Do you know what is engine, how many types of engines are available now. How conversion of energy takes place from chemical energy to mechanical energy or useful work. Here engine classified according to their combustion, working stroke, arrangement of piston, fuel used for combustion and on the basis of ignition system. 4-stroke petrol engine and 4-stroke diesel engine are described briefly with all 4-strokes which are completed during power conversion process. 2-stroke engine or scooter engine is also described briefly with the complete details of combustion, charge( petrol,diesel ) filling process and how all 4 stroke process(suction, combustion,power stroke, exhaust) completed in 2 stroke engine.
PPT describes the engine performance parameters of the I.C. engine.
Engine performance is an indication of the degree of success of the engine performs its assigned task, i.e. the conversion of the chemical energy contained in the fuel into the useful mechanical work. The engine performance is indicated by the term efficiency, η. Five important engine efficiencies and other related engine performance parameters are:
Power
Indicated Thermal Efficiency (ηith)
Brake Thermal Efficiency (ηbth)
Mechanical Efficiency (ηm)
Volumetric Efficiency (ηv)
Relative Efficiency or Efficiency Ratio (ηrel)
Mean Effective Pressure (Pm)
Specific Fuel Consumption (sfc)
Fuel-Air or Air-Fuel Ratio (F/A or A/F)
Calorific Value (CV)
Power:-
The main purpose of running an engine is to obtain mechanical power.
Brake Power (B.P.)
The power developed by an Engine at the output shaft is called the brake power.
Brake Power= Brake Workdone/Time
B.P.=BWD/sec.
Indicated power (I.P.)
The total power developed by Combustion of fuel in the combustion chamber is called indicated power.
Indicated Power= Indicated Workdone/Time
I.P.=IWD/sec.
Frictional Power (F.P.)
The difference between I.P. and B.P. is called frictional power (f.p.).
FP = IP – BP
Thermal Efficiency (ηth)
Thermal efficiency is the ratio of Power to energy supplied by the fuel.
ηth= Power/ Energy
In I.C. Engine, thermal efficiency can be classified into two categories i.e.
Indicated Thermal Efficiency (ηith)
Indicated thermal efficiency is the ratio of indicated power to the heat supplied or added.
ηith= IP/Qs
2. Brake Thermal Efficiency (ηith)
Brake Thermal Efficiency is the ratio of brake power to the heat supplied or added.
ηbth= BP/Qs
Volumetric Efficiency (ηv)
This is one of the most important parameters which decide the performance of four-stroke engines. Four stoke engines have distinct suction stoke, volumetric efficiency indicates the breathing ability of the engine.
Volumetric efficiency is defined as the ratio of actual flow rate of air into the intake system to rate at which the volume is displaced by the system.
ηv= (푚 ̇"a/a" )/(푉푑푖푠푝푎푐푒푑 푋 푁/2)
"a"= Inlet density is taken atmospheric air density
N= Number of the cylinder in use
Do you know what is engine, how many types of engines are available now. How conversion of energy takes place from chemical energy to mechanical energy or useful work. Here engine classified according to their combustion, working stroke, arrangement of piston, fuel used for combustion and on the basis of ignition system. 4-stroke petrol engine and 4-stroke diesel engine are described briefly with all 4-strokes which are completed during power conversion process. 2-stroke engine or scooter engine is also described briefly with the complete details of combustion, charge( petrol,diesel ) filling process and how all 4 stroke process(suction, combustion,power stroke, exhaust) completed in 2 stroke engine.
PPT describes the engine performance parameters of the I.C. engine.
Engine performance is an indication of the degree of success of the engine performs its assigned task, i.e. the conversion of the chemical energy contained in the fuel into the useful mechanical work. The engine performance is indicated by the term efficiency, η. Five important engine efficiencies and other related engine performance parameters are:
Power
Indicated Thermal Efficiency (ηith)
Brake Thermal Efficiency (ηbth)
Mechanical Efficiency (ηm)
Volumetric Efficiency (ηv)
Relative Efficiency or Efficiency Ratio (ηrel)
Mean Effective Pressure (Pm)
Specific Fuel Consumption (sfc)
Fuel-Air or Air-Fuel Ratio (F/A or A/F)
Calorific Value (CV)
Power:-
The main purpose of running an engine is to obtain mechanical power.
Brake Power (B.P.)
The power developed by an Engine at the output shaft is called the brake power.
