Digestion is the breakdown of large insoluble food molecules into smaller soluble molecules that can be absorbed and used by the body. There are two stages of digestion: physical/mechanical digestion which breaks food into smaller pieces using teeth and peristalsis, and chemical digestion where enzymes break down food further. Digestion begins in the mouth and stomach and is completed in the small intestine, where enzymes from the pancreas and liver break proteins, fats and carbohydrates into amino acids, fatty acids, and sugars. The digested nutrients are then absorbed through the walls of the small intestine and transported to cells to be used for energy, building molecules, or stored. Undigested matter then moves to the large intestine where water
Human digestive system structure and function
overview
Major organs
Mouth
Esophagus
Stomach
small intestine
large intestine
Acessory organs:
Liver
gall bladder
Pancreas.
Human digestive system
Major organs
Mouth
Esophagus
Stomach
small intestine
large intestine.
Acessory organs:
Liver
Gall bladder
Pancreas.
MAJOR ORGANSThe Mouth
pH: 7
The first part of the digestive system
the entry point of food.
Structures in the mouth that aids digestion
Teeth – cut, tear, crush and grind food.
Salivary glands – produce and secrete saliva into the oral cavity.
saliva
moistens the food
contains enzymes (ptyalin or salivary amylase)
begins digestion of starch into smaller polysaccharides.
Function:
Mechanical digestion.
increasing surface area for faster chemical digestion.
The Esophagus
a tube connecting the mouth to the stomach
running through the Thoracic cavity.
Location:
lies behind windpipe (Trachea).
The trachea has as an epiglottis
preventing food from entering the windpipe,
moving the food to the esophagus while swallowing.
Food travels down the esophagus, through a series of involuntary rhythmic contractions (wave-like) called peristalsis.
Function:
The lining of the esophagus secretes mucus
lubricating
to support the movement of food.
Esophageal sphincter:
bolus reaches the stomach
must pass through a muscular ringed valve called the esophageal sphincter (Cardiac Sphincter).
Function:
prevent stomach acids from back flowing into the esophagus.
Stomach
J-shaped muscular sac
Has inner folds (rugae)
Increasing surface area of the stomach.
Function:
Stomach performs mechanical digestion
HOW By churning the bolus and mixing it with the gastric juices
secreted by the lining of the stomach.
GASTRIC JUICES HCl, salts, enzymes, water and mucus)
HCL helps break down of food and kills bacteria that came along with the food.
The bolus is now called Chyme.
Enzymes in stomach:
Acidic environment
HCl secreation
kill any microbes that are found in the bolus,
creating a pH of 2.
Mucus prevents the stomach from digesting itself.
Pepsin secreation
responsible for initiating the breakdown of proteins (in )food.
hydrolyzes proteins to yield polypeptides.
pH is 2, the enzyme from the salivary glands stops breaking down carbohydrates.
Pyloric sphincter:
chyme moves from the stomach to the small intestine.
It passes through a muscular ringed sphincter called the pyloric sphincter.
stomach does not digest itselfWhy ?
Protective Mechanism:
three protective mechanisms.
First the stomach only secretes small amounts of gastric juices until food is present.
Second the secretion of mucus coats the lining of the stomach protecting it from the gastric juices.
The third mechanism is the digestive enzyme pepsin is secreted in an inactive protein c
Human digestive system structure and function
overview
Major organs
Mouth
Esophagus
Stomach
small intestine
large intestine
Acessory organs:
Liver
gall bladder
Pancreas.
Human digestive system
Major organs
Mouth
Esophagus
Stomach
small intestine
large intestine.
Acessory organs:
Liver
Gall bladder
Pancreas.
MAJOR ORGANSThe Mouth
pH: 7
The first part of the digestive system
the entry point of food.
Structures in the mouth that aids digestion
Teeth – cut, tear, crush and grind food.
Salivary glands – produce and secrete saliva into the oral cavity.
saliva
moistens the food
contains enzymes (ptyalin or salivary amylase)
begins digestion of starch into smaller polysaccharides.
Function:
Mechanical digestion.
increasing surface area for faster chemical digestion.
The Esophagus
a tube connecting the mouth to the stomach
running through the Thoracic cavity.
Location:
lies behind windpipe (Trachea).
The trachea has as an epiglottis
preventing food from entering the windpipe,
moving the food to the esophagus while swallowing.
Food travels down the esophagus, through a series of involuntary rhythmic contractions (wave-like) called peristalsis.
