The document discusses diesel engines and how they work. It explains that diesel engines ignite fuel through heat of compressed air rather than a spark plug. It provides details on the 4-stroke diesel engine cycle including intake, compression, power, and exhaust strokes. It also describes the simpler 2-stroke engine cycle and discusses advantages and disadvantages of each.
Do you know what is engine, how many types of engines are available now. How conversion of energy takes place from chemical energy to mechanical energy or useful work. Here engine classified according to their combustion, working stroke, arrangement of piston, fuel used for combustion and on the basis of ignition system. 4-stroke petrol engine and 4-stroke diesel engine are described briefly with all 4-strokes which are completed during power conversion process. 2-stroke engine or scooter engine is also described briefly with the complete details of combustion, charge( petrol,diesel ) filling process and how all 4 stroke process(suction, combustion,power stroke, exhaust) completed in 2 stroke engine.
A seminar presentation on performance of turbochargers in engines. A minor/ major project presentation for B.Tech/MTech students. for more seminar presentations log on to www.mechieprojects.com
The function of an Electronic ignition system is to produce the spark to ignite the air-fuel mixture in a timely manner for maintaining the effective combustion
PPT describes the engine performance parameters of the I.C. engine.
Engine performance is an indication of the degree of success of the engine performs its assigned task, i.e. the conversion of the chemical energy contained in the fuel into the useful mechanical work. The engine performance is indicated by the term efficiency, η. Five important engine efficiencies and other related engine performance parameters are:
Power
Indicated Thermal Efficiency (ηith)
Brake Thermal Efficiency (ηbth)
Mechanical Efficiency (ηm)
Volumetric Efficiency (ηv)
Relative Efficiency or Efficiency Ratio (ηrel)
Mean Effective Pressure (Pm)
Specific Fuel Consumption (sfc)
Fuel-Air or Air-Fuel Ratio (F/A or A/F)
Calorific Value (CV)
Power:-
The main purpose of running an engine is to obtain mechanical power.
Brake Power (B.P.)
The power developed by an Engine at the output shaft is called the brake power.
Brake Power= Brake Workdone/Time
B.P.=BWD/sec.
Indicated power (I.P.)
The total power developed by Combustion of fuel in the combustion chamber is called indicated power.
Indicated Power= Indicated Workdone/Time
I.P.=IWD/sec.
Frictional Power (F.P.)
The difference between I.P. and B.P. is called frictional power (f.p.).
FP = IP – BP
Thermal Efficiency (ηth)
Thermal efficiency is the ratio of Power to energy supplied by the fuel.
ηth= Power/ Energy
In I.C. Engine, thermal efficiency can be classified into two categories i.e.
Indicated Thermal Efficiency (ηith)
Indicated thermal efficiency is the ratio of indicated power to the heat supplied or added.
ηith= IP/Qs
2. Brake Thermal Efficiency (ηith)
Brake Thermal Efficiency is the ratio of brake power to the heat supplied or added.
ηbth= BP/Qs
Volumetric Efficiency (ηv)
This is one of the most important parameters which decide the performance of four-stroke engines. Four stoke engines have distinct suction stoke, volumetric efficiency indicates the breathing ability of the engine.
Volumetric efficiency is defined as the ratio of actual flow rate of air into the intake system to rate at which the volume is displaced by the system.
ηv= (푚 ̇"a/a" )/(푉푑푖푠푝푎푐푒푑 푋 푁/2)
"a"= Inlet density is taken atmospheric air density
N= Number of the cylinder in use
Do you know what is engine, how many types of engines are available now. How conversion of energy takes place from chemical energy to mechanical energy or useful work. Here engine classified according to their combustion, working stroke, arrangement of piston, fuel used for combustion and on the basis of ignition system. 4-stroke petrol engine and 4-stroke diesel engine are described briefly with all 4-strokes which are completed during power conversion process. 2-stroke engine or scooter engine is also described briefly with the complete details of combustion, charge( petrol,diesel ) filling process and how all 4 stroke process(suction, combustion,power stroke, exhaust) completed in 2 stroke engine.
A seminar presentation on performance of turbochargers in engines. A minor/ major project presentation for B.Tech/MTech students. for more seminar presentations log on to www.mechieprojects.com
The function of an Electronic ignition system is to produce the spark to ignite the air-fuel mixture in a timely manner for maintaining the effective combustion
PPT describes the engine performance parameters of the I.C. engine.
