This document discusses diseases that can affect the digestive system. It begins by providing context about the location being studied - Butuan City in the Philippines. It then describes diseases that can occur in different parts of the digestive system, including the mouth (such as thrush), salivary glands, pharynx (such as sore throat), esophagus (such as ulcers), stomach (such as gastritis), and other areas. It lists symptoms and treatments for many of these conditions. The document concludes by providing tips for taking care of digestive health, such as eating fiber-rich foods and fish.

1. DISEASES IN THE
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
Student Nurses of II-1
Cabatit | Del Espiritu Santo | Ibañez
| Meren | Salamat | Yao

2. THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

3. DIAGNOSIS:
 Patients: Filipinos living
in Butuan City
 Butuan City is located in
the fertile coastal plains
and valleys along the
Agusan River.
 The locals depend on
the excellent
agricultural potential of
the Agusan River Valley
and coastal plains;
howeverm the richness
of the soil and water
serves as home for
intestinal parasites
which cause many
digestive diseases.

4. WARNING:
The images that will appear in this presentation may not be suitable
for very young audiences. Viewer discretion is advised.

5. DISEASES IN THE MOUTH
Acute Stomatitis, Aphthous Stomatitis,
Thrush and Glossitis

6. 1. ACUTE STOMATITIS
 An acute inflammation of the mucous
membrane of the mouth, occurring most
frequently in children, though no age is
exempt.
 Symptoms: The inflammation is attended by
the following symptoms: heat, pain, redness,
and swelling. At first the mouth is dry and hot,
with a burning, smarting sensation; but soon
secretion is established, and mucus and saliva
are found in excess. This condition is often
called catarrhal stomatitis.
 Treatment: After thoroughly cleansing the
mouth with a weak solution of pyrozone, or a
wash of boracic acid. The mouth should be
kept sweet and clean. The diet should consist
of liquid food; warm drinks are more agreeable
than very cold or very hot fluids.

7. 2. APHTHOUS STOMATITIS
 Synonyms: Follicular Stomatitis;
Disseminated Vesicular Stomatitis;
Fibrinous Stomatitis.
 A variety of stomatitis, characterized by
small, round,white patches upon the
mucous membrane of the tongue, gums,
and cheeks. Small vesicles appear upon
an inflamed base, and later form small
ulcers.
 Symptoms: The mouth is exquisitely
tender, and, when nursing or attempting
to eat, a burning sensation follows.
 Treatment: Cleanliness is of the greatest
importance, and the mouth should be
rinsed with lukewarm water after each
feeding.

8. 3. THRUSH
 Synonyms: Parasitic Stomatitis; Stomatitis
Mycosa; Candidiasis
 A specific fungous disease of the buccal
mucous surfaces, characterized by whitish or
yellowish deposits, in which are found the
saccharomyces albicans.
 Symptoms: The child is fretful and peevish,
the result of the burning pain, and frequently a
diarrhea, with greenish stools, occurs.
 Treatment: Mouth-washes will be selected to
correct this condition ; hence the alkalies are
used; bicarbonate of sodium, boracic acid,
potassium chlorate, etc. After each feeding, the
mouth is to be carefully washed, every particle
of food being removed. Sweets of all kinds are
to be avoided, as they favor fermentation.

9. 3. GLOSSITIS
 An inflammation of the parenchyma of
the tongue, usually terminating in
resolution, though suppuration
occasionally results.
 Symptoms: Swelling of the tongue
begins rapidly, soon filling the mouth,
and even protruding from the lips.
 Treatment: Where the tongue is badly
swollen and tense, soft linen cloths
dipped in a solution of glycerin and
potassium chlorate and hydrastis, and
applied to the tongue, give the greatest
relief. Alkaline washes or even cracked
ice placed on the mouth may also be
used.

10. DISEASES IN THE SALIVARY
GLANDS
Hypersecretion, Xerostomia and
Inflammation of the Salivary Glands

11. 1. HYPERSECRETION 2. XEROSTAMIA
 An excessive secretion of saliva.  Dry mouth; a defect or arrest of the
- Symptoms: The mouth is salivary and buccal secretions.
constantly bathed with saliva, - Symptoms: The mouth is dry, red,
which necessitates frequent
spitting on the part of the patient. or parched, resulting in difficulty in
Where it is very excessive, talking mastication, deglutition, and talking.
is carried on with difficulty. The Digestion is more or less impaired,
almost constant wetting of the lips and gastric symptoms may be
may be attended by chapping and
cracking at the angles of the present.
mouth.

