The document discusses the human digestive system and digestive enzymes. It describes the stages of digestion beginning in the mouth where amylase breaks down carbohydrates. Proteins are broken down in the stomach by pepsin and in the small intestine by trypsin, lipases break down fats with the help of bile which emulsifies lipids. Nutrients are absorbed in the small intestine through the villi and remaining waste is eliminated in the large intestine and rectum. Digestion involves both mechanical and chemical breakdown of food into smaller molecules that can be absorbed and used by the body.
Enzymes are biological molecules (typically proteins) that
significantly speed up the rate of virtually all of the chemical
reactions that take place within cells.
• They are vital for life and serve a wide range of important functions
in the body, such as aiding in digestion and metabolism.
• The molecules that an enzyme works with are called substrates. The
substrates bind to a region on the enzyme called the active site
The digestive system is made up of the gastrointestinal tract—also called the GI tract or digestive tract—and the liver, pancreas, and gallbladder. ... The hollow organs that make up the GI tract are the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and anus.
Enzymes are biological molecules (typically proteins) that
significantly speed up the rate of virtually all of the chemical
reactions that take place within cells.
• They are vital for life and serve a wide range of important functions
in the body, such as aiding in digestion and metabolism.
• The molecules that an enzyme works with are called substrates. The
substrates bind to a region on the enzyme called the active site
The digestive system is made up of the gastrointestinal tract—also called the GI tract or digestive tract—and the liver, pancreas, and gallbladder. ... The hollow organs that make up the GI tract are the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and anus.
The chemistry of digestion is simple because, in the case of all three major types of food (carbohydrates, proteins and fats), the same basic process of hydrolysis is involved. The only difference lies in the types of enzymes required to promote the hydrolysis reactions for each type of food.
The Human Digestive Organs and its function making it a System.pptxALVINMARCDANCEL2
This is a comprehensive powerpoit presentation on the parts and functions of digestive system.Human digestive system, system used in the human body for the process of digestion. The human digestive system consists primarily of the digestive tract, or the series of structures and organs through which food and liquids pass during their processing into forms that can be absorbed into the bloodstream. The system also consists of the structures through which wastes pass in the process of elimination and of organs that contribute juices necessary for the digestive process.
In order to function properly, the human body requires nutrients. Some such nutrients serve as raw materials for the synthesis of cellular materials, while others help regulate chemical reactions or, upon oxidation, yield energy. Many nutrients, however, are in a form that is unsuitable for immediate use by the body; to be useful, they must undergo physical and chemical changes, which are facilitated by digestion.
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The chemistry of digestion is simple because, in the case of all three major types of food (carbohydrates, proteins and fats), the same basic process of hydrolysis is involved. The only difference lies in the types of enzymes required to promote the hydrolysis reactions for each type of food.
The Human Digestive Organs and its function making it a System.pptxALVINMARCDANCEL2
This is a comprehensive powerpoit presentation on the parts and functions of digestive system.Human digestive system, system used in the human body for the process of digestion. The human digestive system consists primarily of the digestive tract, or the series of structures and organs through which food and liquids pass during their processing into forms that can be absorbed into the bloodstream. The system also consists of the structures through which wastes pass in the process of elimination and of organs that contribute juices necessary for the digestive process.
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3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
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Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
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Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
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New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
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- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
2. The series of the tube-like organs that
convert our meals into body fuels
The breakdown of large insoluble
molecules into smaller soluble molecules
which can pass through the wall of the gut
into the blood.
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
3. DIGESTIVE ENZYMES
Enzymes helps in the breakdown of food, in a
process called CHEMICAL DIGESTIONS.
Food contains carbohydrates, proteins, and
lipids, so a wide range of enzymes is needed
a. Amalyses
b. Proteases
c. Lipases
5. • Food is crushed and ground up by
teeth
• The salivary gland make saliva
which makes the food moist and
easy for swallowing.
• Amylase enzyme breaks the
carbohydrates starch down into
glucose .