Engine performance is an indication of the degree of success of the engine performs its assigned task, i.e. the conversion of the chemical energy contained in the fuel into the useful mechanical work. The engine performance is indicated by the term efficiency, η. Five important engine efficiencies and other related engine performance parameters are:
Power
Indicated Thermal Efficiency (ηith)
Brake Thermal Efficiency (ηbth)
Mechanical Efficiency (ηm)
Volumetric Efficiency (ηv)
Relative Efficiency or Efficiency Ratio (ηrel)
Mean Effective Pressure (Pm)
Specific Fuel Consumption (sfc)
Fuel-Air or Air-Fuel Ratio (F/A or A/F)
Calorific Value (CV)
Power:-
The main purpose of running an engine is to obtain mechanical power.
Brake Power (B.P.)
The power developed by an Engine at the output shaft is called the brake power.
Brake Power= Brake Workdone/Time
B.P.=BWD/sec.
Indicated power (I.P.)
The total power developed by Combustion of fuel in the combustion chamber is called indicated power.
Indicated Power= Indicated Workdone/Time
I.P.=IWD/sec.
Frictional Power (F.P.)
The difference between I.P. and B.P. is called frictional power (f.p.).
FP = IP – BP
Thermal Efficiency (ηth)
Thermal efficiency is the ratio of Power to energy supplied by the fuel.
ηth= Power/ Energy
In I.C. Engine, thermal efficiency can be classified into two categories i.e.
Indicated Thermal Efficiency (ηith)
Indicated thermal efficiency is the ratio of indicated power to the heat supplied or added.
ηith= IP/Qs
2. Brake Thermal Efficiency (ηith)
Brake Thermal Efficiency is the ratio of brake power to the heat supplied or added.
ηbth= BP/Qs
Volumetric Efficiency (ηv)
This is one of the most important parameters which decide the performance of four-stroke engines. Four stoke engines have distinct suction stoke, volumetric efficiency indicates the breathing ability of the engine.
Volumetric efficiency is defined as the ratio of actual flow rate of air into the intake system to rate at which the volume is displaced by the system.
ηv= (푚 ̇"a/a" )/(푉푑푖푠푝푎푐푒푑 푋 푁/2)
"a"= Inlet density is taken atmospheric air density
N= Number of the cylinder in use
Creating an Inbound Marketing Strategy that SticksGYK Antler
You've just wrapped up the finishing touches on a wonderful piece of content you created and – click – it's live. You publish the link across various social networks and wait for the views your content deserves... but it never comes.
Does this sound familiar?
The problem is that the social channels you're promoting to, are the same places everyone else is. It's a crowded space where everyone's fighting for the same real estate. So crowded in fact, that often times a status update can become buried under newer updates within minutes, heck, sometimes even seconds after publishing.
This is a common problem marketers face, and the ultimate challenge is – how do we make our content stick?
Adding longevity to content is the ultimate challenge. The smaller your community is, the tougher you'll find it is to get that initial bit of traction needed.
This is a SlideShare I've put together outlining the problem, and the one thing that'll help you get it over the hump. I've also included examples of companies who've learned how to add longevity to their content, ultimately increasing visibility, and driving a call-to-action.
De presentatie die tijdens de themabijeenkomst over de Basisregistratie Grootschalige Topografie en de Basisregistratie Ondergronds werd gegeven door de heer Ruud van Rossem (Programmamanager Ministerie van Infrastructuur en Milieu). Deze presentatie gaat over de Basisregistratie Grootschalige Topografie.
ALL ABOUT AUTOMOBILE COMPONENTS MATERIAL .IT IS VERY USEFUL FOR TO KNOW ABOUT MATERIALS USED FOR AUTOMOBILE COMPONENTS. AND ALSO THE PROCEDURE OF MANUFACTURING PROCESS OF AUTOMOTIVE COMPONENTS.
Internal Combustion Engines:- Heat Engines, Classification of heat engines, Construction and principle of IC Engines, Two stroke and Four stroke engine cycle.
It contains Working, Construction of 4 stroke petrol engine with PV Diagram and Advantages & Disadvantages.Very useful & all info compiled at same place.
LF Energy Webinar: Electrical Grid Modelling and Simulation Through PowSyBl -...DanBrown980551
Do you want to learn how to model and simulate an electrical network from scratch in under an hour?