12. 3. INFLAMMATION OF THE
SALIVARY GLANDS
 A secondary inflammation of the parotid
gland, with greater tendency to suppuration
than in specific parotitis or mumps.
 Symptoms: During the course of the
primary disease, or following an injury, the
gland becomes swollen, tender, and more or
less dusky and livid.
 Treatment: The cause being septic
conditions of the blood, the treatment will
very naturally be the administration of
antiseptics; hence, echinacea, in five to- ten
drop doses, will fit many cases.

13. DISEASES OF THE PHARYNX
Angina Symplex (Sore Throat, Pharyngitis),
Chronic Pharyngitis, Ulceration of the
Pharynx

14. 1. ANGINA SIMPLEX (SORE
THROAT) 2. CHRONIC PHARYNGITIS
 An acute inflammation of  A chronic inflammation of the
the mucous membrane of mucous surfaces of the
the pharynx, and pharynx and adjacent tissues.
sometimes of the entire
pharyngeal structure.  Symptoms: The patient
experiences a sense of stuffing
 Symptoms: The up in the upper part of the
symptoms of sore throat
are characteristic, the throat, and, to get relief, there
patient complaining of pain is frequent effort to remove it
and fullness in the throat, by hawking, or, where the
especially when surface is dry, there is almost
swallowing. The surfaces constant swallowing. A short,
are dry and swollen, and dry, hacking cough reveals
the patient swallows laryngeal complications, and
frequently to give relief. the voice is more or less husky.

15. 3. ULCERATION OF THE PHARYNX
 An indolent ulceration of the mucous membrane and deeper tissues
of the pharynx.
 Symptoms: There is usually slight fever, loss of appetite, a coated
tongue, bad breath, and painful deglutition.
ANGINA SIMPLEX Chronic Pharyngitis Ulceration of the
(sore throat) Pharynx

16. DISEASES OF THE ESOPHAGUS
Esophagitis, Bleeding Varices, Swallowed
Foreign Object and Esophageal Spasm

17. 1. ESOPHAGITIS 2. STENOSIS
 An acute inflammation of the  Bleeding veins in the esophagus,
mucous membrane of the caused by a liver disease.
esophagus, frequently involving
the submucous tissues.  Symptoms: Blood in the stool or
 Symptoms: A dull, uneasy vomit, fainting, dizziness, cirrhosis
feeling, or sometimes a of the liver
burning, smarting sensation.  Treatment: a rubber band is
Swallowing is difficult, and
aggravates the pain. placed on the varicose vein to cut
off its blood supply (rubber band
 Treatment: Only the blandest
form of diet should be used. treatment);
Milk in some form, either as a sclerosant, usually a chemical
whey or malted milk, is or saline solution, is injected into
preferable. In some cases the varicose vein to induce a clot
small bits of ice are gratefully and block its blood supply. This will
received.
cause the vein to shrivel and die.
(Sclerotherapy)

18. 3. SWALLOWED FOREIGN
OBJECT 4. ESOPHAGEAL SPASM
 Immediate symptoms  Pain and difficulty in swallowing
of swallowed foreign due to abnormal clenching of
the muscles in the esophagus.
objects are: pain in the
esophagus or chest, choking,
 Symptoms: Dull or intense
pain under the breast bone,
difficulty swallowing, vomiting, difficulty swallowing,
nausea, pain in the stomach, involuntary regurgitation of food
blood in the stool or fever (if  Prevention & Treatment:
the object is trapped in the swallowing only well-chewed
lower intestines) food in small pieces, avoiding
 Treatment: If the swallowed hot food or hot and cold drinks,
reducing stress, or taking in
foreign object blocks the psychiatric drugs for panic
airways, emergency care attack and depression.
such as a Heimlich maneuver
needs to be immediately
performed.