MOUTH
6. AMYLASE
Amylase is defined as a digestive enzyme that
breaks starch into small carbohydrate
molecules. This enzyme is produced in two
areas. Firstly, salivary glands in our mouth
generate salivary amylase that starts the
process of digestion by breaking down starch
and converting it into maltose and smaller
carbohydrate.
starch amylase maltose
7. WHAT IS PERISTALSIS
Peristalsis is the contraction and
relaxation of the circular muscle in
the wall of the gut
When the muscle contracts at the
top of food, the food is pushed
down.
When it relaxes, the food drops
down.
8. STOMACH
• Stomach muscle contract and relax to
mechanically break down food
• They also mix the food up with the
hydrochloric acid and gastric juice contains
proteases enzyme PEPSIN to digest
proteins to amino acid.
9. GASTRIC JUICE
Gastric juice is produced by gastric glands in the stomach wall.
It contains :
• mucus
• hydrochloric acid
• the inactive enzyme precursor e.g pepsinogen
Some digestive enzymes are secreted as inactive
precursors because, in their active state, they would be
potentially very harmful to the exocrine gland cells that
produce and secrete them
10. • Pepsinogen is activated by the hydrochloric
acid,which converts it into pepsin which is an
endopeptidose.
• Pepsin convert proteins into peptides
PEPSIN
pepsin
peptide
s
protien
11. • The major digestive organ
• Neutralize acid from stomach,add
digestive enzymes and bile,break proteins,
carbohydrates and lipids to obserbable
materials
• Site of nutrient absorption into the blood
• 95% of food absorbed here
• Three parts : duodenum, jejunum, ileum
SMALL INTESTINE
12.
13. • Pancreatic juice is produced by the
exocrine glands in the pancreas
• It contains:
- bicarbonate ions (alkaline)
- enzymes, including pancreatic amylase
and pancreatic lipase, endopeptidases and
exopeptidases
- the inactive enzyme precursor-
trypsinogen, chymotrypsinogen
FROM PANCREAS
14. • Pancreatic amylase carries out the
same reaction as salivary amylase.
PANCREATIC AMYLASE
Starch Maltose
Amylase
15. • Pancreatic lipase breaks down
triglycerides into glycerol and fatty
acids.
PANCREATIC LIPASE
triglycerides glycerol +fatty acids
lipase
16. SPECIAL PROBLEMS OF LIPIDS
The breakdown of lipids poses special problems,because lipids are
insoluble in the aqueous environment of the digestive tract.
• As food travels through the digestive tract , the lipids within
them melt and coalesce into larger droplets
• Lipase is a water soluble, so is unable to enter the lipids
droplets and would only be able to breakdown the lipids on the
surface of the droplets.
• Food does not remain in the digestive tract long enough for
lipase to be able to be able to completely digest the lipids in
this manner.
17. • Bile is a fluid that is made and released
by the liver and stored in the gallbladder.
• It has 2 primary functions: To carry away
waste. To break down fats during
digestion.
• When digestion of fatty food occurring,
bile is introduced into duodenum from
gallbladder
BILE
18. • Bile molecules have a
hydrophobic end and a
hydrophilic end, so are able to
interact with both the lipids and
the water, causing the lipids to
break up into smaller droplets.
This process is called
Emulsification
• This speeds up the digestion of
the lipids in the small intestine .
HOW DOES BILE WORK ?
19. • Trypsinegen is activated by an enzyme
called enteropeptidase, which is secreted by
the lining of the small intestine.
Enteropeptidase converts trypsinogen to
trypsin.
• Trypsin continues the breakdown of protiens.
TRYPSIN
peptides smaller peptides
trypsin
20. • The juice contains;
• Maltase which converts maltose
to glucose.
• Exopeptidase which makes short
polypeptides
• Dipeptidase which makes double
acids to single ones
FROM DUODENAL GLANDS
21. • The inner linning of ileum contain
very small finger-like bumps
called "villi".
• The presence of these tiny bumps
on the inside of the small intestine
means that the surface area is
much longer than if the lining
were just a flat surface.
• Absorption is through diffusion,
facillitated diffusion and active
transport .
ILEUM
22. • All the food which cannot be
digested ends up in the large
intestine.It enters into the colon
where most of the water is
reabsorbed into the blood.
• The indigestible remains form a
semi solid faeces which is stored
in the rectum.Eventually it is pass
out the anus
LARGE INTESTINE