This document discusses various machining operations that can be performed in a drilling machine, including: drilling, reaming, boring, counterboring, countersinking, and spot facing. It provides details on what each operation involves, how each tool is shaped, and how each operation is performed relative to an existing hole. Reaming enlarges and smoothes an existing hole. Countersinking and counterboring enlarge the top of a hole to allow for fastener heads. Spot facing creates a flat surface around a hole for proper seating of bolts or nuts.

2.  Operations that can be performed in a drilling
machine are
 Drilling
 Reaming
 Boring
 Counter boring
 Countersinking
 Spot Facing

4.  A reamer enters the workpiece
axially and enlarges an existing hole
to the diameter of the tool.
 A reamer is a multi-point tool that
has many flutes, which may be
straight or in a helix.
 Reaming removes a minimal
amount of material and is often
performed after drilling to obtain
both a more accurate diameter
and a smoother internal finish.

6.  A countersink tool enlarges
the top portion of an existing
hole to a cone-shaped
opening.
 Countersinking is performed
after drilling to provide space
for the head of a fastener,
such as a screw, to sit flush
with the workpiece surface.
 Common included angles for
a countersink include 60, 82,
90, 100, 118, and 120
degrees.

7.  This is an operation
of making the end of
a hole into a conical
shape.
 Cutting speed = half
of the cutting speed
of drilling for same
hole.

9.  A counterbore tool enlarges
the top portion of an existing
hole to the diameter of the
tool.
 Counterboring is often
performed after drilling to
provide space for the head of
a fastener, such as a bolt, to
sit flush with the workpiece
surface.
 The counterboring tool has a
pilot on the end to guide it
straight into the existing hole

10.  This process involves
increasing the size of a
hole at only one end.
 Cutting tool will have a
small cylindrical portion
called pilot.
 Cutting speed = two-
thirds of the drilling
speed for the same
hole.

11.  Spotfacing provides a seat or flat surface at the
entrance and surrounding area of a hole.
 This flat surface allows the bottom of a screw or
bolt to seat squarely with the material.
 Spotfacing is commonly done on castings where
irregular surfaces are found.
 Spotfacing may be performed on a drill press
with a counterbore of suitable size for the
operation.
 A proper size pilot must be used whenever this
is done on the drill press.

12.  It is a finishing
operation to produce
flat round surface
usually around a
drilled hole, for proper
seating of bolt head
or nut.
 It is done using a
special spot facing
tool.

13.  Where holes in two parts are required to line up
with each other, a technique known as ‘spotting’ is
carried out. The top part is marked out and drilled.
 The two parts are then carefully positioned and
clamped together.

14. The holes in the bottom part are transferred by ‘spotting’
through from the top part.
Drilling of the bottom part can then proceed in the
knowledge that both sets of holes are identical, which may
not be the case if both parts are marked out and drilled
individually.