A Powerpoint presentation on the basics of Eicosanoids which includes Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes (LTs) ad Platelete Activating Factors (PAF) suitable for Undergraduate level Medical students.
By Dr. Vishal Pawar, MD pharmacology
considering the complex nature of this topic, i am hereby providing a comprehensive review of prostaglandins and its various effects in the body, which after a through go through should be enough for simplifying the understanding of prostaglandins
This ppt provides the detailed about the bradykinin and their physiological and pharmacological actions and their generation and their mechanisms in detailed manner.
By Dr. Vishal Pawar, MD pharmacology
considering the complex nature of this topic, i am hereby providing a comprehensive review of prostaglandins and its various effects in the body, which after a through go through should be enough for simplifying the understanding of prostaglandins
This ppt provides the detailed about the bradykinin and their physiological and pharmacological actions and their generation and their mechanisms in detailed manner.
(Eicosanoids) Prostaglandins, leucotrienes, and platelet activating factorsPranatiChavan
Prostaglandins (PGs) and Leukotrienes (LTs) are biologically active derivatives of 20 carbon atom polyunsaturated essential fatty acids that are released from cell membrane phospholipids. They are the major lipid derived autacoids.
Autacoids - pharmacological actions and drugs related to them. SIVASWAROOP YARASI
Autacoids or "autocoids" are biological factors which act like local hormones, have a brief duration, and act near the site of synthesis. The word autacoids comes from the Greek "autos" (self) and "acos" (relief, i.e. drug).
A power point presentation on thyroid hormones and thyroid inhibitors on subject of pharmacology suitable for reading by undergraduate medical students.
(Eicosanoids) Prostaglandins, leucotrienes, and platelet activating factorsPranatiChavan
Prostaglandins (PGs) and Leukotrienes (LTs) are biologically active derivatives of 20 carbon atom polyunsaturated essential fatty acids that are released from cell membrane phospholipids. They are the major lipid derived autacoids.
Autacoids - pharmacological actions and drugs related to them. SIVASWAROOP YARASI
Autacoids or "autocoids" are biological factors which act like local hormones, have a brief duration, and act near the site of synthesis. The word autacoids comes from the Greek "autos" (self) and "acos" (relief, i.e. drug).
A power point presentation on thyroid hormones and thyroid inhibitors on subject of pharmacology suitable for reading by undergraduate medical students.
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Any of a group of potent hormone like substances that are produced in various mammalian tissues, are derived from arachidonic acid, and mediate a wide range of physiological functions, such as control of blood pressure, contraction of uterine, smooth muscle, and modulation of inflammation.
A PowerPoint presentation on "NSAIDS" suitable for reading by UG and PG Medical/Paramedical students of Pharmacology and Pharmacy sciences. This Ppt. is prepared for academic purpose only and already presented to my students in one of the theory classes of mine.
In serotonin anti-serotonin, kinin and prostaglandin autacoid we are learn all about Serotonin, its receptor, synthesis serotonin action on various body part, its uses, adverse effect, serotonin antagonist(anti-serotonin),all about kinin and prostaglandin
this file is all about eicosanoids including prostaglandins,prostacyclins and leukutriens with its mechanism of formation and inhibitors of LOX and COX pathways
The principal eicosanoids of biological significance to humans are a group of molecules derived from the 20:4 (20 carbons: 4 sites of unsaturation) fatty acid, arachidonic acid.
Part VII-IX: Autocoids- Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes (Eicosanoids) and Platel...Shaikh Abusufyan
This slide deck give detail presentation on Pharmacology of Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes (Eicosanoids) and Platelet Activating Factor.
For all IX video lecture series of this topic click:
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A Power point presentation on Betalactam antibiotics suitable for undergraduate medical students. This Ppt is already presented in theory class lectures to the students of NEIGRIHMS, Shillong, Meghalaya
A Powerpoint presentation on drugs excretion and elimination suitable for UG medical students. This ppt is already presented to my students in one of the theory classes.
