of surveillance outweigh any potential risks to individuals, and to implement appropriate safeguards to protect personal information.
Overall, surveillance is a vital tool for understanding and addressing public health issues, and is an essential component of any public health program.Surveillance and monitoring are closely related concepts that are used in a variety of contexts, including public health, environmental protection, and security.
Chapter 19 Public Health InformaticsBrian Dixon PhDSaurabh .docxzebadiahsummers
Chapter 19: Public Health Informatics
Brian Dixon PhD
Saurabh Rahurkar DrPH
Learning Objectives
After reviewing the presentation, viewers should be able to:
Define public health informatics (PHI)
Explain the importance of informatics to the practice of public
health and the role of informatics within a public health agency
Define and distinguish the various forms of public health surveillance systems used in practice
List several common data sources used in the field of public health for surveillance
Public health: “the science and art of preventing disease, prolonging life, and promoting health through the organized efforts and informed choices of society, organizations, public and private communities, and individuals.”
Public health informatics: “systematic application of information and computer science and technology to public health practice, research and learning”
Whereas physicians and care delivery organizations focus on the health of individuals, public health focuses on the health of populations and communities.
Definitions
Definitions
Public health surveillance: ongoing systematic collection, analysis, and interpretation of health-related data essential to planning, implementation and evaluation of public health practice, closely integrated with the timely dissemination of these data for prevention and control
Syndromic surveillance: surveillance using health-related data that precede diagnosis and signal a sufficient probability of a case or an outbreak to warrant further public health response
Introduction
The overarching goal of public health has been to monitor a variety of medical diseases and conditions rapidly and accurately so as to intervene as early as possible to detect, prevent, and mitigate the spread of epidemics, the effects of natural disasters, and bioterrorism
To address these challenges, public health organizations conduct a range of activities across three, broad core functions – assessment, policy development and assurance.
Assessment – Public health agencies spend most of their time and resources on investigations of potential threats to the public’s health. Activities include testing and monitoring of water quality, laboratory examination of diseases carried by mosquitoes, tracking food-borne illnesses, testing for environmental hazards (e.g. soil lead levels), monitoring for potential bioterrorism threats, and tracing the contacts for individuals exposed to diseases as well as hazardous chemicals.
Public Health 3 Core Functions
Policy Development – Public health agencies also create policies and regulations to protect the health of populations. For example, children may be required to have certain immunizations before they can attend school to prevent disease outbreaks that would harm children and disrupt family life. Agencies use the evidence they gather from their investigations as well as the scientific literature to advocate for p.
Organization Structure of Public Health System in Nepal.
Organization Profile (Structure, Functions, Roles, Responsibilities, ToR): http://bit.ly/HealthsystemsNepal
Organization Structure of Public Health System in Nepal | Health System Nepal | Current Health system of Nepal | Organization Structure of Nepalese Health System | Public Health System | Health Governance System in Nepal |Health Organization Profile | https://publichealthupdate.com |
More updates: https://publichealthupdate.com
Short orientation on reproductive health & Reproductive right (Nepali)Public Health Update
Short orientation on reproductive health & reproductive right.
(Note: Slide share can’t support Nepali fonts, if you are interested to read please download it and read clearly in computer after Installing Preeti Fonts)
Thank you.
ACHIEVEMENT AND PROGRESS TOWARDS HEALTH RELATED MDGS IN NEPAL (Draft Seminar ...Public Health Update
This is Draft Seminar paper which will present in my class for partial fulfillment of my Syllabus of BPH 8th semester. ''ACHIEVEMENT AND PROGRESS TOWARDS HEALTH RELATED MDGS IN NEPAL''
A Presentation Presented To orient about HIV, AIDS and STIs for Development of Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice for Prevention of HIV and STIs for College Students.
This is a simple and general presentation about the health research which is prepared to present within staffs of Naulo Ghumti Nepal especially for EIHS staffs, objective if this presentation is to orient staffs about research.
