An internal combustion engine uses combustion of fuel to drive pistons that convert the energy to mechanical energy. The first modern internal combustion engine was created by Nikolaus Otto in 1876. There are several types of internal combustion engines including four-stroke gasoline engines, two-stroke gasoline engines, diesel engines, and rotary engines. Engines can also be classified based on their fuel, number of strokes, ignition method, combustion cycle, number of cylinders, and cylinder arrangement. The key parts of an internal combustion engine include the cylinder, piston, connecting rod, valves, crankshaft, and flywheel.
This presentation covers about 'Heat Engine' precisely.Two Stroke Engine, Four Stroke Engine-Comparison, working Principle, Description of Engine Components, Cooling system, Lubricating system, Timing Diagram etc. It will be helpful for Mechanical Engineering students, so will for Electrical Engineering Students and obviously for those who want to learn about 'Engine' to meet personal thirst. Enjoy.
Engine, classification of heat engine, classification of IC engine, component of IC engine, four stroke engine and 2- stroke engine, petrol and diesel engine, comparisons, terminology related to engine
ALL ABOUT AUTOMOBILE COMPONENTS MATERIAL .IT IS VERY USEFUL FOR TO KNOW ABOUT MATERIALS USED FOR AUTOMOBILE COMPONENTS. AND ALSO THE PROCEDURE OF MANUFACTURING PROCESS OF AUTOMOTIVE COMPONENTS.
Vaccine management system project report documentation..pdfKamal Acharya
The Division of Vaccine and Immunization is facing increasing difficulty monitoring vaccines and other commodities distribution once they have been distributed from the national stores. With the introduction of new vaccines, more challenges have been anticipated with this additions posing serious threat to the already over strained vaccine supply chain system in Kenya.
This presentation covers about 'Heat Engine' precisely.Two Stroke Engine, Four Stroke Engine-Comparison, working Principle, Description of Engine Components, Cooling system, Lubricating system, Timing Diagram etc. It will be helpful for Mechanical Engineering students, so will for Electrical Engineering Students and obviously for those who want to learn about 'Engine' to meet personal thirst. Enjoy.
Engine, classification of heat engine, classification of IC engine, component of IC engine, four stroke engine and 2- stroke engine, petrol and diesel engine, comparisons, terminology related to engine
ALL ABOUT AUTOMOBILE COMPONENTS MATERIAL .IT IS VERY USEFUL FOR TO KNOW ABOUT MATERIALS USED FOR AUTOMOBILE COMPONENTS. AND ALSO THE PROCEDURE OF MANUFACTURING PROCESS OF AUTOMOTIVE COMPONENTS.
Vaccine management system project report documentation..pdfKamal Acharya
The Division of Vaccine and Immunization is facing increasing difficulty monitoring vaccines and other commodities distribution once they have been distributed from the national stores. With the introduction of new vaccines, more challenges have been anticipated with this additions posing serious threat to the already over strained vaccine supply chain system in Kenya.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
COLLEGE BUS MANAGEMENT SYSTEM PROJECT REPORT.pdfKamal Acharya
The College Bus Management system is completely developed by Visual Basic .NET Version. The application is connect with most secured database language MS SQL Server. The application is develop by using best combination of front-end and back-end languages. The application is totally design like flat user interface. This flat user interface is more attractive user interface in 2017. The application is gives more important to the system functionality. The application is to manage the student’s details, driver’s details, bus details, bus route details, bus fees details and more. The application has only one unit for admin. The admin can manage the entire application. The admin can login into the application by using username and password of the admin. The application is develop for big and small colleges. It is more user friendly for non-computer person. Even they can easily learn how to manage the application within hours. The application is more secure by the admin. The system will give an effective output for the VB.Net and SQL Server given as input to the system. The compiled java program given as input to the system, after scanning the program will generate different reports. The application generates the report for users. The admin can view and download the report of the data. The application deliver the excel format reports. Because, excel formatted reports is very easy to understand the income and expense of the college bus. This application is mainly develop for windows operating system users. In 2017, 73% of people enterprises are using windows operating system. So the application will easily install for all the windows operating system users. The application-developed size is very low. The application consumes very low space in disk. Therefore, the user can allocate very minimum local disk space for this application.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
2. 2
An internal combustion engine (ICE) is a heat
engine where the combustion of a fuel occurs with
an oxidizer (usually air) in a combustion chamber
that is an integral part of the working fluid flow
circuit. In an internal combustion engine the
expansion of the high-temperature and high-
pressure gases produced by combustion apply
direct force to some component of the engine.
