The document discusses unsaturated fatty acids and their roles in the human body. It focuses on essential fatty acids (EFAs) like linoleic acid and alpha-linolenic acid that must be obtained through diet. These EFAs are precursors for eicosanoids, local hormone-like substances derived from arachidonic acid that play important roles in processes like inflammation and smooth muscle contraction. The document outlines the three main pathways - cyclooxygenase, lipoxygenase, cytochrome P450 - involved in eicosanoid production and describes key eicosanoids like prostaglandins, thromboxanes, and leukotrienes.
The effects of a deficiency of one vitamin would not ordinarily be expected to be highly dependent on the presence or absence of another vitamin in the diet, since the symptoms of deficiency of each vitamin are usually quite distinct. Nevertheless, antagonistic or synergistic interactions between vitamins may occur to a greater or less extent. While several mechanisms can be proposed whereby vitamins can be synergistic, it is more difficult to conceive of one which could explain vitamin antagonism.
Describes the different pathways involved in the synthesis of different eicosanoids like prostaglandins, leukotrienes, lipoxins etc along with different enzymes involved.
The effects of a deficiency of one vitamin would not ordinarily be expected to be highly dependent on the presence or absence of another vitamin in the diet, since the symptoms of deficiency of each vitamin are usually quite distinct. Nevertheless, antagonistic or synergistic interactions between vitamins may occur to a greater or less extent. While several mechanisms can be proposed whereby vitamins can be synergistic, it is more difficult to conceive of one which could explain vitamin antagonism.
Describes the different pathways involved in the synthesis of different eicosanoids like prostaglandins, leukotrienes, lipoxins etc along with different enzymes involved.
Carbohydrate metabolism involves the different biochemical processes responsible for the formation, breakdown, and interconversion of carbohydrates in living organisms.
coordination between different metabolic pathways inside the body is called integration of metabolism. this presentation discuss about how metabolism can be regulated and integrated in liver, muscle and adipose tissue.
Estimated amimo acids contribute 5-15% of energy during prolonged exercise
Because energy demands are so high during exercise, a small percentage is still substantial
Amino acids are essential to integrity of skeletal muscle, their use for energy is of concern
All about ATP(Adenosine Tri-Phosphate), how body gets energy from it (molecular formula) and its working in sports. Moreover Creatine Phosphate and Re-synthesis of ATP also know as ATP-CP system.(ATP-PC) (ATP-PCr) or Anaerobic system.
Metabolism of amino acids (general metabolism)Ashok Katta
Metabolism of amino acids (general metabolism).
Part - I of amino acid metabolism.
This presentation covers Transamination, deamination, formation and Transport of Ammoniaand etc.
A Powerpoint presentation on the basics of Eicosanoids which includes Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes (LTs) ad Platelete Activating Factors (PAF) suitable for Undergraduate level Medical students.
Carbohydrate metabolism involves the different biochemical processes responsible for the formation, breakdown, and interconversion of carbohydrates in living organisms.
coordination between different metabolic pathways inside the body is called integration of metabolism. this presentation discuss about how metabolism can be regulated and integrated in liver, muscle and adipose tissue.
Estimated amimo acids contribute 5-15% of energy during prolonged exercise
Because energy demands are so high during exercise, a small percentage is still substantial
Amino acids are essential to integrity of skeletal muscle, their use for energy is of concern
All about ATP(Adenosine Tri-Phosphate), how body gets energy from it (molecular formula) and its working in sports. Moreover Creatine Phosphate and Re-synthesis of ATP also know as ATP-CP system.(ATP-PC) (ATP-PCr) or Anaerobic system.
Metabolism of amino acids (general metabolism)Ashok Katta
Metabolism of amino acids (general metabolism).
Part - I of amino acid metabolism.
This presentation covers Transamination, deamination, formation and Transport of Ammoniaand etc.
A Powerpoint presentation on the basics of Eicosanoids which includes Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes (LTs) ad Platelete Activating Factors (PAF) suitable for Undergraduate level Medical students.
Role of vitamins in orthodontics final /certified fixed orthodontic courses ...Indian dental academy
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ASTASHINE CAPSULES: AN EXCELLENT CHOICE FOR A CARDIOVASCULAR HEALTH ABSTRACTPUGOS Products Pvt Ltd
Astaxanthin is a xanthophyll carotenoid present in microalgae, fungi, complex plants, seafood, flamingos and quail. It is an antioxidant with anti-inflammatory properties and as such has potential as a therapeutic agent in atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease.
This is a lecture slide for MBBS, BDS, paramedical as well as for those who are interested in molecular biology, molecular life sciences, biochemistry, medical biochemistry, general biochemistry etc.
For the more elucidated and connected information, try to refer to the nucleic acids slides.
Live Longer, Stay healthy, Feel better with AstashinecapsulesSriramNagarajan19
ASTASHINE capsule contains natural astaxanthin from Haematococcus pluvialis Astaxanthin has exceptional antioxidant activity to combat singlet oxygen when compared to other antioxidants. In particular, Astaxanthin can be used to defend against singlet oxygen damage, which are especially susceptible to aging effects.
