The document summarizes the key components and functions of a carburetor. It describes the fuel strainer, float chamber, metering and idling system, choke, throttle, and additional modern systems. It then discusses the working of specific carburetor types, including the Solex carburetor which uses a starting jet, compensating jet, main jet, idling jet, and accelerating jet to regulate fuel flow during different engine operations.
This presentation include the information about the different types of superchargers, advantages & disadvantages of superchargers and turbochargers. One case study of variable geometry turbocharger is included with literature review.
PPT describes the engine performance parameters of the I.C. engine.
Engine performance is an indication of the degree of success of the engine performs its assigned task, i.e. the conversion of the chemical energy contained in the fuel into the useful mechanical work. The engine performance is indicated by the term efficiency, η. Five important engine efficiencies and other related engine performance parameters are:
Power
Indicated Thermal Efficiency (ηith)
Brake Thermal Efficiency (ηbth)
Mechanical Efficiency (ηm)
Volumetric Efficiency (ηv)
Relative Efficiency or Efficiency Ratio (ηrel)
Mean Effective Pressure (Pm)
Specific Fuel Consumption (sfc)
Fuel-Air or Air-Fuel Ratio (F/A or A/F)
Calorific Value (CV)
Power:-
The main purpose of running an engine is to obtain mechanical power.
Brake Power (B.P.)
The power developed by an Engine at the output shaft is called the brake power.
Brake Power= Brake Workdone/Time
B.P.=BWD/sec.
Indicated power (I.P.)
The total power developed by Combustion of fuel in the combustion chamber is called indicated power.
Indicated Power= Indicated Workdone/Time
I.P.=IWD/sec.
Frictional Power (F.P.)
The difference between I.P. and B.P. is called frictional power (f.p.).
FP = IP – BP
Thermal Efficiency (ηth)
Thermal efficiency is the ratio of Power to energy supplied by the fuel.
ηth= Power/ Energy
In I.C. Engine, thermal efficiency can be classified into two categories i.e.
Indicated Thermal Efficiency (ηith)
Indicated thermal efficiency is the ratio of indicated power to the heat supplied or added.
ηith= IP/Qs
2. Brake Thermal Efficiency (ηith)
Brake Thermal Efficiency is the ratio of brake power to the heat supplied or added.
ηbth= BP/Qs
Volumetric Efficiency (ηv)
This is one of the most important parameters which decide the performance of four-stroke engines. Four stoke engines have distinct suction stoke, volumetric efficiency indicates the breathing ability of the engine.
Volumetric efficiency is defined as the ratio of actual flow rate of air into the intake system to rate at which the volume is displaced by the system.
ηv= (푚 ̇"a/a" )/(푉푑푖푠푝푎푐푒푑 푋 푁/2)
"a"= Inlet density is taken atmospheric air density
N= Number of the cylinder in use
Automobile Engineering Unit 2 - Anna universitysuresh n
The 2nd unit of automobile engineering describe about carburetor, types of carburetor, ignition system such as coil ignition, magneto ignition and electric ignition system. And also it describe about supercharger and turbocharger
This presentation include the information about the different types of superchargers, advantages & disadvantages of superchargers and turbochargers. One case study of variable geometry turbocharger is included with literature review.
PPT describes the engine performance parameters of the I.C. engine.
Engine performance is an indication of the degree of success of the engine performs its assigned task, i.e. the conversion of the chemical energy contained in the fuel into the useful mechanical work. The engine performance is indicated by the term efficiency, η. Five important engine efficiencies and other related engine performance parameters are:
Power
Indicated Thermal Efficiency (ηith)
Brake Thermal Efficiency (ηbth)
Mechanical Efficiency (ηm)
Volumetric Efficiency (ηv)
Relative Efficiency or Efficiency Ratio (ηrel)
Mean Effective Pressure (Pm)
Specific Fuel Consumption (sfc)
Fuel-Air or Air-Fuel Ratio (F/A or A/F)
Calorific Value (CV)
Power:-
The main purpose of running an engine is to obtain mechanical power.
Brake Power (B.P.)
The power developed by an Engine at the output shaft is called the brake power.
Brake Power= Brake Workdone/Time
B.P.=BWD/sec.
Indicated power (I.P.)