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
Local Advanced Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex Sys...Oleg Kshivets
Overall life span (LS) was 1671.7±1721.6 days and cumulative 5YS reached 62.4%, 10 years – 50.4%, 20 years – 44.6%. 94 LCP lived more than 5 years without cancer (LS=2958.6±1723.6 days), 22 – more than 10 years (LS=5571±1841.8 days). 67 LCP died because of LC (LS=471.9±344 days). AT significantly improved 5YS (68% vs. 53.7%) (P=0.028 by log-rank test). Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: N0-N12, T3-4, blood cell circuit, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells-CC and blood cells subpopulations), LC cell dynamics, recalcification time, heparin tolerance, prothrombin index, protein, AT, procedure type (P=0.000-0.031). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and N0-12 (rank=1), thrombocytes/CC (rank=2), segmented neutrophils/CC (3), eosinophils/CC (4), erythrocytes/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), stick neutrophils/CC (8), leucocytes/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (error=0.000; area under ROC curve=1.0).
Adv. biopharm. APPLICATION OF PHARMACOKINETICS : TARGETED DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMSAkankshaAshtankar
MIP 201T & MPH 202T
ADVANCED BIOPHARMACEUTICS & PHARMACOKINETICS : UNIT 5
APPLICATION OF PHARMACOKINETICS : TARGETED DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS By - AKANKSHA ASHTANKAR
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Basavarajeeyam is a Sreshta Sangraha grantha (Compiled book ), written by Neelkanta kotturu Basavaraja Virachita. It contains 25 Prakaranas, First 24 Chapters related to Rogas& 25th to Rasadravyas.
CDSCO and Phamacovigilance {Regulatory body in India}NEHA GUPTA
The Central Drugs Standard Control Organization (CDSCO) is India's national regulatory body for pharmaceuticals and medical devices. Operating under the Directorate General of Health Services, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Government of India, the CDSCO is responsible for approving new drugs, conducting clinical trials, setting standards for drugs, controlling the quality of imported drugs, and coordinating the activities of State Drug Control Organizations by providing expert advice.
Pharmacovigilance, on the other hand, is the science and activities related to the detection, assessment, understanding, and prevention of adverse effects or any other drug-related problems. The primary aim of pharmacovigilance is to ensure the safety and efficacy of medicines, thereby protecting public health.
In India, pharmacovigilance activities are monitored by the Pharmacovigilance Programme of India (PvPI), which works closely with CDSCO to collect, analyze, and act upon data regarding adverse drug reactions (ADRs). Together, they play a critical role in ensuring that the benefits of drugs outweigh their risks, maintaining high standards of patient safety, and promoting the rational use of medicines.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
2. 2
A Term paper presentation to fulfill the partial
requirement of BPH THIRD SEMESTER
[TPP 5.1 BASIC EPIDEMIOLOGY-II]
Prepared by
SAgun PAudel
Presented with:
Rajesh kumar Yadav
Purnima Timilsina
Kalpana Gurung
LA GRANDEE International college, Pokhara
03/08/2012
3. Public health Surveillance
3
Public health surveillance is the On-going, systematic
collection, analysis, and interpretation of health-related
data and dissemination for use in the planning,
implementation, and evaluation of public health practice on
a specific disease or other health-related event. Such
surveillance can:
serve as an early warning system for impending public
health emergencies;
document the impact of an intervention, or track
progress towards specified goals; and
monitor and clarify the epidemiology of health problems,
to allow priorities to be set and to inform public health
03/08/2012
policy and strategies
4. 4
Better surveillance data lead to a more rational
establishment of priorities. More timely and
accurate data facilitate earlier epidemic detection
and control. With better surveillance data, the
impact of intervention activities and other public
health programs can be evaluated more
accurately.
03/08/2012
5. Uses of Public Health Surveillance
5
Public Health Surveillance has many uses;
Monitoring trends in health events.
Guiding decision making and action to reduce
morbidity and mortality
Detecting cases for intervention, evaluate control
and prevention measures.
Guiding planning, implementation and evaluation of
public health programs, providing a basis for
epidemiological research.
03/08/2012
6. 6
Estimate magnitude of the problem.
Portray the natural history of a disease.
Determine distribution and spread of illness.
Detecting potential outbreaks and threats to
public health.
Monitor changes in infectious agents.
Directing public health interventions
Generate hypotheses, stimulate research.
03/08/2012
8. Objective:
8
General Objectives:
To Study the Public health surveillance system
at national & international level.
Specific Objectives:
To study the Public health surveillance frame
work, guidelines and strategies.
