This document provides information about various types of engines. It discusses internal combustion engines like petrol engines and diesel engines. It explains the basic operating principles of 2-stroke and 4-stroke petrol engines. It also describes diesel engines and turbine gas engines. Additionally, it covers the main engine support systems, including ignition, fuel, cooling, and lubrication systems. The key components of each system are identified and their basic functions are explained.

1. ENGINEERING
TECHNOLOGY
Manufacturing > Communication > Transportation and Power > Construction >
Industrial Design
Prepared by:
Engineering Technology Teachers
Unit Kurikulum, Jabatan Pelajaran Perak.

3. ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY
Manufacturing > Communication > Transportation and Power > Construction > Industrial Design
MAIN PAGE
THE ENGINE
LEARNING
THE ENGINE
OUTCOME
PETROL ENGINE DIESEL ENGINE TURBINE GAS ENGINE
ENGINE SUPPORT SYSTEM

4. LEARNING OUTCOME
Students should be able to:
List types of engine
Describe the basic operating principles of
various engines.
Briefly explain ignition systems, fuel system,
cooling systems and lubrication systems.

5. ENGINE
COMBUSTION
INTERNAL EXTERNAL
COMBUSTION COMBUSTION
PETROL ENGINE DIESEL ENGINE TURBINE GAS STEAM ENGINE
Uses petrol or ENGINE
Uses diesel
LPG as fuel. Uses kerosene.
as fuel.

6. INTERNAL COMBUSTION
AND
EXTERNAL COMBUSTION
An engine produces power through the process of
fuel combustion.
If the combustion occurs in the engine cylinder, then the engine
is called an internal combustion engine.
If the combustion occurs outside (external combustion) the engin
it is known as a steam engine .

7. PETROL ENGINE
TYPES OF PETROL ENGINES
TWO STROKE ENGINES
FOUR STROKE ENGINES
COMPARISON TWO STROKE AND FOUR STROKE

8. PETROL ENGINE
TYPES OF PETROL
ENGINES
TWO STROKE FOUR STROKE
ENGINES ENGINE

9. TWO STROKE ENGINE
-INTAKE STROKE AND COMPRESSION STROKE
The crankshaft is turned by
kicking the crankshaft pedal
The piston moves upwards
until it reaches the fixed
upper point (FUP)
The fuel mixture flows into
the cylinder
The exhaust port is closed
by piston
The fuel mixture at the
upper section of the
cylinder is compressed
High pressure is produced

10. TWO STROKE ENGINE
-INTAKE STROKE AND COMPRESSION STROKE
At the fixed upper point
(FUP), spark plugs produce
sparks.
Gas combusts and expands
Propulsion power is
produced.
Piston is pushed downwards
to the fixed lower point (FLP)
TWO STROKE ENGINE
ANIMATION
(click then ‘OK’)

11. FOUR STROKE ENGINE
-INTAKE STROKE
The crankshaft rotates
The intake valve is
opened piston moves
down from FUP to FLP
The mixture of fuel and air
flows into the chamber
through the carburetor or
by injection

12. FOUR STROKE ENGINE
-COMPRESSION STROKE
Intake and exhaust valve are
closed.
The piston moves up to FUP.
Has high pressure.
The fuel and air mixture
continues to be compressed

13. FOUR STROKE ENGINE
-POWER STROKE
All valves are closed.
At the FUP point, spark
plugs produce electrical
sparks (ignition).
Combustion of fuel
mixture occurs in the
cylinder.
High pressure pushes
piston downwards.
Thus, the crankshaft is
rotated.

14. FOUR STROKE ENGINE
-EXHAUST STROKE
Due to the momentum of
the crankshaft rotation,
piston is pushed upwards.
The piston reaches FUP
point
The exhaust valve is
opened
Gas is released through
the exhaust assisted by
the upward piston
movement
The stroke cycle
continues until the engine
FOUR STROKE ENGINE FOUR STROKE ENGINE is shut down.
ANIMATION VIDEO

16. FOUR STROKE ENGINE
ANIMATION

17. COMPARISON TWO STROKE ENGINES
AND FOUR STROKE ENGINES
Two stroke engine Four stroke engine
Two stroke per cycle Four stroke per cycle
Characteristic Uses separate Its power is
lubricants increased by adding
Has one or more more cylinders.
cylinder
Has port but no valve

18. Two stroke engine Four stroke engine
Has high torque Produces high power
Advantages Has low maintenance cost Its suitable for high
powered vehicles.
Produces low power Has low torque
Emits turbid smoke from Has high maintenance
Disadvantages its exhaust cost
Motorcycles Cars
Lawnmowers Lorries
Uses
Chain saws Four wheel drives

