The document discusses homeostasis, which is the maintenance of a constant internal environment in the body. It provides examples of homeostasis mechanisms for controlling body temperature, blood glucose levels, and water levels. Negative feedback loops work to maintain a stable internal state when environmental conditions change. The kidneys and hormones like insulin and glucagon help regulate glucose and water levels. Plants also use mechanisms like stomata to control water balance and maintain homeostasis.

1. Homeostasis
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2. Glossary
 Maintain – keep up.
 Constant – the same.
 Internal – inside the body.
 Environment – surroundings of the body.
 Feedback - a cycle in which the output of a
system “feeds back” to modify or reinforce the
actions of the system in order to maintain
homeostasis.

3. Glossary
 Negative feedback - a change causes system 1 to send a
message to system 2 to restore homeostasis. When
system 1 detects that system 2 has acted, it stops
signaling for action and system 2 stops (turned off).
 Positive feedback - the original stimulus is promoted
rather than stopped. Positive feedback is rarely used to
maintain homeostasis. An example of positive
feedback is childbirth.

4. What is Homeostasis?
 Body cells work best if they have the correct
 Temperature
 Water levels
 Glucose concentration
 Your body has mechanisms to keep the cells in a
constant environment.

5. What is Homeostasis?
The maintenance of a
constant environment
in the body is called
Homeostasis

6. Controlling body temperature
 All mammals maintain a constant body
temperature.
 Human beings have a body temperature of
about 37ºC.
 E.g. If your body is in a hot environment your body
temperature is 37ºC
 If your body is in a cold environment your body
temperature is still 37ºC

7. Controlling body temperature
 Animals with a large surface area compared to
their volume will lose heat faster than animals
with a small surface area.
Volume = _______
Surface area = ______
Volume : Surface area
ratio = ___________
Volume = _______
Surface area = ______
Volume : Surface area
ratio = ___________

8. Controlling body temperature
Volume : Surface
area ratio = 1:6
Volume : Surface
area ratio = 1:5
For every 1 unit
of heat made,
heat is lost out
of 6 sides
For every 1 unit
of heat
made, heat is
lost out of 5
sides

9. Controlling body temperature
Volume : Surface
area ratio = 1:6
Volume : Surface
area ratio = 1:5
The bigger the
Volume : Surface Area ratio
is, the faster heat will be lost.

10. Penguins huddling to keep warm

11. What mechanisms are there to cool
the body down?
1. Sweating
 When your body is hot, sweat glands are
stimulated to release sweat.
 The liquid sweat turns into a gas (it evaporates)
 To do this, it needs heat.
 It gets that heat from your skin.
 As your skin loses heat, it cools down.

12. Sweating
The
skin

13. What mechanisms are there to cool
the body down?
2. Vasodilation
 Your blood carries most of the heat energy
around your body.
 There are capillaries underneath your skin that
can be filled with blood if you get too hot.
 This brings the blood closer to the surface of
the skin so more heat can be lost.
 This is why you look red when you are hot!

14. If the temperature
rises, the blood
vessel dilates (gets
bigger).
This means more heat is lost from the surface of the skin

15. What mechanisms are there to warm the
body up?
1. Vasoconstriction
 This is the opposite of vasodilation
 The capillaries underneath your skin get
constricted (shut off).
 This takes the blood away from the surface of
the skin so less heat can be lost.

16. If the temperature
falls, the blood
vessel constricts
(gets shut off).
This means less heat is lost from the surface of the skin

17. What mechanisms are there to warm the
body up?
2. Piloerection
 This is when the hairs on your skin “stand
up” .
 It is sometimes called “goose bumps” or
“chicken skin”!
 The hairs trap a layer of air next to the skin
which is then warmed by the body heat
 The air becomes an insulating layer.

19. Controlling Glucose levels
 Your cells also need an exact level of glucose in the
blood.
 Glucose moves into the cells for cellular respiration
 Excess glucose gets turned into glycogen in the liver
 This is regulated by 2 hormones (chemicals) from the
pancreas called:
Insulin
Glucagon

20. If there is too
much glucose in
the
blood, Insulin
converts some
of it to glycogen
the rest moves
into the cells for
use in cellular
respiration.
Glycogen
Glucose in the blood

21. If there is not
enough glucose
in the
blood, Glucagon
converts some
glycogen into
glucose.
Glycogen
Glucose in the blood

22. Diabetes
 Some people do not produce enough insulin.
 When they eat food, the glucose levels in their
blood cannot be reduced.
 This condition is known as DIABETES.
 Diabetics sometimes have to inject insulin into
their blood. They have to be careful of their
diet.