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Anti ulcer drugs and their Advance pharmacology ||
Anti-ulcer drugs are medications used to prevent and treat ulcers in the stomach and upper part of the small intestine (duodenal ulcers). These ulcers are often caused by an imbalance between stomach acid and the mucosal lining, which protects the stomach lining.
||Scope: Overview of various classes of anti-ulcer drugs, their mechanisms of action, indications, side effects, and clinical considerations.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
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1. Dr. D. K. Brahma
Associate Professor
Department of Pharmacology
NEIGRIHMS, Shillong
2. Prostaglandins and Leukotrienes
• Prostaglandins (PGs) and Leukotrienes (LTs): Biologically
active 20 carbon atom polyunsaturated essential fatty
acids released from cell membrane fatty acids – lipid
derived autacoids
• Eicosanoids: PG, Thromboxanes (TX) and LTs - derived
from “eicosa”penta enoic acid - referring to 20 carbon
atoms (“enoic” – double bonds)
• The eicosanoids are considered "local hormones"
• Most universally distributed autacoids – practically all tissues
can synthesize 1 or 2 PG or LT
• They have specific effects on target cells close to their site of
formation
• They are rapidly degraded, so they are not transported to
distal sites within the body
3. Eicosanoids - Background
1930: Human semen – contracts uterus and other
smooth muscles (SM) – fall in BP
Prostaglandin – derived from prostate (!)
1960: Mixture of closely related compounds (a family)
1970: Aspirin like drugs inhibit PG synthesis
• Thromboxanes (TX) and Prostacyclin (PGI)
4. Chemistry
Chemically, PGs are derivative of Prostanoic acid –
does not occur naturally in body
PGs are designated in series as – A, B, C ….I etc.
depending on ring structure and substitution
Each series is named 1,2,3 indicating no. of double
bonds
LTs are also similarly – A, B, C …..F and 1, 2, 3, 4
5. Chemistry of eicosanoids – contd.
In the body all are derived from
eicosa (20 C atoms) –
tri/tetra/penta enoic acid
In human – derived from
5,8,11,14 eicosa tetra eonic acid
(arachidonic acid)
During synthesis of PG, TX and
LT – 2 double bonds get
saturated due to cyclization –
only 2 double bonds in side
chain – so, 2 PGs are important
….. PGE2, PGF2α, PGI2, TXA2…….
No cyclization or reduction for
LTs – LTB4, LTC4, LTD4 Prostaglandin - PGE2
6. Biosynthesis of Eicosanoids - Pathway
Cyclic
endoperoxides
•Name based on
separation
technique – Ether
and fosfat
•PGA, B and C
not found in body
In platelet
TXB2
6-keto PGF1α
SRS-A
Five lipoxygenase
Activating protein
(FLAP)
Stimuli
7. The Cycloxygenages (Cox)
1. Cox-1 (‘the good guy’):
• Constitutively expressed
• Synthesized in basal states – not changed even if cell is fully grown
• Credited for ‘house-keeping functions’ – secretion of mucus in Gastric
mucosa, haemostasis and renal function
1. Cox-2 (‘the bad guy’): Normally, in tissues I insignificant amount
• Inducible by inflammatory mediators (cytokines, interleukin-1, tumor
necrosis factor (TNF) - Induction inhibited by corticosteroids
• Blamed for inflammation / pain / fever
• Exception: Kidney, brain and foetus
1. Cox-3 (‘the dark horse’):
• Very recently discovered in dog brain
• Splice variant of Cox-1 (intron 1 remains in mRNA) - genesis of fever
• Inhibited by acetaminophen – which acts only weakly on Cox-1 and
Cox-2
8. Synthesis inhibitors & Degradation
NSAIDS – Mostly non-selective (both COX-1 and COX-2)
Aspirin – acetylates COX at serine site – irreversible inhibition
Other NSAIDs - competitive and reversible inhibition
Selective Cox 1 inhibitors – celecoxib, etoricoxib
Zileuton – Inhibits LOX – was used in asthma
Glucocorticoides – inhibit release of arachidonic acid – produces
protein annexin – inhibits Phospholipase A2
Also inhibits induction of COX-2
Degradation: Most tissues – rapidly – fastest in Lungs
Most PGs, TXA2 and Prostacyclins (PGI2) – half life of few seconds only
Carrier mediated uptake into cells followed by – side chains are oxidized and
so on ….