Function:
The lining of the esophagus secretes mucus
lubricating
to support the movement of food.
Esophageal sphincter:
bolus reaches the stomach
must pass through a muscular ringed valve called the esophageal sphincter (Cardiac Sphincter).
Function:
prevent stomach acids from back flowing into the esophagus.
Stomach
J-shaped muscular sac
Has inner folds (rugae)
Increasing surface area of the stomach.
Function:
Stomach performs mechanical digestion
HOW By churning the bolus and mixing it with the gastric juices
secreted by the lining of the stomach.
GASTRIC JUICES HCl, salts, enzymes, water and mucus)
HCL helps break down of food and kills bacteria that came along with the food.
The bolus is now called Chyme.
Enzymes in stomach:
Acidic environment
HCl secreation
kill any microbes that are found in the bolus,
creating a pH of 2.
Mucus prevents the stomach from digesting itself.
Pepsin secreation
responsible for initiating the breakdown of proteins (in )food.
hydrolyzes proteins to yield polypeptides.
pH is 2, the enzyme from the salivary glands stops breaking down carbohydrates.
Pyloric sphincter:
chyme moves from the stomach to the small intestine.
It passes through a muscular ringed sphincter called the pyloric sphincter.
stomach does not digest itselfWhy ?
Protective Mechanism:
three protective mechanisms.
First the stomach only secretes small amounts of gastric juices until food is present.
Second the secretion of mucus coats the lining of the stomach protecting it from the gastric juices.
The third mechanism is the digestive enzyme pepsin is secreted in an inactive protein c
Digestion
Digestion may be defined as physiological process by which complex food particles are broken down into simple form which are suitable for absorption and subsequent utilization.
Digestive system
Digestive system is the system which involves organs that are responsible for the process of digestion.
Gastrointestinal Tract:
The digestive system is composed of a long muscular tube – the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, or alimentary canal – and a set of accessory organs.
Cellular respiration ppt, describes generalities about energy and ATP, and the three stages of cellular respiration: Gylolisis, Krebs Cylce and Electron transport chain.
The endocrine system is a messenger system comprising feedback loops of the hormones released by internal glands of an organism directly into the circulatory system, regulating distant target organs. In vertebrates, the hypothalamus is the neural control center for all endocrine systems.
Digestion
Digestion may be defined as physiological process by which complex food particles are broken down into simple form which are suitable for absorption and subsequent utilization.
Digestive system
Digestive system is the system which involves organs that are responsible for the process of digestion.
Gastrointestinal Tract:
The digestive system is composed of a long muscular tube – the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, or alimentary canal – and a set of accessory organs.
Cellular respiration ppt, describes generalities about energy and ATP, and the three stages of cellular respiration: Gylolisis, Krebs Cylce and Electron transport chain.
The endocrine system is a messenger system comprising feedback loops of the hormones released by internal glands of an organism directly into the circulatory system, regulating distant target organs. In vertebrates, the hypothalamus is the neural control center for all endocrine systems.
AQA AS Biology - Unit 1 - Biology and Disease - Chapter 2 (2.1 and 2.4) - Dig...Pırıl Erel
Slides specifically for AQA syallbus during A-Levels, this is for unit 1 - biology of disease - chapter 2 (specifically 2.1 and 2.4) I believe these chapters go hand in hand, I have made these for my students and they have found them very useful.
Slides aimed for teachers, but can be used as revision slides for students also.
More than welcome to download, good luck with exams!
This lecture illustrates the basics of the digestive system and the roles each section within the GI tract plays in the digestion and absorption of our macro-nutrients
Memorandum Of Association Constitution of Company.pptseri bangash
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A Memorandum of Association (MOA) is a legal document that outlines the fundamental principles and objectives upon which a company operates. It serves as the company's charter or constitution and defines the scope of its activities. Here's a detailed note on the MOA:
Contents of Memorandum of Association:
Name Clause: This clause states the name of the company, which should end with words like "Limited" or "Ltd." for a public limited company and "Private Limited" or "Pvt. Ltd." for a private limited company.
https://seribangash.com/article-of-association-is-legal-doc-of-company/
Registered Office Clause: It specifies the location where the company's registered office is situated. This office is where all official communications and notices are sent.
Objective Clause: This clause delineates the main objectives for which the company is formed. It's important to define these objectives clearly, as the company cannot undertake activities beyond those mentioned in this clause.