19. ESOPHAGITIS
STENOSIS OF THE
ESOPHAGUS
SWALLOWED
FOREIGN
OBJECT ESOPHAGEAL SPASM

20. DISEASES OF THE STOMACH
Gastritis, Gastric Ulcer, Stomach Cancer,
Hemorrhage from the Stomach,
Hyperacidity, Dyspepsia

21. 1. GASTRITIS 2. GASTRIC ULCER
 It is the disease where there is  A well-defined round or oval
severe inflammation of ulcer, due to the action of the
stomach lining. It occurs due to gastric juice upon some portion
the consumption of too much
alcohol, continuous use of of the mucous membrane,
drugs like aspirin and ibuprofen which has been weakened bv
or infection by bacteria like H. some impairment of nutrition. It
pylori. The symptoms of penetrates the mucous
gastritis are belching,
abdominal bloating and pain. membrane and sometimes the
entire gastric wall.

22. 4. HEMORRHAGE OF THE
3. STOMACH CANCER
STOMACH

23. 5. HYPERACIDITY 6. DYSPEPSIA
 Increased activity of the secreting  It is also known as upset
apparatus of the stomach, whereby stomach or indigestion.
an undue amount of hydrochloric Indigestion can be caused by
acid, more than is required for the various factors the most
purpose of digestion, is secreted. common being the abnormality
 Treatment: The diet should consist of the pancreas or bile duct.
of lean meats, eggs, milk, and whole- The symptoms can be fullness
wheat bread should be the principal or a heavy stomach before and
bill of fare. Acid fruits should be after a meal.
restricted. With the exception of milk,
the patient does better on a dry diet.

24. OTHER DIGESTIVE DISEASES
Hepatitis, Diarrhea, Cirrhosis, Lactose
Intolerance, Short Bowel Syndrome,
Appendicitis, Constipation, Gallstones,
Flatulence and Abdominal Adhesions

25. 1. HEPATITIS 2. DIARRHEA
 Hepatitis is a viral infection in  Diarrhea is the condition of
which the liver becomes inflamed having three or more loose or
and can lose its ability to function. liquid bowel movements per day.
It is a common cause of death in
 TYPES developing countries and the
- Hepatitis A: Hepatitis A is a virus second most common cause of
that causes liver disease. It most infant deaths worldwide. The loss
commonly comes from of fluids through diarrhea can
contaminated food or water. cause dehydration and electrolyte
imbalances.
- Hepatitis B: Hepatitis A is a
virus that causes liver disease. It
most commonly comes from
contaminated food or water and
can be treated through
vaccination.
- Hepatitis C: Patients with
hepatitis C develop a chronic liver
infection. It often does not show
any symptoms. No vaccine is yet
available to prevent hepatitis C.

26. 3. CIRRHOSIS 4. LACTOSE INTOLERANCE
 It is the condition in which the  Lactose, fructose and sucrose
intolerance is the body’s inability to
liver gradually deteriorates absorb these basic sugars. It is
and starts to malfunction, caused by deficiency in the
enzyme lactase. This enzyme is
blocking the flow of blood produced by the lining of the small
through the liver. Caused due intestine, and is responsible in
to obesity and excessive breaking down sugars into
absorbable forms.
alcohol consumption,  Most common among Asians, African
cirrhosis, can be identified by Americans, Native Americans and
fatigue, vomiting, weight loss Hispanics.
and loss of appetite.

27. 5. SHORT BOWEL 6. APPENDICITIS
SYNDROME
 Short bowel syndrome is the  Appendicitis is a condition
extreme loss of small intestine or
its function due to disease or characterized by inflammation
surgery, to the extent that there of the appendix.
isn’t enough of it left to absorb
nutrients.
 Symptoms: diarrhea,
steatorrhea or foul-smelling stool,
stool that “floats” or are oily and
sticky, indigestion and other
symptoms of peptic ulcer, fluid
retention, fatigue and weakness,
severe weight loss, malnutrition
 Treatment: Vitamin, iron, folic
acid, and protein supplements or
antacids

28. 7. CONSTIPATION 8. GALLSTONES
 Constipation is a symptom,  Gallstones develop due to
which almost every person imbalances in the gall bladder due
experiences in his or her life. to excess amount of cholesterol and
The most common cause of too little of bile salts. In addition, it
constipation are lack of proper can result when gall bladder cannot
diet like not enough fiber, milk, empty more often or completely.
dehydration, lack of physical Steady pain in the upper abdomen
exercise etc. It results in and between the shoulder blades
irregular and often painful can be due to the formation of
bowel movements. gallstones.