Brake Power= Brake Workdone/Time
B.P.=BWD/sec.
Indicated power (I.P.)
The total power developed by Combustion of fuel in the combustion chamber is called indicated power.
Indicated Power= Indicated Workdone/Time
I.P.=IWD/sec.
Frictional Power (F.P.)
The difference between I.P. and B.P. is called frictional power (f.p.).
FP = IP – BP
Thermal Efficiency (ηth)
Thermal efficiency is the ratio of Power to energy supplied by the fuel.
ηth= Power/ Energy
In I.C. Engine, thermal efficiency can be classified into two categories i.e.
Indicated Thermal Efficiency (ηith)
Indicated thermal efficiency is the ratio of indicated power to the heat supplied or added.
ηith= IP/Qs
2. Brake Thermal Efficiency (ηith)
Brake Thermal Efficiency is the ratio of brake power to the heat supplied or added.
ηbth= BP/Qs
Volumetric Efficiency (ηv)
This is one of the most important parameters which decide the performance of four-stroke engines. Four stoke engines have distinct suction stoke, volumetric efficiency indicates the breathing ability of the engine.
Volumetric efficiency is defined as the ratio of actual flow rate of air into the intake system to rate at which the volume is displaced by the system.
ηv= (푚 ̇"a/a" )/(푉푑푖푠푝푎푐푒푑 푋 푁/2)
"a"= Inlet density is taken atmospheric air density
N= Number of the cylinder in use
Engine, classification of heat engine, classification of IC engine, component of IC engine, four stroke engine and 2- stroke engine, petrol and diesel engine, comparisons, terminology related to engine
this lab report include details and demonstrations about internal combustion ( IC) engine. its types like CI and SI engines, different parts of engine, 2 stroke and 4 stroke engine. The ignition system of engine, cooling system of Engine and lubricating system of Engine in detail.
Now a day the most difficult challenges in engine technology is to increase its thermal efficiency, If the efficiency is higher, than there will less fuel consumption and lower atmospheric emissions per unit of work produced by the engine. In Six Stroke engine, the name indicates a cycle of six strokes in which two are useful power strokes. The engine which we get by adding two more stroke in existing four stroke engines generates more power with higher fuel efficiency. The exhausted heat generated form four stroke cycle is used in this engine to get an additional power and exhaust stroke of the piston in the same cylinder. In this engine, steam is produce from water with the help of heat generated from four-stroke cycle, which is later used as a working fluid for the additional power stroke. This steam will force the piston down. As well as extracting power, the additional stroke cools the engine by water which is used for steam generation and removes the need for a cooling system which is used in four stroke Otto cycle and makes the engine lighter and giving 40% increased efficiency over the normal Otto cycle. In six stroke engine. The pistons go up and down six times for each injection of fuel. These six stroke engines have two power strokes: one by fuel, one by steam
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
COLLEGE BUS MANAGEMENT SYSTEM PROJECT REPORT.pdfKamal Acharya
The College Bus Management system is completely developed by Visual Basic .NET Version. The application is connect with most secured database language MS SQL Server. The application is develop by using best combination of front-end and back-end languages. The application is totally design like flat user interface. This flat user interface is more attractive user interface in 2017. The application is gives more important to the system functionality. The application is to manage the student’s details, driver’s details, bus details, bus route details, bus fees details and more. The application has only one unit for admin. The admin can manage the entire application. The admin can login into the application by using username and password of the admin. The application is develop for big and small colleges. It is more user friendly for non-computer person. Even they can easily learn how to manage the application within hours. The application is more secure by the admin. The system will give an effective output for the VB.Net and SQL Server given as input to the system. The compiled java program given as input to the system, after scanning the program will generate different reports. The application generates the report for users. The admin can view and download the report of the data. The application deliver the excel format reports. Because, excel formatted reports is very easy to understand the income and expense of the college bus. This application is mainly develop for windows operating system users. In 2017, 73% of people enterprises are using windows operating system. So the application will easily install for all the windows operating system users. The application-developed size is very low. The application consumes very low space in disk. Therefore, the user can allocate very minimum local disk space for this application.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Quality defects in TMT Bars, Possible causes and Potential Solutions.PrashantGoswami42
Maintaining high-quality standards in the production of TMT bars is crucial for ensuring structural integrity in construction. Addressing common defects through careful monitoring, standardized processes, and advanced technology can significantly improve the quality of TMT bars. Continuous training and adherence to quality control measures will also play a pivotal role in minimizing these defects.