Then welcome to this PowSyBl workshop, hosted by Rte, the French Transmission System Operator (TSO)!
During the webinar, you will discover the PowSyBl ecosystem as well as handle and study an electrical network through an interactive Python notebook.
PowSyBl is an open source project hosted by LF Energy, which offers a comprehensive set of features for electrical grid modelling and simulation. Among other advanced features, PowSyBl provides:
- A fully editable and extendable library for grid component modelling;
- Visualization tools to display your network;
- Grid simulation tools, such as power flows, security analyses (with or without remedial actions) and sensitivity analyses;
The framework is mostly written in Java, with a Python binding so that Python developers can access PowSyBl functionalities as well.
What you will learn during the webinar:
- For beginners: discover PowSyBl's functionalities through a quick general presentation and the notebook, without needing any expert coding skills;
- For advanced developers: master the skills to efficiently apply PowSyBl functionalities to your real-world scenarios.
Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey 2024 by 91mobiles.pdf91mobiles
91mobiles recently conducted a Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey in which we asked over 3,000 respondents about the TV they own, aspects they look at on a new TV, and their TV buying preferences.
GridMate - End to end testing is a critical piece to ensure quality and avoid...ThomasParaiso2
End to end testing is a critical piece to ensure quality and avoid regressions. In this session, we share our journey building an E2E testing pipeline for GridMate components (LWC and Aura) using Cypress, JSForce, FakerJS…
Transcript: Selling digital books in 2024: Insights from industry leaders - T...BookNet Canada
The publishing industry has been selling digital audiobooks and ebooks for over a decade and has found its groove. What’s changed? What has stayed the same? Where do we go from here? Join a group of leading sales peers from across the industry for a conversation about the lessons learned since the popularization of digital books, best practices, digital book supply chain management, and more.
Link to video recording: https://bnctechforum.ca/sessions/selling-digital-books-in-2024-insights-from-industry-leaders/
Presented by BookNet Canada on May 28, 2024, with support from the Department of Canadian Heritage.
Observability Concepts EVERY Developer Should Know -- DeveloperWeek Europe.pdfPaige Cruz
Monitoring and observability aren’t traditionally found in software curriculums and many of us cobble this knowledge together from whatever vendor or ecosystem we were first introduced to and whatever is a part of your current company’s observability stack.
While the dev and ops silo continues to crumble….many organizations still relegate monitoring & observability as the purview of ops, infra and SRE teams. This is a mistake - achieving a highly observable system requires collaboration up and down the stack.
I, a former op, would like to extend an invitation to all application developers to join the observability party will share these foundational concepts to build on:
Epistemic Interaction - tuning interfaces to provide information for AI supportAlan Dix
Paper presented at SYNERGY workshop at AVI 2024, Genoa, Italy. 3rd June 2024
https://alandix.com/academic/papers/synergy2024-epistemic/
As machine learning integrates deeper into human-computer interactions, the concept of epistemic interaction emerges, aiming to refine these interactions to enhance system adaptability. This approach encourages minor, intentional adjustments in user behaviour to enrich the data available for system learning. This paper introduces epistemic interaction within the context of human-system communication, illustrating how deliberate interaction design can improve system understanding and adaptation. Through concrete examples, we demonstrate the potential of epistemic interaction to significantly advance human-computer interaction by leveraging intuitive human communication strategies to inform system design and functionality, offering a novel pathway for enriching user-system engagements.
Sudheer Mechineni, Head of Application Frameworks, Standard Chartered Bank
Discover how Standard Chartered Bank harnessed the power of Neo4j to transform complex data access challenges into a dynamic, scalable graph database solution. This keynote will cover their journey from initial adoption to deploying a fully automated, enterprise-grade causal cluster, highlighting key strategies for modelling organisational changes and ensuring robust disaster recovery. Learn how these innovations have not only enhanced Standard Chartered Bank’s data infrastructure but also positioned them as pioneers in the banking sector’s adoption of graph technology.
GraphSummit Singapore | The Art of the Possible with Graph - Q2 2024Neo4j
Neha Bajwa, Vice President of Product Marketing, Neo4j
Join us as we explore breakthrough innovations enabled by interconnected data and AI. Discover firsthand how organizations use relationships in data to uncover contextual insights and solve our most pressing challenges – from optimizing supply chains, detecting fraud, and improving customer experiences to accelerating drug discoveries.