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Liability Clause: It outlines the extent of liability of the company's members. In the case of companies limited by shares, the liability of members is limited to the amount unpaid on their shares. For companies limited by guarantee, members' liability is limited to the amount they undertake to contribute if the company is wound up.
https://seribangash.com/promotors-is-person-conceived-formation-company/
Capital Clause: This clause specifies the authorized capital of the company, i.e., the maximum amount of share capital the company is authorized to issue. It also mentions the division of this capital into shares and their respective nominal value.
Association Clause: It simply states that the subscribers wish to form a company and agree to become members of it, in accordance with the terms of the MOA.
Importance of Memorandum of Association:
Legal Requirement: The MOA is a legal requirement for the formation of a company. It must be filed with the Registrar of Companies during the incorporation process.
Constitutional Document: It serves as the company's constitutional document, defining its scope, powers, and limitations.
Protection of Members: It protects the interests of the company's members by clearly defining the objectives and limiting their liability.
External Communication: It provides clarity to external parties, such as investors, creditors, and regulatory authorities, regarding the company's objectives and powers.
https://seribangash.com/difference-public-and-private-company-law/
Binding Authority: The company and its members are bound by the provisions of the MOA. Any action taken beyond its scope may be considered ultra vires (beyond the powers) of the company and therefore void.
Amendment of MOA:
While the MOA lays down the company's fundamental principles, it is not entirely immutable. It can be amended, but only under specific circumstances and in compliance with legal procedures. Amendments typically require shareholder
Enterprise Excellence is Inclusive Excellence.pdfKaiNexus
Enterprise excellence and inclusive excellence are closely linked, and real-world challenges have shown that both are essential to the success of any organization. To achieve enterprise excellence, organizations must focus on improving their operations and processes while creating an inclusive environment that engages everyone. In this interactive session, the facilitator will highlight commonly established business practices and how they limit our ability to engage everyone every day. More importantly, though, participants will likely gain increased awareness of what we can do differently to maximize enterprise excellence through deliberate inclusion.
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RMD24 | Debunking the non-endemic revenue myth Marvin Vacquier Droop | First ...BBPMedia1
Marvin neemt je in deze presentatie mee in de voordelen van non-endemic advertising op retail media netwerken. Hij brengt ook de uitdagingen in beeld die de markt op dit moment heeft op het gebied van retail media voor niet-leveranciers.
Retail media wordt gezien als het nieuwe advertising-medium en ook mediabureaus richten massaal retail media-afdelingen op. Merken die niet in de betreffende winkel liggen staan ook nog niet in de rij om op de retail media netwerken te adverteren. Marvin belicht de uitdagingen die er zijn om echt aansluiting te vinden op die markt van non-endemic advertising.
Personal Brand Statement:
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Kseniya Leshchenko: Shared development support service model as the way to ma...Lviv Startup Club
Kseniya Leshchenko: Shared development support service model as the way to make small projects with small budgets profitable for the company (UA)
Kyiv PMDay 2024 Summer
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[Note: This is a partial preview. To download this presentation, visit:
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Sustainability has become an increasingly critical topic as the world recognizes the need to protect our planet and its resources for future generations. Sustainability means meeting our current needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet theirs. It involves long-term planning and consideration of the consequences of our actions. The goal is to create strategies that ensure the long-term viability of People, Planet, and Profit.
Leading companies such as Nike, Toyota, and Siemens are prioritizing sustainable innovation in their business models, setting an example for others to follow. In this Sustainability training presentation, you will learn key concepts, principles, and practices of sustainability applicable across industries. This training aims to create awareness and educate employees, senior executives, consultants, and other key stakeholders, including investors, policymakers, and supply chain partners, on the importance and implementation of sustainability.
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
1. Develop a comprehensive understanding of the fundamental principles and concepts that form the foundation of sustainability within corporate environments.
2. Explore the sustainability implementation model, focusing on effective measures and reporting strategies to track and communicate sustainability efforts.
3. Identify and define best practices and critical success factors essential for achieving sustainability goals within organizations.