Event Management System Vb Net Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
In present era, the scopes of information technology growing with a very fast .We do not see any are untouched from this industry. The scope of information technology has become wider includes: Business and industry. Household Business, Communication, Education, Entertainment, Science, Medicine, Engineering, Distance Learning, Weather Forecasting. Carrier Searching and so on.
My project named “Event Management System” is software that store and maintained all events coordinated in college. It also helpful to print related reports. My project will help to record the events coordinated by faculties with their Name, Event subject, date & details in an efficient & effective ways.
In my system we have to make a system by which a user can record all events coordinated by a particular faculty. In our proposed system some more featured are added which differs it from the existing system such as security.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
Forklift Classes Overview by Intella PartsIntella Parts
Discover the different forklift classes and their specific applications. Learn how to choose the right forklift for your needs to ensure safety, efficiency, and compliance in your operations.
For more technical information, visit our website https://intellaparts.com
Courier management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
It is now-a-days very important for the people to send or receive articles like imported furniture, electronic items, gifts, business goods and the like. People depend vastly on different transport systems which mostly use the manual way of receiving and delivering the articles. There is no way to track the articles till they are received and there is no way to let the customer know what happened in transit, once he booked some articles. In such a situation, we need a system which completely computerizes the cargo activities including time to time tracking of the articles sent. This need is fulfilled by Courier Management System software which is online software for the cargo management people that enables them to receive the goods from a source and send them to a required destination and track their status from time to time.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Pile Foundation by Venkatesh Taduvai (Sub Geotechnical Engineering II)-conver...
I.C.ENGINE PPT
1. Shroff S.R. Rotary Institute Of Chemical Technology
(Managed by Ankleshwar Rotary Education Society )
Approved by AICTE, New Delhi, Govt. of Gujarat & GTU
Affiliated
Internal
CombustIon
engInes
Prepared by : AKSHAY.K.MAHAJAN
Enrollnment No :130990119020
2. Introduction
Classification of I.C. engines ,
Engine details,
I.C.Engine terminology ,
Otto four stroke petrol Engine ,
Four stroke diesel Engine ,
Difference between petrol engine and diesel engine ,
Two stroke cycle engines ,
Difference between two stroke and four stroke cycle engines ,
Indicated Power (I.P.) ,
Efficiencies
3. In 1876 four stroke engine based on Otto cycle was developed by a German engineer
Nikolous Otto. Diesel Engine was developed by another German engineer Rudolf Diesel in the
year 1892.
Engine refers as “Heat engine is a device which converts chemical energy of fuel into Heat
energy and this Heat energy further convert into mechanical work”.
Based on where the combustion of fuel take place. Whether outside the working cylinder or
inside the working cylinder
(a) External combustion engines (E.C.ENGINES), (b) Internal combustion engines
(I.C.ENGINES)
I.C.ENGINES E.C.ENGINES
Fuel combustion take place inside the cylinder. Fuel combustion take place outside the cylinder.
Compact in size and more efficient. Larger in size and less efficient.
Low initial cost. More initial cost.
Working fluid is mixture of air and fuel. Working fluid is steam.
Easier and quick starting of these engines. Starting is difficult and more time is required.
Costly fuels are required like petrol and diesel. Cheaper fuel may be used like coal.
More suitable for mobile applications. Less suitable for mobile applications.
4. I.C.ENGINES are may be classified according to
• Type of fuel used as (1)Petrol engine (2)Diesel engine (3)Gas engines (4)Bi-fuel engine (two fuel engine)
• Nature of thermodynamic cycle as: (1)Otto cycle engine (2)Diesel engine cycle (3) Duel or mixed cycle engine
• Number of stroke per cycle as : (1) Four stroke engine (2) Two stroke engine
• Method of ignition as : (1) Spark Ignition engines (Mixture of air and fuel is ignited by electric spark)
(2) Compression Ignition engines (The fuel is ignited as it comes in contact with hot Compressed air)
• Method of Cooling as : (1) Air cooled engines (2) Water cooled engines
• Speed of the engines as : (1) Low speed engines (2) Medium speed engines (3) High speed engines
• Number of cylinder as : (1) Single cylinder engines (2) Multi cylinder engines
• Position of the cylinder as : (1) Inline engines (2) V-engines (3) Radial engines (4) Opposed cylinder engines
(4) Opposed piston engines
Inline Engine V- Engine Opposed Piston Engine
5.