Removing Uninteresting Bytes in Software FuzzingAftab Hussain
Imagine a world where software fuzzing, the process of mutating bytes in test seeds to uncover hidden and erroneous program behaviors, becomes faster and more effective. A lot depends on the initial seeds, which can significantly dictate the trajectory of a fuzzing campaign, particularly in terms of how long it takes to uncover interesting behaviour in your code. We introduce DIAR, a technique designed to speedup fuzzing campaigns by pinpointing and eliminating those uninteresting bytes in the seeds. Picture this: instead of wasting valuable resources on meaningless mutations in large, bloated seeds, DIAR removes the unnecessary bytes, streamlining the entire process.
In this work, we equipped AFL, a popular fuzzer, with DIAR and examined two critical Linux libraries -- Libxml's xmllint, a tool for parsing xml documents, and Binutil's readelf, an essential debugging and security analysis command-line tool used to display detailed information about ELF (Executable and Linkable Format). Our preliminary results show that AFL+DIAR does not only discover new paths more quickly but also achieves higher coverage overall. This work thus showcases how starting with lean and optimized seeds can lead to faster, more comprehensive fuzzing campaigns -- and DIAR helps you find such seeds.
- These are slides of the talk given at IEEE International Conference on Software Testing Verification and Validation Workshop, ICSTW 2022.
State of ICS and IoT Cyber Threat Landscape Report 2024 previewPrayukth K V
The IoT and OT threat landscape report has been prepared by the Threat Research Team at Sectrio using data from Sectrio, cyber threat intelligence farming facilities spread across over 85 cities around the world. In addition, Sectrio also runs AI-based advanced threat and payload engagement facilities that serve as sinks to attract and engage sophisticated threat actors, and newer malware including new variants and latent threats that are at an earlier stage of development.
The latest edition of the OT/ICS and IoT security Threat Landscape Report 2024 also covers:
State of global ICS asset and network exposure
Sectoral targets and attacks as well as the cost of ransom
Global APT activity, AI usage, actor and tactic profiles, and implications
Rise in volumes of AI-powered cyberattacks
Major cyber events in 2024
Malware and malicious payload trends
Cyberattack types and targets
Vulnerability exploit attempts on CVEs
Attacks on counties – USA
Expansion of bot farms – how, where, and why
In-depth analysis of the cyber threat landscape across North America, South America, Europe, APAC, and the Middle East
Why are attacks on smart factories rising?
Cyber risk predictions
Axis of attacks – Europe
Systemic attacks in the Middle East
Download the full report from here:
https://sectrio.com/resources/ot-threat-landscape-reports/sectrio-releases-ot-ics-and-iot-security-threat-landscape-report-2024/
Pushing the limits of ePRTC: 100ns holdover for 100 daysAdtran
At WSTS 2024, Alon Stern explored the topic of parametric holdover and explained how recent research findings can be implemented in real-world PNT networks to achieve 100 nanoseconds of accuracy for up to 100 days.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 4DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 4. In this session, we will cover Test Manager overview along with SAP heatmap.
The UiPath Test Manager overview with SAP heatmap webinar offers a concise yet comprehensive exploration of the role of a Test Manager within SAP environments, coupled with the utilization of heatmaps for effective testing strategies.
Participants will gain insights into the responsibilities, challenges, and best practices associated with test management in SAP projects. Additionally, the webinar delves into the significance of heatmaps as a visual aid for identifying testing priorities, areas of risk, and resource allocation within SAP landscapes. Through this session, attendees can expect to enhance their understanding of test management principles while learning practical approaches to optimize testing processes in SAP environments using heatmap visualization techniques
What will you get from this session?
1. Insights into SAP testing best practices
2. Heatmap utilization for testing
3. Optimization of testing processes
4. Demo
Topics covered:
Execution from the test manager
Orchestrator execution result
Defect reporting
SAP heatmap example with demo
Speaker:
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
The Art of the Pitch: WordPress Relationships and SalesLaura Byrne
Clients don’t know what they don’t know. What web solutions are right for them? How does WordPress come into the picture? How do you make sure you understand scope and timeline? What do you do if sometime changes?
All these questions and more will be explored as we talk about matching clients’ needs with what your agency offers without pulling teeth or pulling your hair out. Practical tips, and strategies for successful relationship building that leads to closing the deal.