29. 9. FLATULENCE 10. ABDOMINAL ADHESIONS
 Also known as gas in the  Abdominal adhesions cause
digestive tract, it is caused by internal tissues and organs to
the breakdown of undigested stick together when normally
food in the colon by bacteria they have slippery surface.
and also through swallowing This results in chronic pelvic
air. Gas results in belching, pain, intestinal obstruction,
flatulence, abdominal and female infertility.
bloating, and pain.

30. HOW TO TAKE CARE OF OUR
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
7 Simple Secrets to Taking Good Care
of Your Digestive Health

31. 1. Eat foods rich in fiber
 Fiber is instrumental in ensuring your
digestive system runs smoothly. It's a food
with a surprisingly large range of digestive
health benefits - it helps the body eliminate
waste, lowers cholesterol, feeds healthy
bacteria and reduces your risks of developing
irritable bowel syndrome and colon cancer
too. Find your servings of fiber in fruit,
vegetables, nuts, beans and whole grains.

32. FIBER-RICH FOOD
nuts, beans,
grain, wheat,
rice,
vegetables
and fruits

33. 2. Eat good amounts of fish
 Fish contain omega-3 fatty acids which are
hailed as being highly beneficial to the
digestive system. The essential fatty acids can
improve certain digestive problems because of
their special anti-inflammatory properties.
Choose to eat three to five portions of fish rich
in this nutrient each week.

34. YUMMY FISH DISHES!

35. 3. Cut out fried and high-fat foods
 Reduce the amount of fried and fattening
foods that you eat. These are hard for you to
digest and put extra pressure on your
digestive functions. Other processed foods
may contain ingredients which irritate the
stomach. Instead, choose organic foods when
possible - they are simpler and kinder to your
system.

36. AVOID PROCESSED FOODS!

37. 4. Take Probiotics
 Probiotics are good bacteria that live in the
gastrointestinal system. They maintain its health
by keeping bad bacteria at bay and creating a
good harmony in your digestion's ecosystem.
They have been known to help ease conditions
like gastroenteritis, irritable bowel syndrome and
inflammatory bowel disease. Your probiotic levels
will fall dramatically if you are under stress or
taking antibiotics. Take a supplement of probiotics
for the best support. Doses found in yogurt are
minimal at best, and virtually none in flavored
yogurts.

38. THE GOOD BACTERIA

39. FOOD RICH IN PROBIOTICS

40. 5. Develop good eating habits
 It's important to chew your food well to help it
break down sufficiently before it reaches your
stomach. Chewing is actually the first stage of
digestion as enzymes in your saliva break
down carbohydrates in the mouth. Other good
practices which support your digestion is
taking enough time to eat without rushing,
avoiding large meals and avoiding eating a
meal before you go to bed so your stomach
can digest its food while you're still upright.

41. DO DON’T

42. 6. Exercise regularly
 Exercise is great for boosting your body's
natural functions and can improve the natural
rhythm of your digestive system, too. It is also
great for helping your food move through the
digestive tract.

44. 7. Choose healthy hydration
 Caffeinated drinks like coffee and acid-
producing fluids like soda can cause stomach
aggravation, especially to sensitive stomachs.
Instead, drink lots of water which prevents and
alleviates constipation and generally eases the
digestive process.

45. DO DON’T

46. SOURCES:
•http://www.swsbm.com/EclecticMed/Eclecti
c%20Medicine_Part_4a.pdf
•http://www.healthinplainenglish.com/health/
digestive/index.htm
•Wikipedia
•Google Images

47. THANK YOU AND GOD BLESS! 
“A fit, healthy body—that is the best
fashion statement.”
~Jess Scott
“Eat healthily, sleep well, breathe
deeply, move harmoniously.”
~Jean-Pierre Barral