This document outlines the steps involved in investigating an epidemic:
1. Verification of diagnoses and defining cases is the first step to understand the scope and characteristics of the epidemic.
2. Confirmation of an actual epidemic involves comparing case numbers to historical data to determine if there is unusual disease occurrence.
3. Defining the population at risk, rapidly searching for all cases, collecting data on characteristics, and analyzing patterns in time, place and person help identify potential causes and transmission routes.
“The study of the distribution and determinants of health-related states or events in specified population and the application of the study to control of health problems.”
“The study of the distribution and determinants of health-related states or events in specified population and the application of the study to control of health problems.”
The unusual occurrence in a community or region of disease, specific health related behaviour (eg. Smoking) or other health related events (eg. Traffic accidents) clearly in excess of “expected occurrence.
As per John M. Last (1988) Epidemiology is the study of the distribution and determinants of health related states or events in specified populations, and the application of this study to the control of health problems.
This presentation will help to get an insight into Epidemiological methods and describes details of Descriptive epidemiology. It will be useful to medical researcher as an initial input.
The unusual occurrence in a community or region of disease, specific health related behaviour (eg. Smoking) or other health related events (eg. Traffic accidents) clearly in excess of “expected occurrence.
As per John M. Last (1988) Epidemiology is the study of the distribution and determinants of health related states or events in specified populations, and the application of this study to the control of health problems.
This presentation will help to get an insight into Epidemiological methods and describes details of Descriptive epidemiology. It will be useful to medical researcher as an initial input.
steps in epidemic investigation
Prepare for field work
Confirm the existence of an outbreak
Verify the diagnosis and determine the etiology of the disease.
Define the population at risk
Develop case definition, start case finding, and collect information on the cases(after choosing study design)
Describe person, place and time (by questionnaire)
Evaluation of ecological factors
Formulate several possible hypothesis hypotheses.
Test hypotheses using analytical study
Refine hypotheses and carry out additional studies
Draw conclusions to explain the causes or determinants of outbreak based on clinical, laboratory, epidemiological & environmental evidence
Report and recommend appropriate control measures to concerned authorities at the local/national, and if appropriate at international levels
Communication of the findings
Follow up of the recommendation to assure implementation of control measures
Guidelines for Management of Outbreak in Healthcare Organizationdrnahla
Guidelines for Management of Outbreak in Healthcare Organization
Dr. NAHLA ABDEL KADERوMD, PhD.
INFECTION CONTROL CONSULTANT, MOH
INFECTION CONTROL CBAHI SURVEYOR
Infection Control Director, KKH.
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Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
A careful and detailed history and examination, and in some cases, investigations allow differentiation between these diagnoses. A prompt diagnosis is essential as the patient may require urgent surgical intervention
Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
2. INTRODUCTION
• It is an emergency situation and provides opportunities to use
epidemiological knowledge for immediate control of disease.
• The primary motivation of any epidemic investigation is to
control the spread of disease within the population at risk.
3. EPIDEMIC INVESTIGATION
• An epidemic investigation calls for inference as well as description.
• Frequently, epidemic investigations are called for after the peak of the epidemic has
occurred;
• In such cases, the investigation is mainly retrospective.
• However, in investigating an epidemic, it is desired to have an orderly procedure or
practical guidelines as outlined below which are applicable for almost any epidemic
study.
4. OBJECTIVES OF EPIDEMIOLOGAL INVESTIGATION
a. To define the magnitude of the epidemic or outbreak involvement
in terms of time, place and person.
b. To determine particular conditions and factors responsible for the occurrence of the
epidemic.
c. To identify the causative agent, sources of infection, and modes of
transmission.
d. To make recommendations to prevent recurrence
5. STEPS IN
EPIDEMIC
INVETIGATION
1. Verification of diagnosis
2. Confirmation of the existence of an epidemic
3. Defining the population at risk
4. Rapid search for all cases and their characteristics
5. Data analysis
6. Formulation of hypothesis
7. Testing of hypothesis
8. Evaluation of ecological factors
9. Further investigation of population at risk
10. Writing the report
6. 1. Verification of diagnosis
First step in the investigation.
The report may be spurious due to misinterpretation of signs or symptoms by public
or health worker.
It is not necessary to examine all the cases.
A clinical examination of a sample of cases issufficient.
Laboratory investigations wherever applicable, are most useful to confirm the
diagnosis but control measures should not be delayed until laboratory results are
available.
7. 1. Verification of diagnosis- contd..
Case definition is needed to identify and count the cases in order to determine who may
be affected by the epidemic.
Components of the case definition may include information about time and place of
exposure, clinical signs & symptoms and lab findings.
8. 2. Confirmation of existence of an epidemic
Done by comparing the number of cases with disease frequencies during the same period of previous
years.
In case of endemic diseases like cholera, typhoid hepatitis A, it is expected that some cases (few hundreds)
always present throughout the year. So these diseases to be consider as epidemic several hundreds or
thousands of cases have to occur in India.