CONTENTS
1. Introduction and Key Concepts of Sustainability
2. Principles and Practices of Sustainability
3. Measures and Reporting in Sustainability
4. Sustainability Implementation & Best Practices
To download the complete presentation, visit: https://www.oeconsulting.com.sg/training-presentations
The world of search engine optimization (SEO) is buzzing with discussions after Google confirmed that around 2,500 leaked internal documents related to its Search feature are indeed authentic. The revelation has sparked significant concerns within the SEO community. The leaked documents were initially reported by SEO experts Rand Fishkin and Mike King, igniting widespread analysis and discourse. For More Info:- https://news.arihantwebtech.com/search-disrupted-googles-leaked-documents-rock-the-seo-world/
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2. Digestion is the process by
which
insoluble food, consisting of large molecules is
broken down into soluble compounds
3. What are starch, proteins & fats
broken down into?
enzyme
STARCH
Glucose
enzyme
PROTEIN
Amino acids
enzyme
FAT
Fatty acids &
glycerol
4. Why must food be digested?
1
Food in
intestine
2
Blood
Food in
intestine
enzyme
Blood
Wall of
intestine
3 Food in
intestine
Blood
To be small enough
to be absorbed
through the wall of
intestine.
6. Food is broken down by two actions:
1. PHYSICAL
/MECHANICAL
2. CHEMICAL
7. 1. PHYSICAL DIGESTION by:
teeth
peristalsis of the alimentary
canal
Chewing (mastication)
8. Why is it important to break down
food physically?
To increase the surface area for enzyme action.
9. Question: SEP, 2009
Give TWO reasons why food must be masticated
before swallowed. (4)
1. Increased surface area for enzymes to act
quickly.
2. Easier to manipulate by tongue to form a
bolus.
10. 2. CHEMICAL DIGESTION by:
enzymes
Digestive enzymes are the chemicals that break
large insoluble food molecules into smaller soluble
molecules.
11. Four stages in feeding & digestion:
2. Digestion
3. Absorption into
the bloodstream
4. Egestion
1. Ingestion
12. Digested food is absorbed & then
assimilated by the cells
Absorption
Assimilation
Digestive
system
Body
cell
Circulatory
system
26. Peristalsis:
wave-like motions of the alimentary
canal which move the food forwards
Digestive tract
Bolus
1
Wave of
relaxation
Bolus
moves
2
2
Wave of
contraction
31. The stomach stores
food for some time &
releases it slowly
Food stays for 2-6 hours in the
stomach
Chyme:
creamy liquid leaving
the stomach
32. Food remains inside stomach due to
contraction of two sphincters
Oesophagus
Cardiac sphincter
Pyloric sphincter
Lining of
mucus
Duodenum
Churning due to:
Layers of muscle
33. Which sphincter is contracted?
Cardiac sphincter:
Pyloric sphincter:
relaxes to let chyme
into the duodenum
contracted
37. Functions of hydrochloric acid:
1. creates the optimum pH for pepsin
HCl
Pepsinogen
2.
(inactive form)
Pepsin
(active enzyme)
3. kills bacteria taken in
with the food
43. Pepsin is a protease:
breaks:
Proteins
Polypeptides
44. Which conditions are needed for a
piece of meat to be digested?
Pepsin in acidic conditions
45. Question: MAY,2009
The following diagram represents the protein found
in egg white. Each circle represents an amino acid.
Complete the diagram below to show how pepsin
breaks down the protein found in egg white.
[Idea is that short chains representing polypeptides are
made.]
(Do NOT accept individual amino acids represented as single
circles or dipeptides represented as a pair of circles)
46. Question: MAY, 2012
List TWO reasons why amylase does not act on
starch in the stomach. (2)
i. pH in stomach is not optimum for amylase
ii. there is no enzyme in the stomach to break
starch
47. Some substances that are absorbed
by the stomach:
ethanol
vitamins
certain salts and drugs
some water
glucose
How did I
get drunk so
quickly?
48. Rennin
is an enzyme found in the stomach of young
children
Function:
Pepsin then acts
on the insoluble
protein
Soluble protein
in milk
Changes into
insoluble protein
58. Bile:
has no enzymes
consists of:
water
sodium chloride
bile salts
bile pigments
pH = 8
59. Functions of Bile:
dilutes contents from stomach
creates optimum pH for pancreatic enzymes
to work in duodenum
contains bile salts which emulsify fats
Bile salts
60. Bile salts emulsify fats i.e.:
break large fat globules into smaller globules
What is the benefit of emulsification?
The surface area where lipase can act is increased.
Emulsification
of fats
61. A person had his gall bladder removed.
Explain why the doctor told him to limit
fats in the diet.
Fats cannot be emulsified;
difficult to digest fats by lipase.