9. PGs & TXAs: Pathophysiological - CVS
Both PGE2 and PGF2α : Mostly vasodilators - but PGF2α
constricts Pulmonary vein and artery
PGI2 – uniform vasodilator and potent hypotensive > PGE2
PGG2 and PGH2 – biphasic response (actually vasoconstrictor)
TXA – vasoconstrictor
Heart: Stimulates: PGE2 and PGF2α – direct weak and reflex
action
Role: No role in systemic Vascular regulation – but PGI2
(COX-2 generated) – local vascular tone (dilator)
PGE₂ keeps ductus arteriosus patent (Aspirin & Indomethacin)
Exudation: PGs generated by COX-2 with LTs and other autacoids
- inflammation
10. Pathophysiological Roles - Uterus
PGE2 and PGF2α – uniformly contracts uterus – pregnant and
non-pregnant … higher as the pregnancy progresses
Consistent contraction – PGF2α but PGE2 – relaxes not-pregnant and
contracts pregnant uterus
At term – softens uterus
Role:
Initiation and progression of labour by PGF2α (Aspirin delays)
Semen in high PGs – movement of female genital tract, transport of
sperm and facilitation of fertilization
Dysmenorrhoea – Uncoordinated uterine contraction – ischemia –
pain (Aspirin effective)
11. Roles – Bronchial Muscles
PGF2α, PGD2 ,TXA2 and LTs – Potent
bronchoconstrictor
PGE2>PGI2 – dilators + inhibit release of Histamine –
but no clinical use (irritation)
Role: Asthma – imbalance between the above
Aspirin: induces asthma – diverts arachidonic acid to
produce more LTs (LTC4 and LTD4)
In allergic asthma – Leukotriene
12. Pathophysiological Roles – GIT
Intestine: PGs (PGE2) – increased propulsive activity – colic and
watery diarrhoea
PGE2 – increases water, electrolyte and mucus secretion …. PGI2 opposes
Role: Toxin induced increased fluid movements in secretary diarrhoea
(aspirin reduces fluid volume)
Colonic polyps and Cancer – reduced colonic cancer and reduced polyp
formation
Stomach: PGE2>PGI2 reduces all gastric acid secretions (also pepsin)
– Gastrin also reduced - even histamine, gastrin and other induced
ones
Mucus, HCO3 secretion increased with increased blood flow -
Antiulcerogenic
Role: PGI2 – regulation of gastric mucosal blood flow – natural ulcer
protective …. NSAID induced ulcers – due to loss of protective function
Gastric mucosal PGs are produced by COX -1 – selective COX-2
inhibitors are NOT ULCEROGENIC
13. Pathophysiological Roles – contd.
Kidneys: PGE2 & PGI2 – Diuretic effect
Renal vasodilatation and inhibit tubular reabsorption (Furosemide
like – inhibits Cl- reabsorption
TXA2 – renal vasoconstriction
Role: PGE2 & PGI2 (produced by COX-2) in kidney – intrarenal
blood flow regulation and tubular reabsorption (less) …. NSAIDs -
retain salt and water
Renin release – PGE2 and PGI2
CNS: Poor penetration; injected directly – PGE2 – sedation,
rigidity and behavioural changes; PGI2 – fever
Role: PGE2-Hypothalamus: pyrogen induced fever and malaise
(COX-2 involved – selective COX-2 inhibitors – antipyrretic
Neuromodulator – pain perception, sleep and other
functions
14. Pathophysiological Roles – contd.
ANS: Inhibition as well as augmentation of NA release –
depends on PG, species and tissue
Role: modulate sympathetic neurotransmission
Peripheral nerves: Sensitize afferent nerve endings to
pain inducing chemical and mechanical stimuli – irritate
mucous membrane
Role: algesic during inflammation (aspirin cause analgesia)
Eye: PGF2α – induces ocular inflammation and lowers IOP
– enhances uveoscleral and tubular outflow (latanoprost)
Role: Local PGs facilitate aqueous humor drainage (less COX-2 in
glaucoma)