Information may be collected from routine health service records e.g. OPD registers, in-patient registers
etc.
Information should be collected not only from modern medicine practitioners but also from other
systems.
9. 3. Defining the population at risk
1. Obtaining the map of the area: It should contain information about natural
landmarks, roads and location of all dwelling units along each road. The area may be
divided into segments, using natural landmarks as boundaries. This is again divided
into smaller sections. Within each section, the dwelling units may be designated by
numbers.
2. Counting the population: By doing census by house to house visits. The composition
should be known by age and sex. Eg: For population at risk. In case of food poisoning-
those who ate the food.
10. 4. Rapid
search for all
cases and
their
characteristics
• It is done through surveillance The continuous scrutiny of all
aspects of occurrence and spread of disease that are
pertinent to effective control“ is called surveillance.
• Medical survey: It should be carried out in the defined area to
identify all cases including those who have not sought medical care,
and those possibly exposed to risk.
• Epidemiological case sheet: This should be carefully designed to
collect relevant information. If the epidemic is large it may not be
possible to examine all the cases. In such cases random sample
should be examined.
• Search for more cases: The patient is asked about the similar cases
at home, family, neighbourhood, school, work place having an onset
within the incubation period of index case. The search for new cases
should be carried out everyday till the area is declared free of
epidemic.
11. 5. Data analysis
• It has to be done using the parameters – Time, Place And Person.
a. Time
• Prepare a chronological distribution of dates of onset of cases and construct an
“epidemic curve”. An epidemic curve suggests :
Pattern of spread
Magnitude
Outliers
Exposure and/or disease incubation period
12. 5. Data analysis
• Place
• Prepare a ‘spot map’ of cases and if possible their relation to the
sources of infection e.g. water supply, air pollution, foods eaten,
occupation etc.
• The map shows the boundaries and patterns of disease distribution.
Clustering of cases indicate a common source of infection.
13. Spot map- sample
Original map by Dr. John Snow showing the clusters of Cholera cases in the London
epidemic of 1854
14. 5. Data analysis
• Person
• Analyse the data by age, sex, occupation and other possible risk
factors.
• Determine the attack rates/case fatality rate.
• The purpose of data analysis is:
• To determine the modes of transmission and the source and the vehicle
of the agent, so that effective measures can be initiated.
• To determine the risk factors for disease.
15. 6. Formulation of hypothesis
• Hypothesis is a proposition or a tentative theory designed to explain the observed
distribution of the disease in terms of causal association of the direct nature.
• The hypothesis should explain the epidemic in terms of
1. Causative agent
2. The possible source
3. Possible modes of spread
4. The environmental factors which enabled it to occur
16. 7. Testing of hypothesis
All reasonable hypotheses need to be considered and weighed by comparing the attack
rates in various groups for those exposed and those not exposed to the each suspected
factor.
This will enable the epidemiologist to ascertain which hypotheses is consistent with all
the known facts.
Sometimes the hypothesis needed to be tested by the analytical study design (case control
study) to the statistical significance.
17. 8. Evaluation of ecological factors
• An investigation of the circumstances involved should be carried out to
undertake appropriate measures to prevent further transmission of the disease.
• The ecological factors which have made the epidemic possible should be
investigated such as sanitary status of eating establishments, breakdown in the
water supply system, changes such as temperature, humidity, and air pollution,
population dynamics of insects and animal reservoirs etc..
• In case of water-borne transmission is suspected(gastroenteritis) a sanitary
survey of water supply system from source to consumer
18. 9. Further investigation of population at risk
Needed to obtain further information.
This may involve medical examination, screening tests, examination of suspected food,
feces or food samples, biochemical studies, assessment of immunity status etc.
This will permit classification of all members as to
1. Exposure to specific potential vehicles
2. Whether ill or not
19. 10. Writing report
1. Background: Geographical location, Climatic conditions, Demographic status (population pyramid),
Socioeconomic situation, Organization of health services, Surveillance and early warning systems,
Normal disease prevalence.
2. Historical Data: Previous occurrence of epidemics of the same disease, locally or elsewhere.
Occurrence of similar diseases in the same area/ in other areas. Discovery of the first cases of the
present outbreak.
3. Methodology of investigation: Case definition, Questionnaire used in epidemiological investigation,
Survey teams, Household survey, Collection of laboratory specimens, Laboratory techniques.
4. Analysis of Data: Clinical data and epidemiological data, mode or transmission, laboratory data,
interpretation of the data.
5. Control measures: definition of strategies and methods, evaluation, preventive measures.
20. Uses of report writing
• Health Administrator/Manager: for planning and implementation of control/
eradication strategies.
• Clinician: to update clinical knowledge & make alterations in case management &
diagnostic methods.
• Research: For clues & basis for further need oriented research programmes.
• General Population: for sense of security, health educational tool and to develop
confidence in the health care delivery system.