To study the public health surveillance of Nepal.
To study the Joint National/International Review
of Acute Flaccid Paralysis (AFP) Surveillance –
Nepal.
03/08/2012
10. Finding and discussion
10
Disease surveillance being a critical component of
the health system in generating essential
information for optimal health care delivery and a
cost-effective health strategy, WHO has been
making continuous efforts very actively in
developing and strengthening disease
surveillance during the last three decades. At
present, surveillance activities in the Region are
through several vertical surveillance systems
resulting in duplication of efforts and resources.
03/08/2012
11. 11
Many of them do not adequately address
surveillance issues, namely, objective assessment
of estimation of disease burden, identification of risk
groups, spread of the disease, detection of early
warning signals, anticipation and prediction of
outbreaks, understanding drug resistance, etc.
The current global trend is to move towards
integrated disease surveillance activities that
maintain essential resources, planning, monitoring
and evaluation so as to monitor the quality of
prevention and control activities and assess their
impact on various diseases. 03/08/2012
12. Proposed SEAR Strategy for
Integrated Disease Surveillance
12
The Global Meeting on Communicable Diseases
Surveillance, including Epidemic-prone and/or
Vaccine Preventable Diseases, held at
Cairo, Egypt, in January 2001, recommended
integrated multi-disease surveillance as a means
of achieving efficiency and effectiveness in
surveillance.
03/08/2012
13. 13
an integrated approach to surveillance will require
a functional change in the existing surveillance
system.
The integrated surveillance will sum up all
surveillance activities, which will merge into a
national integrated disease surveillance
programme. It will envisage all surveillance
activities in a country as a common public service
which carries out many functions using similar
structures, processes and personnel.
03/08/2012
14. 14
The guiding principles in integration will be primarily
to enhance effectiveness and cost efficiency and to
meet the objectives of disease prevention and
control through improvement of core and support
functions of surveillance.
Capacity building, laboratory strengthening and
quality assurance should be pro-actively supported
and promoted. General guiding principles like
simplicity, usefulness, flexibility, accessibility to the
data etc. should also be attended too.
03/08/2012
15. 15
The strategy envisions that by the year 2010 all
the Member States in the.
SEA Region will establish a functional, effective
coordinated integrated disease surveillance
system that will satisfy all disease surveillance
partners and ensure continuous, accurate, timely
and complete information for disease prevention,
control, elimination and eradication.
03/08/2012
16. The strategy framework broadly
16
covers:
(a) Developing a and private sectors
consensus, (h) Capacity building,
(b) Phasing, (i) Community
(c) Establishing a strong participation,
coordination mechanism, (j) Use of new electronic
(d) Evaluating existing tools, and
surveillance systems, (k) A syndromic approach.
(e) Advocacy,
(f) Resource generation,
(g) Involvement of NGOs 03/08/2012
17. The major operational thrust areas
are:
17
(1) To include under integrated surveillance 16
epidemic-prone communicable diseases, three
communicable diseases under
eradication/elimination, three communicable
diseases of major public health importance, four
non-communicable diseases and eight risk
factors for Non-communicable diseases in
phases during the next decade with immediate
emphasis on epidemic prone diseases; and
priority communicable diseases.;
03/08/2012
18. 18
(2) Capacity building covering epidemiology,
laboratory, communication including use of
computer and acquiring competence in data
handling;
(3) Understanding vectors and animal reservoirs;
(4) anti-microbial drug resistance;
(5) Involvement of the private sector, and
(6) Feedback.
03/08/2012
20. 20
The disease surveillance system in Nepal has
been integrated with the health management
information system (HMIS) which conducts
routine surveillance activities. The early warning
reporting system (EWARS) is activated at
sentinel surveillance centres and provides early
notifications about diseases under sentinel
surveillance. Rapid response teams (RRT)
report daily when there is an outbreak of disease
under surveillance. Reporting is carried out
through health workers, NGOs/INGOs, media
and through adhoc reporting. 03/08/2012
21. 21
Malaria, kala-azar, Japanese encephalitis,
lymphatic filariasis, leprosy, HIV/AIDS, STDs,
human rabies, snake-bites, ARI, diarroheal
diseases, EPI diseases, meningitis, dengue,
typhoid fever, viral hepatitis, UTI and influenza
are the diseases under the routine surveillance
system and case definitions and standards are
available.