In this study, Astaxanthin extracted from Haematococcus microalgae powerfully quenched singlet oxygen. Results show that the quenching effect of Astaxanthin is 800 times greater than coenzyme Q10. Astaxanthin was also about 75 times greater than alpha lipoic acid, about 550 times greater than green tea catechins and about 6000 times greater than Vitamin C.the present Article reviews the role of ASTASHINE capsules as World’s most powerful Antioxidant and Anti-aging Nutrient.
Natural glycosides & therapeutic potential Of Cardiac GlycosidesMandeep Singh
This ppt gives a brief overview about Natural Glycosides, their classification & recent researches related to therapeutic potential of Cardiac glycosides.
Presentation describes the pathophysiology of Acute pancreatitis & its management in detail. Information is useful in practice although acute pancreatitis is quite rare
Nitric oxide was known as a toxic gas, as an air pollutant, as an agent causing ozone holes and acid rain till 1987 but this Nitric oxide (NO), a free radical, possesses various modulatory effects on biological systems. NO is synthesized from arginine by the action of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) enzymes.
ROLE IN CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
ROLE IN IMMUNE SYSTEM
ROLE IN NERVOUS SYSTEM
ROLE IN REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
ROLE IN RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
ROLE IN RENAL SYSTEM
ROLE IN ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
ROLE IN WOUND HEALING
ROLE IN HAIR GROWTH
This is a continuation of the earlier slide with a name "Nucleotides". Please refer to the previous mentioned slide before moving to this slide for a better overall concept on nucleotides and nucleic acids.
The lecturer content is based on the Kathmandu University course syllabus. But, can be used for any undergraduate medical course for MBBS, BDS and Nursing.
This presentation explores a brief idea about the structural and functional attributes of nucleotides, the structure and function of genetic materials along with the impact of UV rays and pH upon them.
The ability to recreate computational results with minimal effort and actionable metrics provides a solid foundation for scientific research and software development. When people can replicate an analysis at the touch of a button using open-source software, open data, and methods to assess and compare proposals, it significantly eases verification of results, engagement with a diverse range of contributors, and progress. However, we have yet to fully achieve this; there are still many sociotechnical frictions.
Inspired by David Donoho's vision, this talk aims to revisit the three crucial pillars of frictionless reproducibility (data sharing, code sharing, and competitive challenges) with the perspective of deep software variability.
Our observation is that multiple layers — hardware, operating systems, third-party libraries, software versions, input data, compile-time options, and parameters — are subject to variability that exacerbates frictions but is also essential for achieving robust, generalizable results and fostering innovation. I will first review the literature, providing evidence of how the complex variability interactions across these layers affect qualitative and quantitative software properties, thereby complicating the reproduction and replication of scientific studies in various fields.
I will then present some software engineering and AI techniques that can support the strategic exploration of variability spaces. These include the use of abstractions and models (e.g., feature models), sampling strategies (e.g., uniform, random), cost-effective measurements (e.g., incremental build of software configurations), and dimensionality reduction methods (e.g., transfer learning, feature selection, software debloating).
I will finally argue that deep variability is both the problem and solution of frictionless reproducibility, calling the software science community to develop new methods and tools to manage variability and foster reproducibility in software systems.
Exposé invité Journées Nationales du GDR GPL 2024
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Salas, V. (2024) "John of St. Thomas (Poinsot) on the Science of Sacred Theol...Studia Poinsotiana
I Introduction
II Subalternation and Theology
III Theology and Dogmatic Declarations
IV The Mixed Principles of Theology
V Virtual Revelation: The Unity of Theology
VI Theology as a Natural Science
VII Theology’s Certitude
VIII Conclusion
Notes
Bibliography
All the contents are fully attributable to the author, Doctor Victor Salas. Should you wish to get this text republished, get in touch with the author or the editorial committee of the Studia Poinsotiana. Insofar as possible, we will be happy to broker your contact.
What is greenhouse gasses and how many gasses are there to affect the Earth.moosaasad1975
What are greenhouse gasses how they affect the earth and its environment what is the future of the environment and earth how the weather and the climate effects.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
Toxic effects of heavy metals : Lead and Arsenicsanjana502982
Heavy metals are naturally occuring metallic chemical elements that have relatively high density, and are toxic at even low concentrations. All toxic metals are termed as heavy metals irrespective of their atomic mass and density, eg. arsenic, lead, mercury, cadmium, thallium, chromium, etc.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
2. Lower FA vs. Higher FA?
Saturday, August 6, 2016 Rajesh Chaudhary 2
Unsaturated FA
Mono unsaturated FA
Polyunsaturated FA
Linoleic acid
(2 double bonds)
Linolenic acid
(3 double bonds)
Arachidonic acid
(4 double bonds)
3. 1. Linoleic acid
2. a-linolenic acid
Saturday, August 6, 2016 Rajesh Chaudhary 3
Supplied through the diet. Found only in the oils originating from plant.
5. Role in inflammatory response: redness, swelling, pain.
Destroy invading organisms and helps in repair.
Helps in smooth muscle contraction.