19. DIESEL ENGINE
INTRODUCTION
FOUR STROKE ENGINES
EXAMPLES OF DIESEL ENGINES

20. INTRODUCTION
Fuel : diesel.
The compression rate is higher than that of the petrol engine and
at a temperature of 500°C.
A diesel engine will save cost because diesel is cheap.
It requires engine materials that can withstand high pressure.
Example :large vehicles such as lorries, buses and bulldozers

21. FOUR STROKE ENGINE
-AIR INTAKE STROKE
The crankshaft is
turned.
The exhaust valve is
dosed, the intake valve
is opened
Air flows into the
cylinder
The piston moves up

22. FOUR STROKE ENGINE
-COMPRESSION STROKE
Intake and exhaust valve are
closed.
The piston moves up to FUP.
Has high pressure.
The fuel and air mixture
continues
to be compressed

23. FOUR STROKE ENGINE
-POWER STROKE
The combusting fuel
mixture produces high
pressure in the
combustion chamber
High pressure causes the
piston be pushed
downwards
Then, crankshaft is
turned

24. FOUR STROKE ENGINE
-EXHAUST STROKE
The momentum of the
crankshaft rotation pushes
the piston upwards
The exhaust valve is
opened
Gas is released through
the exhaust valve
The stroke cycle continues
until the engine is shut
down

25. EXAMPLES OF DIESEL ENGINE
DIESEL ENGINE DIESEL JEEP ENGINE
DIESEL BUS

26. TURBINE GAS ENGINE
INTRODUCTION
TURBINE GAS ENGINE OPERATION
EXAMPLES OF TURBINE GAS ENGINE

27. INTRODUCTION
The advantage of a turbine gas engine is its ability to operate
using a variety of fuel including diesel, petrol and gas.
A turbine gas engine has three parts:
i) A Compression impeller
ii) A driver turbine
iii) A power turbine

28. 1 2 3
4 5
2 3
Clean air is let into the
turbine engine through air
intake manifold 1

29. Clean air is sucked into the compressor 2 through the compression
impeller.
At the compression impeller, the air is spread across the wall by the
centrifugal force of the impeller blades.
This causes the air pressure to be four times higher.
In this chamber, there is a fuel nozzle and the ignition system.
1 2 3
4 5
2 3

30. The compressed hot air pressure is
let into the combustion chamber 3.
1 2 3
4 5
2 3

31. Fuel burns at very high temperature – 1052 °C. This highly
pressured hot and expended gas turns the turbine 4
1 2 3
4 5
2 3

32. 1 2 3
4 5
2 3
Power turbine drives and steers power gear. Hot gas is
released through the power turbine and comes out as jet
blast 5 that causes propulsion.

33. EXAMPLES OF TURBINE
ENGINES
TURBINE ENGINE
ANIMATION

34. ENGINE
SUPPORT
SYSTEM
IGNITION FUEL COOLING LUBRICATION
SYSTEM SYSTEM SYSTEM SYSTEM

35. IGNITION SYSTEM
MAIN PARTS AND OPERATION
FUNCTION

36. IGNITION SYSTEM
BATTERY
IGNITION SWITCH
HIGH VOLTAGE CABLE
IGNITION MODUL
DISTRIBUTOR
SPARK PLUG CABLE
SPARK PLUG

37. IGNITION SYSTEM
- FUNCTION
Used on a petrol engine
Produces sparks at the spark plug
Functions at the end of the compression
stroke during the fuel combustion process

38. FUEL SYSTEM
MAIN PARTS AND OPERATION
FUNCTION

39. FUEL TANK
FUEL PUMP
FUEL FILTER
AIR FILTER CARBURETTOR

40. FUEL SYSTEM
- FUNCTION
Inlet flowof fuel and air
Mixes air and fuel at the right ratio
The way fuel is supplied to the combustion cylinder
Through injection and carburettor
Carburettor controls the fuel and air mixture
so that it is at the right ratio and also controls
the speed of the engine

41. COOLING SYSTEM
MAIN PARTS AND OPERATION
FUNCTION
VIDEO

42. COOLANT TANK
WATER PUMP
WATER HOSE
ENGINE
RADIATOR
COOLING FIN
FAN

43. COOLING SYSTEM

44. COOLING SYSTEM
- FUNCTION
Controls engine temperature
Cooling by air or water
Air cooling is suitable for small engines such as a
motorcycle engine
Water cooling is suitable for large engines such as car
engines
Water is flowing in the engine to transfer the resultant heat
elsewhere
Water tank (radiator) is installed in front of the engine
along with an additional fan

45. LUBRICATION SYSTEM
MAIN PARTS AND OPERATION
VIDEO

46. LUBRICATION SYSTEM
OIL RESERVOIR
LUBRICATION PUMP
OIL FILTER
ENGINE

47. LUBRICATION SYSTEM

48. THE END