The force is applied typically to pistons. This force
moves the component over a distance,
transforming chemical energy into
useful mechanical energy.
3. 3
The first modern internal combustion
engine was created in 1876 by Nikolaus
Otto ( Otto engine).
The term internal combustion
engine usually refers to an engine in which
combustion is intermittent, such as the
more familiar four-stroke and two-
stroke piston engines, along with variants,
such as the six-stroke piston enginee
5. Turboshaft
All shaft work to drive propeller,
generator, rotor (helicopter)
Turbofan
Part shaft, part jet -
"ducted propeller"
Turbojet
All jet except for work needed to
drive compressor
Gas Turbine
Uses compressor and turbine,
not piston-cylinder
Ramjet
No compressor or turbine
Use high Mach no. ram effect for compression
Solid fuel
Fuel and oxidant are premixed
and put inside combustion chamber
Liquid fuel
Fuel and oxidant are initially separated
and pumped into combustion chamber
Rocket
Carries both fuel and oxidant
Jet power only, no shaft work
Steady
Two-stroke
One complete thermodynamic cycle
per revolution of engine
Four-stroke
One complete thermodynamic cycle
per two revolutions of engine
Premixed-charge
Fuel and air are mixed before/during compression
Usually ignited with spark after compression
Two-stroke
One complete thermodynamic cycle
per revolution of engine
Four-stroke
One complete thermodynamic cycle
per two revolutions of engine
Non-premixed charge
Only air is compressed,
fuel is injected into cylinder after compression
Non-steady
Internal Combustion Engines
5
6. Classification
• According to type of fuel used.
–Petrol engine.
–Diesel engine.
–Gas engine.
–Bi-fuel engine. Bi-fuel vehicles or otherwise
known as dual
fuel are vehicles with multifuel engines
capable of running on two fuels.
• According to number of strokes per cycle.
–4 – stroke engines.
–2 – stroke engines.
6
7. Classification
• According to method of ignition.
–Spark ignition, (SI)
–Compression ignition, (CI)
• According to the cycle of combustion.
–Otto cycle.
–Diesel cycle.
–Duel combustion. The dual combustion
cycle, like the ideal diesel cycle is a
mathematical model, but comes closer to
what actually happens in the cylinder of a
diesel engine.
• According to the number of cylinders.
–Single cylinder.
–Multi cylinder. 7
8. Classification according to the arrangement
of cylinders
• According to the arrangement of cylinders
–Vertical engine.
–Horizontal.
–Inline engine.
–Radial engine.
–V- engine.
• According to method of cooling
–Air cooled engine.
–Water cooled engine.
8
11. 2. Piston
› Close fitting hollow –
cylinder plunger
moving to and from in
the cylinder.
› Function – power
developed by the
combustion of fuel is
transmitted by piston
to the crank-shaft
through the
connecting rod.
1. Cylinder
› Part of the engine
where fuel is burnt
and power is
developed.
› Inside diameter is
called as bore.
› Sleeve is fitted
tightly in the
cylinder to prevent
wearing of block.
11
12. 4. Connecting rod
› Link that connects
the piston and
crankshaft by means
of pin joint.
› Function – it
converts the
rectilinear motion of
the piston into rotary
motion of crankshaft.
3. Piston rings
Metallic rings inserted
into groves provided at
top end of the piston.
Function – it maintains a
gas-tight joint between
the piston and the
cylinder.
12
13. 7. Fly wheel
Mounted on crankshaft
to maintain uniform
rotation of
crankshaft.
8. Crankcase
Enclosure for
crankshaft and sump
for lubricating oil.
5. Crank and crankshaft
Crank is a lever that is
connects crankshaft
and piston rod.
6. Valves
These are devices
which control the
flow of intake and
exhaust gases.
13
14. Internal Combustion Engines Terminology:
1. Cylinder bore (B): The nominal inner
diameter of the working cylinder.
2. Piston area (A): the area of a circle diameter
equal to the cylinder bore.
3. Top Dead Center (T.D.C.): the extreme
position of the piston at the top of the
cylinder. In the case of the horizontal engines
this is known as the outer dead center
(O.D.C.).
14
15. Four stroke petrol engine
•Intake or Suction stroke
•Compression stroke
•Power stroke
•Exhaust stroke
15
18. SUCTION STROKE
Inlet is open exhaust is
closed.