The total power developed by Combustion of fuel in the combustion chamber is called indicated power.
Indicated Power= Indicated Workdone/Time
I.P.=IWD/sec.
Frictional Power (F.P.)
The difference between I.P. and B.P. is called frictional power (f.p.).
FP = IP – BP
Thermal Efficiency (ηth)
Thermal efficiency is the ratio of Power to energy supplied by the fuel.
ηth= Power/ Energy
In I.C. Engine, thermal efficiency can be classified into two categories i.e.
Indicated Thermal Efficiency (ηith)
Indicated thermal efficiency is the ratio of indicated power to the heat supplied or added.
ηith= IP/Qs
2. Brake Thermal Efficiency (ηith)
Brake Thermal Efficiency is the ratio of brake power to the heat supplied or added.
ηbth= BP/Qs
Volumetric Efficiency (ηv)
This is one of the most important parameters which decide the performance of four-stroke engines. Four stoke engines have distinct suction stoke, volumetric efficiency indicates the breathing ability of the engine.
Volumetric efficiency is defined as the ratio of actual flow rate of air into the intake system to rate at which the volume is displaced by the system.
ηv= (푚 ̇"a/a" )/(푉푑푖푠푝푎푐푒푑 푋 푁/2)
"a"= Inlet density is taken atmospheric air density
N= Number of the cylinder in use
Automobile Engineering Unit 2 - Anna universitysuresh n
The 2nd unit of automobile engineering describe about carburetor, types of carburetor, ignition system such as coil ignition, magneto ignition and electric ignition system. And also it describe about supercharger and turbocharger
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contains basic knowledge of engine and different parts and system involved like fuel system, lube system, cooling system, combustion process, air system and circulation , working of external components of engine, reason and symptoms of wear of parts and components. This presentation is made to give the explanation of work done or things learnt during training in prestigious Gainwell Caterpillar.
Quality defects in TMT Bars, Possible causes and Potential Solutions.PrashantGoswami42
Maintaining high-quality standards in the production of TMT bars is crucial for ensuring structural integrity in construction. Addressing common defects through careful monitoring, standardized processes, and advanced technology can significantly improve the quality of TMT bars. Continuous training and adherence to quality control measures will also play a pivotal role in minimizing these defects.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Automobile Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
The proposed project is developed to manage the automobile in the automobile dealer company. The main module in this project is login, automobile management, customer management, sales, complaints and reports. The first module is the login. The automobile showroom owner should login to the project for usage. The username and password are verified and if it is correct, next form opens. If the username and password are not correct, it shows the error message.
When a customer search for a automobile, if the automobile is available, they will be taken to a page that shows the details of the automobile including automobile name, automobile ID, quantity, price etc. “Automobile Management System” is useful for maintaining automobiles, customers effectively and hence helps for establishing good relation between customer and automobile organization. It contains various customized modules for effectively maintaining automobiles and stock information accurately and safely.
When the automobile is sold to the customer, stock will be reduced automatically. When a new purchase is made, stock will be increased automatically. While selecting automobiles for sale, the proposed software will automatically check for total number of available stock of that particular item, if the total stock of that particular item is less than 5, software will notify the user to purchase the particular item.
Also when the user tries to sale items which are not in stock, the system will prompt the user that the stock is not enough. Customers of this system can search for a automobile; can purchase a automobile easily by selecting fast. On the other hand the stock of automobiles can be maintained perfectly by the automobile shop manager overcoming the drawbacks of existing system.
Event Management System Vb Net Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
In present era, the scopes of information technology growing with a very fast .We do not see any are untouched from this industry. The scope of information technology has become wider includes: Business and industry. Household Business, Communication, Education, Entertainment, Science, Medicine, Engineering, Distance Learning, Weather Forecasting. Carrier Searching and so on.
My project named “Event Management System” is software that store and maintained all events coordinated in college. It also helpful to print related reports. My project will help to record the events coordinated by faculties with their Name, Event subject, date & details in an efficient & effective ways.
In my system we have to make a system by which a user can record all events coordinated by a particular faculty. In our proposed system some more featured are added which differs it from the existing system such as security.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Forklift Classes Overview by Intella PartsIntella Parts
Discover the different forklift classes and their specific applications. Learn how to choose the right forklift for your needs to ensure safety, efficiency, and compliance in your operations.