6.
7.
8. The four stroke petrol engines works on the principle of theoretical Otto cycle.
also known as constant volume cycle. shown in Fig below
In four stroke Petrol engine the vale operating for inlet is called inlet valve and
the valve operating for exhaust is called Exhaust valve. In Petrol engine
SPARK plug fitted at the top of cylinder head initiates the ignition of the air fuel
mixture.
The piston performs four strokes to complete one working cycle. The four
different strokes are ; (1) SUCTION STROKE (2) COMPRESSION STROKE
(3) POWER STROKE (4) EXHAUST STROKE.
11. The four stroke Diesel Engine works on the principle of Diesel Cycle , also called
CONSTANT PRESSURE HEAT ADDITION PROCESS shown in Fig.
The four stroke Diesel engine is also consists of SUCTION,
COMPRESSION,POWER and EXHAUST strokes.
The basic construction of a four stroke diesel engine is same as that of four
stroke petrol engine, except instead of spark plug, a fuel injector is mounted in its
place .
14. The basic differences between Petrol and Diesel Engine given below .
PETROL ENGINE DIESEL ENGINE
Works on Otto cycle . Works on Diesel Cycle .
Petrol is used as fuel . Diesel is used as fuel .
Air and fuel mixture enters in cylinder during suction stroke . Only Air is drawn during the suction stroke .
Low compression ratio ranging from 6 to 10 . High compression ratio ranging from14 to 20 .
The compressed charge is ignited by the spark plug. The fuel injector is used in Diesel engine.
High engine speed of about 3000 RPM . Low to medium engine speed ranging from 500 to 1500 RPM.
The Thermal efficiency is lower due to lower Compression ratio . The Thermal efficiency is higher due to high Compression ratio .
Lighter in weight because maximum pressure and Temperature is
less .
Heavier in Weight because maximum pressure and temperature is
high .
Less Costlier . More Costlier .
Maintanence cost is Less . Maintanence cost is Slightly higher .
Easier starting even in cold weather . Difficult to start in cold weather .
Running cost Higher because petrol is Costlier . Running cost is Less because diesel is Cheaper .
15. As the name itself implies, all the processes in two stroke cycle engine are
completed in two strokes. In four stroke engine cycle Two complete revolutions of
crank shaft is required for completing one cycle .In two stroke Engine cycle
Operations Suction , Compression , Expansion and Exhaust are completed in
One Complete revolution of the crank shaft in two stroke Engines. These engines
have one Power stroke per revolution of the crank shaft. In two stroke engines
there is two openings called PORTS are provided in place of valves of four stroke
engines. These Ports are opened and closed by Reciprocating Motion of the
Piston in the Cylinder. One port is known as INLET PORT and another port is
known as EXHAUST PORT .
16.
17.
18. FOUR STROKE ENGINE TWO STROKE ENGINE
Four piston strokes require to complete one cycle . Only two piston strokes required to complete one cycle .
Two complete revolutions of crank shaft is required to complete one
cycle.
Only one complete revolution of crank shaft is required to complete
one cycle .
Equal to half of the speed of engine crank shaft . Number of power
stroke/min. n=N/2
Equal to the speed of engine crank shaft . Number of power
stroke/min. n=N
Power is developed in every alternate revolution of crank shaft . Power is also developed in every revolution of crank shaft hence for
same cylinder.
The power is developed in every alternate revolution, hence heavy
fly wheel is required .
The power is developed in every revolution , hence lighter flywheel
is required .
These engines are Heavier, larger and required more space. These engine are lighter more compact and require less space.
The inlet and exhaust valve are require and they are operated by
valve operated by valve operating mechanism.
In place of valve, ports are used which opens and close by motion
of piston itself.
Lubricating oil consumption is less . Lubricating oil consumption is more because lubricating oil is mixed
with fuel
Thermal efficiency is higher . Less Thermal efficiency.
Mechanical efficiency is Low because of more number of moving
parts .
Mechanical efficiency is High because of less number of moving
parts .
These Engines are used basically in High Power Application Where
more space is available like Cars , Truck, Tractors , Buses etc .
These Engines are used basically in Low Power Application Where
less space is available like Mopeds ,Scooters ,Motor cycle etc .
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