Increase water and sodium excretion.
Acts as a modulator – bronchoconstrictor,
bronchodialator
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6. Eicosa: (Greek) = 20.
Precursor of eicosanoids: Polyunsaturated fatty acids.
Are chemical messengers.
Chemical messengers: neurotransmitters, cytokines,
hormones, retinoid, eicosanoids, and growth factors.
Needs receptors: either plasma membrane or intracellular
binding protein.
E.g. Ion-channel receptor, tyrosine kinase receptor.
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7. Produced only when necessary
Not stored in body
Extremely short half-life
Biological action mediated by G-protein coupled
receptor – different in different cells
Acts locally
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8. Required for synthesis of prostaglandin, thromboxane, leukotriene,
and lipoxin.
Compromises mitochondrial membrane integrity.
Low level of DHA: RETINITIS PIGMENTOSA.
EFA deficiency is exacerbated by trans-fatty acids.
EFA deficiency can be reversed by administering Vitamin B / fat-free
liver extract in diet.
Source of trans-fatty acids: ruminant fat (E.g. butter: 2-7%) arise
from action of microorganism present in rumen.
Main source: vegetable oil (partially hydrogenated vegetable oil)
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9. Takes part in inflammatory response: infection/injury
E.g. forming blood clot, pain, swelling, and fever.
Takes part in smooth muscle contraction (intestine, uterus)
Increase water retention, sodium excretion, regulation of blood
pressure.
Acts as modulator (Activator & Repressor)
Blood vessel constrictor as well as dilator
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10. Synthesized in small amount
Action is localized
Not synthesized by special gland
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12. PG + third letter.
PG: Prostaglandin + A, C, D,
F.
No. represents bonds.
Nomenclature: 4 things to
care about
No. of carbon atoms, no. of
bond`s, position of bonds,
carbon no. containing bond.
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18. 5 carbon ring structure
Originated from arachidonic acid
Name derived from prostate gland
2 groups of prostaglandins were originally defined as
PGE (Ether-soluble) and PGF (Buffer-soluble)
Each group contains numerous subtypes: PGE1, PGE2,
PGF …
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19. Six membered, ring containing an ether
Are produced by platelets (called
thrombocytes)
Act in formation of blood clot
And reduction of blood flow to the site of clot
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20. First found in leukocytes
Contains 3 conjugated double bonds
They are powerful biological signals
For example: leukotriene D4 derived from leukotrienes
A4, helps induces contraction of smooth muscle lining,
the muscle lining of airways to lungs.
Saturday, August 6, 2016 Rajesh Chaudhary 20
Over production of leukotrienes causes asthmatic
attacks. Leukotrienes production is the one target of
antiasthmatic drugs.
21. Synthesized by almost all cells.
From: Polyunsaturated fatty acids with 20-carbon atom.
Fatty acids esterified with membrane phospholipids
Dietary precursor of prostaglandin: Linoleic acid
Linoleic acid elongation desaturation
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22. Most common: Archidonic acid
E.g. Eicosatetraenoic acid (Polyunsaturated, 20 carbons, 4
double bonds)
Archidonic acid is not synthesized in body, have to be
supplied in diet.
Dietary source: Linoleate present in plant oils.
Diet affect cell membrane composition.
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23. 3 pathways: COX, LOX, cytochrome p450
COX prostaglandin and thromboxane
LOX leukotriene, lipoxin and HETE
Structure of Prostaglandin and Thromboxane
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31. Saturday, August 6, 2016 Rajesh Chaudhary 31
Trihydroxy
derivative of
arachidonic acid.
32. Synthesis of prostaglandin are partially controlled.
How?
Self-catalyzed destruction switch off PG synthesis.
Function of 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase
Inaction of 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase:
sulfasalazine/ indomethacin.
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33. Half-lives (t1/2) = seconds to minute
Oxidation of hydroxy group ketone group
Double bond at C13 is reduced.
Saturday, August 6, 2016 Rajesh Chaudhary 33
34. Inhibited by structurally unrelated compounds
E.g. Corticosteroids (Cortisol)
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
Aspirin inhibits PG synthesis
Aspirin – irreversibly blocks synthesis of
cyclooxygenase
Indomethacin & Phenylbutazone – reversibly blocks
synthesis of cyclooxygenase.
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35. Short half life – may be minutes or so.
Site of degradation: liver and lungs.
Enzymes responsible: 15-a-hydroxy PG
dehydrogenase and 13-PG reductase converts
hydroxyl group at C15 to keto group then C13 and C14
dihydroxy derivatives.
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36. Prostacyclin: vasodilator, inhibits platelets formation
PGF2 stimulates uterine muscle termination of pregnancy
PGF constrictor of broncho smooth muscle
PGE: Bronchodilator
PGE2 and D2 inflammatory response, capillary permeability
PGs in general inhibits gastric secretion
PGE2 lipolysis, calcium mobilization, glycogen synthesis
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38. Signaling molecule binds to cell-surface receptor
signals release of phospholipase phospholipase
cleaves phospholipids of cell membrane production of
eicosanoids
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