For more technical information, visit our website https://intellaparts.com
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Democratizing Fuzzing at Scale by Abhishek Aryaabh.arya
Presented at NUS: Fuzzing and Software Security Summer School 2024
This keynote talks about the democratization of fuzzing at scale, highlighting the collaboration between open source communities, academia, and industry to advance the field of fuzzing. It delves into the history of fuzzing, the development of scalable fuzzing platforms, and the empowerment of community-driven research. The talk will further discuss recent advancements leveraging AI/ML and offer insights into the future evolution of the fuzzing landscape.
2. Essential parts of carburetor
• Fuel strainer
• Float chamber
• Metering and idiling system
• Choke and throttle
3.
4. Fuel strainer
• As gasoline has to pass through narrow nozzle exit there is every possibility that the
nozzle may get clogged during prolonged operation of the engine.
• To prevent possible blockage of the nozzle by dust particles, the gasoline is filterd by
installing fuel strainer.
• The strainer contains fine wire mesh
• Its of cone shaped or cylindrical shaped.
• Its usually removable for cleaning purpose.
• It is retained in its seat by strainer plug or a compression spring.
5.
6. The float chamber
• The supply of the fuel to the nozzle at a constant pressure head.
• This is possible by maintaining a constant level of fuel in the float bowl..
• Its designed to control the fuel level in float chamber.
• This fuel level must be maintained slightly below the discharge nozzle outlet holes in
order to provide the correct amount of fuel flow.
• As float rises with fuel incoming, the supply valve closes.
7.
8. The main metering and Idling System
• This system control carburetor fuel flow during crusing and full throttle
operations.
• It consist of three principal units.
• i) the fuel metering orifice through which fuel is drawn from float chamber.
• ii) the main discharge nozzle
• iii) the passage leading to the idling system.
9.
10. The choke and throttle
• When vehicle is kept at stationary for long period during cool winter seasons, may
overnights, starting becomes more difficult.
• At very low cranking speed and intake temperatures a very rich as 9:1 mixture is
required.
• Main reason is very larg fraction of fuel remains in cylinder.
• It may be noted that at very low temperature vapour fraction of fuel is alsovery
small and this forms combustible mixture to initiate combustion.
• The most popular method to provide this mixture is choke.
• Choke valve partially opend causes large depression at throat and large depression
causes large amount of fuel from nozzle.
13. Additional systems in Modern carburetors
• Anti-dieseling system
• Richer Coasting System
• Acceleration Pump system
• Economizer or Power Enrichment system
14. Anti dieseling system
• SI engine somtime continuous runs even after ignition stopped.This causes
misfire condition.
• This phenomena called Dieseling (after running or run on.)
• How they are solving this?
• Ans: A solenoid valve.
15. Richer Coasting System
• In modern cars when car is running at maximum acceleration and
accelerator pedal is suddenly released.
• The wheel will run engine at higher rpm, but Consequently the vaccum at
inlet and outlet chamber increases too much and this causes incomplete
combustion.
• How they solve this?
• By adding Chamber at inlet valve (Richer Coasting System)
16. Acceleration Pump system
• In order to accelerate the vehicle quickly here mixture required is rich.
• This richness depends upon the vacuum created in throttle.
• In order to increase mixture richness the fuel has to be obtained very quickly.
• This everything has to be done very rapidly and quickly.
• If throttle is sudden opend ,it increases the air flow. But due to inertia of gasoline
fluid it comes out in certain amount only from fuel chamber.this causes lean
mixture and engine to misfire.
• How they solved this?
• Ans: Acceleration pump system.
17.
18. Economizer or power Enrichment system
• At the maximum power range of 80% to 90% load, the air fuel ratio has to be
about 12:1 to 14:1.
• But air fuel ration 12:1 is expected always during maximum power.
• How they do this?
• Ans: Using economizer valve.
21. Types of Carburetors
• There are mainly three types of carburators
• Up Draught
• Down Draught
• Cross Draught
22.
23. Constant choke carburetor
• Air and fuel flow area are always maintained constant.
• But the depression or difference which causes the flow of fuel and air to be
maintained as per demand.
• The solex and Zenith carburetors belong to these class.
24. Constant vacuum carburetor
• Its called variable choke carburetor.