Essentials of Automations: The Art of Triggers and Actions in FMESafe Software
In this second installment of our Essentials of Automations webinar series, we’ll explore the landscape of triggers and actions, guiding you through the nuances of authoring and adapting workspaces for seamless automations. Gain an understanding of the full spectrum of triggers and actions available in FME, empowering you to enhance your workspaces for efficient automation.
We’ll kick things off by showcasing the most commonly used event-based triggers, introducing you to various automation workflows like manual triggers, schedules, directory watchers, and more. Plus, see how these elements play out in real scenarios.
Whether you’re tweaking your current setup or building from the ground up, this session will arm you with the tools and insights needed to transform your FME usage into a powerhouse of productivity. Join us to discover effective strategies that simplify complex processes, enhancing your productivity and transforming your data management practices with FME. Let’s turn complexity into clarity and make your workspaces work wonders!
2. Uses of Diesel Engines
Cars & Buses & Lorries Motor bikes
Mills
Pump water from wells Agriculture equipment
3. Diesel Engines
Heat Kinetic
Chemical
They are very useful in areas where electricity is not
reliable.
4. Why is a Diesel Engine also
known as Compression-Ignition
Engine?
Uses the heat of compressed air to ignite fuel which is
injected into the combustion chamber.
Compressed
Air heats the
air to 550 °C
Examples of
combustion under
compression
Compression-Ignition Engine does not
require a spark plug like a petrol engine.
5. The Internal Combustion Engine
(IC Engines)
1. Fuel and air is Burns its
mixed in the
combustion chamber
fuel inside
the engine
2. Mixture pressurizes
3. Mixture ignites and
expands
4. Forces the piston
down
5. Turns the crankshaft
that through gears
turns wheels
7. The External Combustion Engine
(EC Engines)
Fuel is burned in a
boiler and then steam
is carried out to the
engine
Steam used to force
piston down
Fuel is
burnt
outside
the engine
8. Two types of Internal Combustion
engines
Two Stroke Engine
Fuel is
burnt
inside the
Four Stroke Engine
engine
9. Four Stroke Engine
Most commonly used for automotive
and industrial purposes
The piston completes four separate strokes
This makes two separate revolutions of the
engine's crankshaft ( rotating disk). This is
connected to gears that often make wheels
turn.
The four-stroke cycle is more efficient, larger and quieter
than the two-stroke cycle, but requires more moving
parts and manufacturing expertise
10. Essential parts of 4 stroke diesel
engine
Cylinder is hollow &
Combustion Chamber. Stationary
Where the air
combusts due to Piston slides up and
increased pressure down in cylinder
Piston rings provide a
Crankshaft turns the up
tight seal between the
and down motion into a
piston and cylinder
rotating motion
wall. Reduce friction
and control the
lubrication.
11. Four Stroke Engine: Intake
stroke
4. Air & Fuel enters in
2. Inlet
valve open
1. Piston at top
3. Piston moves down
reducing pressure in
cylinder
12. Four Stroke Engine: Compression
Stroke
1. Inlet Valve
3. Air-Fuel mixture
closed
gets compressed.
Heats air to 550°C
2. Piston moves up
13. Four Stroke Engine: Power
Stroke
1. Air-Fuel mixture
2. The burning fuel puts gets so compressed
pressure on piston, that it combusts
pushing it downwards
14. Exhaust Stroke
.
1. Exhaust valve
opens. Exhaust gas
leaves cylinder
2. This releases the
pressure so the piston
goes up
15. Four Stroke Engine
1.Intake Stroke
2. Compression Stroke
3. Power Stroke
4. Exhaust Stroke
4 strokes means 2
revolutions of the crankshaft
16. Operation of a Four Stroke Engine
Strokes Movement Intake Valve Exhaust Action in
of Piston Valve combustion
chamber/
Cylinder
Intake Stroke Open Closed Fuel & air enters
chamber
Compression Closed Closed Fuel & air is
Stroke compressed
Power Stroke Closed Closed Compressed fuel
and air ignites
Exhaust Closed Open Piston pushes
Stroke exhausts out of
cylinder
17. 4 Stroke Diesel Engine
The four strokes complete the engine’s cycle. As soon as one
cycle is complete, the other begins
The pistons move due to momentum
But to get started, they need external
energy
An electric motor or manual rotation
of the crank is needed to start the
engine
4 stroke engines have a dedicated
lubrication system
18. Two Stroke Engine
In a two stroke engine, a cycle is completed in two strokes
of a piston or one complete revolution (360º) of a
crankshaft.