15. Pathophysiological Roles – contd.
Endocrine: Facilitate release of Anterior Pituitary
hormones – GH, Prolactin, ACTH, FSH, LH --- also
Insulin and steroids
Role: terminate early pregnancy in women (luteolysis)
Metabolism: Antilipolytic – Insuline like effect -
mobilize Ca++ from Bone
16. Pathophysiological Roles - Platelets
TXA2 >PGG2>PGH2 – pro-aggregator…… PGI2 and PGD2
– anti-aggregator ….. PGE2 – inconsistent effect
Role: TXA2 and PGI2 – mutual antagonists – prevent
aggregation in circulation, but induces aggregation
during injury
TXA2 – produced by COX-1 – amplify aggregation
Aspirin (low dose): haemostasis interference by inhibiting
platelet aggregation (COX-1 inhibition at portal circulation)
– PGI2 not interfered (endothelium)
17. Straight chain lipoxygenase products
Limited number of tissues
LTB4 – Neutrophils
LTC4 and LTD4 - Macrophages
18. Leukotrienes –Roles
CVS and Blood: Injection of LTC4 and LTD4 – brief rise in
BP followed by prolonged fall (not due to vasodilatation)
Due to coronary constriction – due to decreased cardiac output -
reduction in circulating volume - increased capillary permeability
More potent than histamine - in Local oedema
LTB4 – chemotactic for neutrophils and monocytes (also HETE) –
also migration of neutrophils through capillaries and clumping
LTC4 and LTD4 – chemotactic for eosinophils
Role: Important mediators of inflammation (with PGs)
LTC4 and LTD4 – exudation of plasma
LTB4 – attracts the inflammatory cells
5-HPETE and 5-HETE – facilitate release of histamine from mast
cells
19. Pathophysiological Roles - LTs
Smooth Muscles: LTC4 and LTD4 contracts smooth
muscles – potent bronchoconstrictor and spastic
contraction of GIT
Also increase in mucus secretion
Roles: Mediator of human allergic asthma
Released with PGs and other autacoids during AG:AB reaction
More potent than others and metabolized slowly in lungs
Responsible for abdominal colics in anaphylaxis
Afferent Nerves:
LTB4 - sensitizes afferent nerves to pain mediators – Pain (like
PGs) – pain and tenderness of inflammation
20. Prostanoid Receptors
PGs, TX and Prostacyclin
act by their specific
receptors
Five families –
corresponding to natural
PGs
All are GPCRs
Functionally – excitatory
or contractile and
inhibitory or relaxants
Contractile group: EP1,
FP and TP
Gq – PLC and IP3/DAG
Ca++ release intracellularly
Functions: SM contraction
and Platelet aggregation
Relaxant group: DP1, EP2,
EP4 and IP
Gs – adenylyl cyclase –
cAMP
Functions: SM relaxation
and inhibition of Platelet
aggregation
21. Leukotriene Receptors
Separate receptors for LTB4; and LTC4 and LTD4
LTB4 – BLT1 and BLT2
Cysteinyl: LTC4 and LTD4 – cysLT1 and cysLT2
All are GPCRs – IP3/DAG
BLT – chemotactic – in spleen and leucocytes
cysLT1 – bronchial and intestinal muscles (Zafirlukast
and Montelukast )
cysLT2 – leukocytes and spleen
22. Therapeutic Uses –
PGs and analogoues
Limited availability, short lasting action, cost and frequent side effects
Abortion: First trimester abortion - Suction evacuation plus PGE2
intravaginal pessary (before 3 hours)
Now upto 7 weeks - 600 mg Mifepristone (antiprogestin) + misoprostol 400 µg
… provoked uterine contraction
Intravaginal application or sublingual administration – lesser side effects
Rule out ectopic pregnancy
ADRs: Uterine cramps, vaginal bleeding, nausea, vomiting and diarrhoea …
also incomplete evacuation
Methotrexate + Misoprostol
Midterm abortion: missed abortion, molar abortion --- erratic action
and incomplete abortion ….. Oxytocin resistant to responsive
Extraamniotic injection of single dose PGE2 – IV oxytocin or PGF2α with
hypertonic saline – high success rate
23. Uses of PGs & analogoues –
contd.
Induction of Labour: less reliable and inter-individual
variation - Oxytocin is preferred drug
In renal failure and toxaemic patients - PGE2 or PGF2α used –
intravaginal route is preferred
Cervical priming: Low dose of PGE2 - cervical ripening in
unfavourtable cervix – intravaginally used (12 hours before
induction)
PPH: 15-methyl – PGF2α (Carboprost) IM in PPH
unresponsiveness to ergometrine and oxytocin – uterine
atony)
24. Other uses of PGs and
analogoues
Peptic Ulcer: Cytoprotective – healing of ulcer … patients with
NSAIDS and smokers – Misoprostol (Synthetic PGE1 derivative) 100
mcg/200mcg tab.– comparable to Ranitidine and Cimetidine
Ulcer pain is not relieved
ADRs – poor patient compliance – diarrhoea, abdominal cramps, uterine
bleeding, abortion
Primary use: NSAIDS induced GI injury with blood loss (PPIs preferred)
Glaucoma: PGF2α analogues – latanoprost, travoprost etc. – first choice
drug in open angle glaucoma
MOA: Ocular inflammation – increased uveoscleral outflow (due to
increased permeability of tissues in ciliary muscles
decreased COX-2 in glaucoma at ciliary body (PGs Role)
ADRs: ocular irritation, pain, iris pigmentation, thickening and darkening
of eyelashes and macular oedema
Gastric Mucosa
25. Other uses of PGs
and analogoues
To maintain Patency of Ductus arteriosus: PGE1
alpha – Alprostadil – in congenital heart diseases –
till surgery
To avoid platelet damage: PGI2 – Epoprostenol –
in haemodialysis and Cardio-pulmonary bypass
surgery – also in harvesting platelets
Peripheral vascular disease: IV injection of PGI2 –
for healing of ischaemic ulcers
Impotence – Alprostadil – injected into the penis
26. PREPARATIONS, DOSES &
PLACEMENTS of PGs
PGE₂: Dinoprostone – for Induction/augmentation of labour, midterm
abortion .. (Prostine-E)
• Vaginal Gel: 1 mg inserted into posterior fronix followed by 1-2 mg after 6 hour
if required
• Vaginal Tab: 3 mg inserted into posterior fornix, followed by another 3 mg if
labour does not start within 6 hour
• Oral Tablet: Primiprost 0.5 mg tab, one tab. Hourly till induction, maximum
1.5 mg per hr. ---- rarely used
• Cervical Gel: Cerviprime 0.5 mg inserted into cervical canal for preinduction
cervical softening and dilatation in patients with poor Bishop’s score.