64. Question: MAY, 2012
Bile and pancreatic juice are involved in
digestion of fats.
a) Describe the role of both secretions in this
process. (4)
b) Explain why bile must be released before
pancreatic juice for the efficient digestion of
fats. (2)
69. Remember: Digestion of starch
Starch
Salivary Amylase
(In Mouth)
Maltose
No digestion of starch in
stomach (amylase is
denatured)
Maltose
(in ileum)
Maltase
Glucose
Pancreatic
Amylase
75. The ileum is adapted to absorb
digested food
by providing a LARGE surface area:
Folded walls
Has villi
Has microvilli
76. Ileum is adapted for absorption:
1. Ileum is long:
more time for digestion
a greater surface area for absorption
2. Villi:
increase surface area for absorption
3. Microvilli in epithelium:
increase surface area for absorption
4. Epithelium is very thin:
soluble products of digestion pass through quickly
5. Dense capillary network:
removes the digested food
78. The large intestine is composed of:
4. Colon
1.Caecum
2. Appendix
3. Rectum
Anus
79. Material in the large intestine
consists of:
water
mucus
dead cells
undigested matter
Most of the undigested matter is
cellulose. Why is this so?
83. I really have
to go to the
bathroom!
Egestion / Defaecation
the process of removing
faeces
84. Caecum & Appendix are
Vestigial in humans:
[small & no function]
Caecum
Appendix
Large in herbivores
85. Question: SEP, 2011
Explain why the caecum /
appendix in humans is small
and non-functional. (4)
Human
Rabbit
Humans are omnivores.
Do not depend only upon vegetation for
nutrients.
A large caecum is found in herbivores and is full
of bacteria that produce cellulase to digest
cellulose.
86. Ingestion
(2 L)
Salivary gland secretions
(1 L)
Gastric secretions
(2 L)
Bile
(0.7 L)
Small intestine
secretions
(2 L)
1% in
faeces
Pancreatic secretions
(1.2 L)
Although 8.9 L of
water are ingested
or secreted daily,
the faeces are dry.
Explain.
87. Ingestion
(2 L)
Salivary gland secretions
(1 L)
Gastric secretions
(2 L)
Bile
(0.7 L)
Small intestine
secretions
(2 L)
1% in
faeces
Pancreatic secretions
(1.2 L)
Absorbed in the
small intestine &
colon.
89. Deamination occurs in the liver
AMINO ACID
is broken into two:
Part with
nitrogen forms:
AMMONIA
UREA
The rest is
used for
energy
90. Question: MAY, 2007
Write the correct term for each of the following
processes:
i) the breakdown of excess amino acids
Deamination
ii) rhythmical muscular contractions that push
food along the digestive system
Peristalsis
91. iii) the elimination of indigestible food from
the body
Egestion / Defaecation
iv) the passage of digested food through the
gut wall in the blood stream.
Absorption
93. Blood supply to and away from the liver
HEART
HEPATIC VEIN
to heart
HEPATIC
PORTAL VEIN
Blood from
digestive system
LIVER
HEPATIC ARTERY
GUT
Oxygenated blood
from heart
94. Write an account of a controlled experiment
you would perform to show the action of the
enzyme amylase on starch. (6) [MAY, 1997]
1
Two spotting tiles are
prepared with a drop of
iodine solution in each
hole.
2
An equal volume of starch
is placed into two separate
test tubes, labelled A and B.
95. 3
An equal volume of amylase is placed
into two separate test tubes, labelled C
and D.
Test tube C is boiled for 5 minutes to
denature the enzyme and so act as a
control.
4
All four test tubes are
placed in a water bath at
37C for 5 minutes to
acclimatise.
96. Starch in test tube A is
poured into amylase in test
tube D, mixed and the stop
watch is started.
5
6
After 30 seconds, a drop of the
mixture is taken and added to one
of the drops of iodine solution on
the spotting tile. This is repeated
until a yellow colour appears.
97. 7
8
Starch in test tube B is poured
into amylase in test tube C,
mixed and the same method is
repeated.
Contents in test tube:
i) D give a yellow colour with
iodine solution after a few
minutes
ii) C continues to give a blueblack colour after 30 minutes.
98. 9
10
The results show that amylase breaks down
starch.
If Benedict’s solution is added to
the contents of test tubes C and D
and heated for a few minutes, a
brick red colour is obtained only
in test tube D [unboiled amylase].
This shows that when starch
breaks down, reducing sugars are
formed.
C
D