Piston moves from TDC
to BDC.
Crankshaft revolves half
the rotation.
Cranking
Petrol air mixture drawn
into cylinder due to
pressure difference.
18
19. COMPRESSION STROKE
Both inlet and exhaust are
closed.
Piston moves from BDC to
TDC.
Crankshaft revolves half
the rotation.
Cranking
Petrol air mixture is
compressed to a ratio of 1:11.
This mixture is ignited by
spark plug.
19
20. POWER STROKE
•Piston moves from TDC
to BDC.
•Crankshaft revolves half
the rotation.
• burnt gases generate
energy and force the piston
to move down.
20
21. EXHAUST STROKE
exhaust is open and inlet is
closed.
Piston moves from BDC to
TDC.
crankshaft revolves half the
rotation.
energy for this stroke is
supplied by flywheel.
Burnt gases are expelled
out through outlet valve.
21
22. Two stroke petrol engine
• Performs two strokes to complete one working
cycle. Works on theoretical Otto cycle.
22
24. Parts
• Cylinder with one end
fitted with cover and
other end with a sealed
crankcase.
• Ports are provided one
below other on
circumference of the
cylinder.
• Lower one is the
admission port or inlet
port and upper port is
the exhaust port.
• Transfer port
diametrically opposite.
24
25. • Transfer port
– Function – transfer
of petrol air mixture
from crankcase to
cylinder.
• Spark plug, connecting
rod, crank.
25
27. First stroke or upward stroke
• Piston moves from
BDC to TDC.
• Air fuel mixture is
drawn in through
inlet.
• Supply of petrol air
mixture is cut off in
upward motion of
piston.
• Further piston will
compress the petrol
air mixture in
cylinder.
27
28. Second stroke or downward stroke
• At the end of
the first stroke
spark plug
ignites and
combustion
takes place,
i.e. the second
stroke.
28
29. 29
six-stroke engine
term six-stroke engine has been applied to a number of
alternative internal combustion engine designs that attempt
to improve on traditional two-stroke and four-
stroke engines. Claimed advantages may include increased
fuel-efficiency, reduced mechanical complexity and/or
reduced emissions.
Think about a normal four-stroke engine. The piston moves
down to suck in air and fuel, then the fuel pushes up to
compress, then the spark plug fires and the burning gas
forces the piston down. Then the piston moves back up to
push up the exhaust. The six-stroke engine adds two
more strokes after the exhaust stroke.
30. The six stroke engine head uses a
piston and ports very much like a two
stroke engine to replace the over head
valve system that is found in four
stroke engines today. The four stroke
block, pistons and crankshaft remain
unaltered. This combination of two
stroke and four stroke technology has
given the engine its name – the “six
stroke engine” (2 + 4 = 6).
34. S.No. Four stroke engine Two stroke engine
1. It has one power stroke for
every two revolutions of
the crankshaft.
It has one power stroke for
each revolution of the
crankshaft.
2. Heavy flywheel is required and
engine runs unbalanced
because turning moment on
the crankshaft is not even due
to one power stroke for every
two revolutions of the
crankshaft.
Lighter flywheel is required
and engine runs balanced
because turning moment is
more even due to one
power stroke for each
revolution of the crankshaft.
3. Engine is heavy Engine is light
4. Engine design is complicated
due to valve mechanism.
Engine design is simple due
to absence of valve
mechanism.
5. More cost. Less cost than 4 stroke.
6.
Less mechanical efficiency due
to more friction on many parts.
More mechanical efficiency
due to less friction on a few
parts.
34
35. 35
More output due to full fresh
charge intake and full burnt gases
exhaust.
Less output due to mixing of
fresh charge with the hot burnt
gases.
Engine runs cooler. Engine runs hotter.
Engine is water cooled. Engine is air cooled.
Less fuel consumption and
complete burning of fuel.
More fuel consumption and fresh
charge is mixed with exhaust
gases.
Engine requires more space. Engine requires less space.
Complicated lubricating system. Simple lubricating system.
Less noise is created by engine. More noise is created by engine.
Engine consists of inlet and
exhaust valve.
Engine consists of inlet and
exhaust ports.
More thermal efficiency. Less thermal efficiency.
It consumes less lubricating oil. It consumes more lubricating oil.
Less wear and tear of moving
parts.
More wear and tear of moving
parts.
Used in cars, buses, trucks etc. Used in mopeds,
scooters, motorcycles etc.