• Gemeprost: 1mg vaginal pessary for softening of cervix in first trimester – 1 mg
3 hr before attempting dilatation, for 2nd trimester abortion/molar gestation –
1 mg every 3 hours, max. 5 doses
• Extraamniotic solution and Intravenous solution – Rarely used
27. PREPARATIONS & DOSES of PGs –
contd.
PGF₂α: Dinoprost
• Prostin F₂ Alpha intraamniotic injection 5 mg/ml in 4
ml. amp. for midterm abortion/induction of labour –
rarely used
• 15 – methyl PGF₂α (carboprost) …. Prostodin 0.25 mg in 1
ml ampoule IM every 30 - 120 minutes for PPH
28. (Acetyl-glyceryl ether phosphoryl choline)
• Cell membrane polar lipid – intense biological
activity
• Active at subnanomolar concentration
• Important signal molecule
29. Synthesized in - WBCs, Platelets and Vascular endothelium
From Phospholipids present in cell membrane
Membrane Acyl-
glycero-
phosphocoline
Lyso PAF PAF
Phospholipase A2
Fatty acid
Acetyl CoA CoA
PAF-acetyl
transferase
30. PAF - Actions
Platelets: Aggregation and Release reaction – also release TXA2
WBC: Chemotactic for Neutrophils, eosinophils and macrophages
Stimulates neutrophils to stick on endothelium and migrate across to site
of infection – release of lysosomal enzymes and LTs by polymorphs
Releases – LTB4 …… Induces degranulation of eosinophils
Blood vessels: Vasodilator mediated by EDRF – Fall in BP
Vascular permeability increase
Intracoronary injection – decreased coronary flow – Thrombus and TXA
formation
Injection in renal artery – constriction and decrease in Na+ excretion
Visceral SM: Contraction – direct and through LTC4, TXA2 and PGs –
potent bronchoconstrictor – oedema, bronchial hyperresponsiveness
Stomach: Ulcerogenic – mucosal erosion and bleeding
31. PAF - Physiological Roles
Many pathological states – also physiological process - Cell
to cell interaction
Inflammation: Generated by leucocytes – vasodilatation,
exudation, cellular infiltration and hyperalgesia
Bronchial asthma: Bronchoconstriction, mucosal oedema,
recruitment of eosinophils and provoking secretion …..
Prolonged hyperreactivity
Anaphylactic conditions: High circulating PAF levels
Haemostasis and thrombosis: Platelet aggregation
Rupture of mature Graffian follicles and implantation:
Early embryo produces PAF – Implantation
32. PAF Antagonists
MOA: Membrane bound specific PAF receptors
Gq type GPCR --- IP3/DAG – Ca++ release …. (also Gi)
TXA2, PGs and LTs are extracellular mediators
Intracellularly - Endothelial cells – rise in PAF causes exposure of
neutrophil binding sites
Proaggregatory – unmasking of fibrinogen binding sites
Uses:
Ginkgolide B (chinese plant)
Potential: Treatment of stroke, intermittent claudication, sepsis
MI, shock, gastric ulceration, asthma and contraception
Alprazolam and Triazoloam
Apafan - anti-inflammatory, antiangiogenic and anticancer activity
33. Summary
Biosynthesis of PGs – Cox-1 and Cox-2
Prostaglandins and their Pathophysiological Roles –
especially in Uterus, Respiratory muscles, GIT and Kidneys
Mechanism of NSAIDS in causation of Peptic ulcer – Role
of selective COX-2 inhibitors
Uses of PGs – Gynaecological uses, Glaucoma, Ductus
arteriosus and peptic ulcer
Role of LTs and its antagonists in Bronchial asthma
PAF