• Air and fuel flow areas are varied as per demand, vacuum is constant always
same.
• The S.U and Carter carburetors belong to this class.
25. Multiple venture carburator
• The boost venture is located concentrically within the main venture.
• The discharge edge of the boost venture is located at the throat of the main venture.
• Only fraction of air passes through boost venture.
• This result following:
• High depression is created at the region of nozzle.
• At boost venture throat velocity of air is as high as 200 m/s
• Excellent low speed full throttle operation is possible.
• More efficient mixing of the air and fuel is obtained without incurring an avveptable
reduction in volumetric efficiency.
26.
27. Multijet Carburetors
• A single barrel carburetor has only one barrel, whereas a dual carburetor has
two barrels.
• Each of these two barrels has different fuel jet,choke,throttle,ideling system
etc.
• Passenger cars with six or more cylinders are provided with dual carburators.
• Each venture supplies the air-fuel mixture to half of cylinders.
28. Different modern carburators
• There are mainly two type of carburators
• Open choke
• Vacuum type.
• S.V carburetor are constant venture type.
• Zenith, solex,carter and Stromberg carburetors are constant venture type.
29. Types of different modern carburators
• Zenith Carburetor
• Solex Carburetor
• Carter Carburator
30. Zenith Carburator
• This is the oldest type of carburator.
• It was used in all automobile engines before 25 years.
• It consist of all components which basic carburator have.
• A. Starting jet
• B. Main Jet
• C. Compensating Jet
• D. Float chamber
• E. Choke and throttle valve.
31.
32.
33. 2. Solex Carburator
• This is most comman type of carburator used in Fiat and Standard cars.
• It is famous for good and easy starting
• Performance and reliability.
• Its also runs on starting jet for starting purpose.
• In addition it contains starting jet, compensating jet and accelerating jet.
• How solex carburator works lets see in details.
34. Solex carburator (working procedure)
• Here are 5 basic actions which acts behind solex carburator to run.
• Starting
• Compensating jet
• Main Jet
• Idling Jet
• Accelerating Jet
35. Solex carburator (working procedure)
• Starting:
• It has provision for bi starter.
• Starter valve is a disk in the foam of a different size
• Its connected with petrol jet.
• The starting air also supplied as shown in figure
• The quantity of the fuel supplied is depends upen hole size connected to the disk.
• As disk is connected by pedal or a flexible cable provided in the dash board.
• At starting the bigger holes are used for rich mixture and as engine speed increases, the smaller
holes starts providing fuel.
• As engine gains speed the starting lever is brought to off Position.
36. Solex carburator (working procedure)
• Compensating Jet:
• A double well type compensating jet is provided to maintain proper air fuel
ratio.
• It is not shown in figure.
37. Solex carburator (working procedure)
• Main Jet:
• Another addition of this carburetor in addition to buster venture.
• The fuel from main jet is supplied into buster venture.
• Here the entering air mixes up with small droplets of fuel at high speed (Supersonic
speed)
• At this speed of air divides fuel into fine particles and this mixture enters into main
venture.
• In main venture again mixture speed increases .
• This helps better vaporization of fuel.
• With arrangement of main venture and buster venture its assured that air fuel
entering into engine is fine and vaporized well.
38. Solex carburator (working procedure)
• Idling Jet:
• As we know a Rich mixture is required for idling jet, there is idling jet separately
provided.
• A fuel connection from the main line leading to main jet is taken and opend to
down side of the throttle valve through air screw .
• The rich mixture is provided down to the throttle valve.
• The volume control screw controls fuel flow.
• To ensure the smooth transfer from idle circuit to main jet circuit without
occurrence of flat spot, a bypass orifice towards venture side near the idle jet is
provided.As the throttle is wide open, the suction near idle jet decreases but
suction is applied at bypass orifice which affects loss of the suction at the idle port.
39. Solex carburator (working procedure)
• Accelerating Jet:
• A separate accelerating jet is provided .
• Whenever is accelerating pedal is pressed , an extra fuel is provided through
accelerating jet.
• This provides rich mixture and brings engine into the power mode.
• As pedal is released , it taken up by spring provided into the pedal in
accelerating well.
• This causes vacuum into accelerating chamber and fills up petrol again from
main chamber.