23. Time
Glucose
Concentration
Meal eaten
Insulin is produced
and glucose levels
fall to normal
again.
Glucose levels rise
after a meal.
Normal

24. Time
Glucose
Concentration
Meal eaten
Insulin is not
produced so
glucose levels stay
high
Glucose levels rise
after a meal.
Diabetic

25. The glucose in the
blood increases.
Glycogen
Glucose in the blood
But there is no
insulin to convert
it into glycogen.
Glucose
concentration rises
to dangerous
levels.

26. Pancreas produces Insulin
Glucose into cells
Out of blood
Blood glucose increases Homeostasis Blood glucose decreases
( High ) (Low)
Glucose out of cells
Into blood
Pancreas produces Glucagon
Blood Glucose Feedback Mechanism

27. Controlling water levels
 The control of water levels is carried out by the
KIDNEYS.
 It is closely linked to the excretion of urea.
 Urea is a waste product that is made when the
LIVER breaks down proteins that are not
needed by the body.
 Urea contains the element Nitrogen.

28. The kidneys
The kidneys “clean” the blood of waste
products and control how much water
is kept in the body. The waste
products and water make up urine
which is excreted via the ureter.
“Dirty” blood enters the kidney
through the renal artery. Then,
several things happen to clean the
blood...

29. Blood enters the tubule area in
a capillary.
The capillary forms a small
“knot” near the kidney tubule.
The blood is filtered so all the
small particles go into the
tubule.
The capillary then carries on
to run next to the tubule.
1. Filtration

30. The kidney tubule now contains
lots of blood components
including:
Glucose:
Ions:
Water:
Urea:

31. 2. Reabsorb sugar
The body needs to have sugar
in the blood for cells to use in
respiration. So all the sugar is
reabsorbed back into the
capillary.

32. 2. Reabsorb sugar
The body needs to have sugar
in the blood for cells to use in
respiration. So all the sugar is
reabsorbed back into the
capillary.

33. 3. Reabsorb water
Water and ions are the next to
be absorbed. It depends on
how much is needed by the
body.

34. 3. Reabsorb water
Water and ions are the next to
be absorbed. It depends on
how much is needed by the
body.

35. Reabsorbing water
If you have too
little water in your
blood, you will
produce very
concentrated urine.
(very little water in
it)
If you have too
much water in your
blood, you will
produce very dilute
urine.
(lots of water in it)

36. 5. Excrete the waste
Everything that is left in the
kidney tubule is waste:
•All the urea
•Excess water
This waste is called urine. It is
excreted via the ureter and is
stored in the bladder.
The “clean” blood leaves the
kidney in the renal vein.
Renal vein
Ureter

37. Summary of urine production
 Urea is a waste product made in the LIVER
 Water content of the body is controlled in the
KIDNEYS
 Urea, water and other waste makes up URINE.
 Urine travels down the URETER and is stored
in the BLADDER
 Urine is excreted through the URETHRA.

38.  Temperature regulation, glucose level control
and water level control are all examples of
NEGATIVE FEEDBACK MECHANISMS.

39. Homeostasis in Plants
 Control of water levels in the plant is important
to the survival of the plant.
 This is achieved by a number of methods:
 Waxy cuticle on leaves
 Storage of water
 Opening and closing of stomates

40. Stoma Open Stoma Closed
Guard Cells
Stoma
Function of Stomata
Guard Cells
CO2
O2 H2O
What
goes
in?
What
goes
out?
•What process involves
using CO2 and H2O
releasing O2 as a waste
product?
•Photosynthesis
•What is the plant using this
process to make?
•Carbohydrates-glucose
•If the plant needs water for
photosynthesis, why is water
coming out of the stoma?

41. Stoma Open Stoma Closed
Guard Cells
Function of Guard Cells
Guard Cells•These stomata (leaf
openings) naturally allow
water to evaporate out.
•Why would the plant close
stomata with guard cells?
•Prevent excess water loss
through transpiration.
(conserve water)
•So what is the point of
having stomata?
•Allow gas exchange for
photosynthesis

42.  The opening and closing of the stomata
maintains water balance in the plant and thus
maintains homeostasis.