03/08/2012
22. 22
All the clinically suspected cases are reported to
the intermediate level by peripheral level health
workers with available information and with
supportive laboratory data, if available. Clinical
samples are sent to Regional and central
laboratories for confirmation. All these cases are
reported to HMIS routinely. Anti-microbial
resistance surveillance on
vibrio, shigella, pneumococci, streptococci
pneumonia, heamophilus influnzae and
Neissseria gonorrhoeae is institutionalized.
03/08/2012
24. Surveillance Structure
24
AFP surveillance is well established in Nepal and,
although integrated with other disease reporting, it
has special status as evidenced by the monitoring
of specific performance indicators, zero reporting,
and active surveillance.
Public health staff appears motivated,
conscientious, well trained, and aware about AFP
notification and investigation procedures at all
levels – even among the FCHVs working at the
village level. As discussed earlier, the SMOs are
key focal persons for AFP surveillance in the
districts/regions.
03/08/2012
25. 25
After PEN was established, guidelines
specifically for AFP surveillance were developed
in 1998. These were updated in 2003 and again
in 2005 to include additional priority VPDs. The
guidelines and manuals for AFP and EPI
surveillance activities were readily available in
the SMO field locations visited. Display of EPI
data, including spot maps of AFP cases and
surveillance indicators were prominently
displayed. Polio eradication and AFP posters
were also noticeable at all levels including the
03/08/2012
sub-health posts.
26. The different components of the
26
AFP surveillance system are;
Immediate reporting,Case investigation
Active surveillance
Zero reporting
Surveillance of Acute Flaccid Paralysis
(AFP) cases: Nepal continues to maintain
certification standard AFP surveillance since
2000. There are 15 surveillance medical
officers based in ten field offices supported by
WHO conducting surveillance and also
assisting national counter parts in the field of
vaccine preventable diseases.
Active surveillance 03/08/2012
27. Surveillance Quality Indicators, Nepal 2001 –
2006 (as of 31 July 2006).
27
1- Number of AFP cases per 100 000 children under 15 years of age. 2006 AFP Rate annualized as of week 30, 2006.
2-Number of discarded AFP cases per 100 000 children under 15 years of age. The 2006 non-polio AFP Rate annualized
as of week 30, 2006.
3- Percent with two specimens 24 hours apart and within 14 days of paralysis onset
03/08/2012
29. Conclusion
29
In conclusion WHO urges all the Member
Countries to initiate the process of reviewing their
existing surveillance systems and implement an
integrated national disease surveillance
programme by merging all surveillance systems
through consensus among all the partners and
stakeholders and mobilizing resources for the
same.
03/08/2012
30. 30
The Nepal Ministry of Health, Department of
Health Services should be commended for an
efficient and well-integrated AFP surveillance,
strong EPI coverage, and commitment to polio
eradication. All these areas appear to have been
strengthened over the last several years due to
strong leadership and motivated staff at all
levels. However, it is likely that wild poliovirus
continues to circulate in high-risk areas of Nepal.
03/08/2012
31. Recommendations
31
• The FCHVs should be mobilized to raise
awareness and encourage health institutions and
private practioners at community levels in border
areas to report AFP cases immediately to SMOs
and health services.
• Unless circumstances change substantially in
2006, no additional AFP surveillance review is
required this year. Ongoing monitoring of the
sensitivity of the surveillance system should
continue and the need for another AFP review in
2007 assessed. 03/08/2012
32. 32
• SMOs should continue to increase awareness on
AFP among private practioners, traditional healers
and local community health staff and leaders, in
order to improve timely notification and
investigations.
• Nepal should continue to review its Plan of
Action for Responding to Polio Outbreaks in order
to ensure that it is up to date with the latest WHO
and ACPE recommendations.
03/08/2012
33. References:
33
• A report of Joint National/International Review of
Acute Flaccid Paralysis (AFP) Surveillance –
Nepal.
• Regional Strategy for Integrated Disease
Surveillance Report of an Intercountry
Consultation Yangon, Myanmar, 21-24 August
2002
• Polio fact sheet-NEPAL WHO
• World Health Organization.
03/08/2012