Up Down
This is achieved by
exhausting and
recharging the cylinder
at the same time
19. Two Stroke Engine:
Intake/Exhaust Stroke
No valves for exhaust and air but holes on the side of the
cylinder wall. The piston covers and uncovers these holes.
Exhaust
Intake hole is open
and air and fuel comes
in. This forces
exhausts out
20. Two Stroke Engine:
Compression Stroke
Up
Inlet port gets closed and
Air-fuel mixture in the
Piston moves chamber starts getting
compressed.
upwards
21. Two Stroke Engine: Power
Stroke
Fuel combusts
Down
The engine is lubricated using special oil
mixed with the diesel.
Piston gets
pushed down
by hot gases
This leads to
the intake and
exhaust holes
being open and
so the engine
exhausts &
recharges
22. Two Stroke Engine
Fuel combusts
Air & Fuel in
2 strokes of Exhaust out
piston
1 rotation of
crank shaft
23. Two Stroke Engine
Advantages
Simple Design
Less weight
Easier to manufacture
High power to weight ratio
Disadvantages
Do not consume fuel efficiently.
Produce more pollution.
2-stroke engines should be used for light
vehicles that are used for short periods of
time
26. Advantages of Diesel Engines
against Petrol Engines
They burn less fuel than a petrol engine performing the
same work
More efficient than petrol engines
They are more reliable as less electrical parts
Diesel engines last about twice as long as petrol
engines due to the increased strength of parts used
27. Noise & Air Pollution
This can cause
asthma, lung
cancer, and early
death
Diesel produces carbon
dioxide, soot & nitrogen
oxides
Diesel contains impurities
that which makes acid
rain
Diesel Engines can be very noisy
and can disturb people and
animals.
28. Summary Questions
1. Why is an IC engine different from an EC
engine?
2. What is different about petrol and diesel
engines with the way they ignite fuel?
3. Where would you expect to find a 4 stroke
engine?
4. What are some of the advantages of a 2
stroke engine and when should they be
used?
5. What type of pollution do we get from
diesel engines?
29. Trouble Shooting of Diesel Engine.
Cause / Fault Remedy To Remove it.
No fuel in tank Fill tank with fresh fuel.
Water in fuel Drain the tank. Clean carburetor and fuel lines.
Fill tank with fresh and clean fuel.
Carbon in Remove the cylinder.
combustion Clean carbon from head and piston
chamber
Loose flywheel Check fly key
Tighten flywheel
Loose Replace connecting rod.
connecting Rod
30. Trouble Shooting of Diesel Engine.
Engine Overheats
Cause / Fault Remedy / To Remove it.
1 Engine improperly Time the Engine
timed
2 Carburetor Adjust Carburetor
improperly adjusted
3 Excessive load on Check operation of associated
engine equipment
Reduce excessive load.
4 Lack of Lubrication Full crankcase with proper oil.
31. Trouble Shooting of Diesel
Engine
Engine Vibration (heavy)
Cause / Fault Remedy / To Remove it.
1 Engine not securely Tighten the loose mounting
mounted bolts.
2 Bent crankshaft Replace crankshaft
3 Associated equipment out Check associated equipments
of balance
the concept is also used in diesel compression ignition engines in large and weight insensitive applications, such as ships and locomotives.??? (wiki two stroke)
Crankcase :-It is a body of Engine.It contains most of moving parts of engine.Compression Rings :-First two are compression rings. They can move slightly up and down and expand slightly in and out.It act as a power seal ensuring that a maximum amount of the combustion pressure is used in forcing the piston down the cylinder.Flywheel :-The flywheel is mounted on the tapered end of crankshaft.It helps to smooth out the operation of engine.
Intake stroke: Air and vaporized fuel are drawn in.
Compression stroke: Fuel vapour and air are compressed and ignited.
Combustion stroke: Fuel combusts and piston is pushed downwards.
Exhaust stroke: Exhaust is driven out. Unlike 2 – stroke engine where oil is mixed with the fuel. In 4 – stroke engine, oil is put separately in the crank case. It gets splashed with the movement of crank and does lubrication
Please go to http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uB2cmkWbCMI to watch the video of four stroke engine.
in diesel compression ignition engines in large and weight insensitive applications, such as ships and locomotives..
These tables were in the curriculum so have been included for completeness