Polyhouse technology provides controlled growing conditions for fruits, vegetables, and flowers through the use of covered or partially covered structures. This allows year-round production and higher yields compared to traditional farming. Polyhouses protect plants from extreme weather, pests, and diseases while maintaining optimal temperature, humidity, carbon dioxide, and light levels. Common polyhouse designs include barrel shaped, ridges and furrows, and saw tooth structures made of frames covered with transparent sheeting materials like polyfilm. Crops grown include vegetables, flowers, and landscaping plants. Adopting polyhouse technology could help boost Indian agricultural production and exports.
Dutch rose - introduction and uses – varieties – media and environment- Fumigation - filed preparation - planting systems – nutrition and fertigation - weed management – training and pruning – special horticultural practices - role of growth regulators- physiological disorders and its control measures- harvest index and yield
EFFECT OF DIFFERENT CANOPY TYPE ON PRODUCTION AND QUALITY OF FRUIT CROPSAmanDohre
EFFECT OF DIFFERENT CANOPY TYPE ON PRODUCTION AND QUALITY OF FRUIT CROPS
Different canopy types have varying effects on the production and quality of fruit crops. Open canopies, characterized by sparse foliage and ample light penetration, promote fruit ripening, coloration, and sugar accumulation, enhancing fruit quality attributes such as taste and appearance. However, they may be prone to sunburn and require careful irrigation management to prevent water stress. Dense canopies, with thick foliage cover, provide shade and protection against sunburn but may inhibit fruit ripening and reduce fruit quality due to limited light penetration and air circulation. Balanced canopies, achieved through proper pruning and canopy management, optimize light exposure and airflow, ensuring optimal fruit production and quality.
Dutch rose - introduction and uses – varieties – media and environment- Fumigation - filed preparation - planting systems – nutrition and fertigation - weed management – training and pruning – special horticultural practices - role of growth regulators- physiological disorders and its control measures- harvest index and yield
EFFECT OF DIFFERENT CANOPY TYPE ON PRODUCTION AND QUALITY OF FRUIT CROPSAmanDohre
EFFECT OF DIFFERENT CANOPY TYPE ON PRODUCTION AND QUALITY OF FRUIT CROPS
Different canopy types have varying effects on the production and quality of fruit crops. Open canopies, characterized by sparse foliage and ample light penetration, promote fruit ripening, coloration, and sugar accumulation, enhancing fruit quality attributes such as taste and appearance. However, they may be prone to sunburn and require careful irrigation management to prevent water stress. Dense canopies, with thick foliage cover, provide shade and protection against sunburn but may inhibit fruit ripening and reduce fruit quality due to limited light penetration and air circulation. Balanced canopies, achieved through proper pruning and canopy management, optimize light exposure and airflow, ensuring optimal fruit production and quality.
Beetroot, also known as beets or table beets, is a root vegetable that is typically deep red in color, although it can also come in other colors such as golden yellow and white. Beetroot is a rich source of various vitamins and minerals, including fiber, vitamin C, folate, potassium, and manganese.
The land has become an expensive unit in India due to its diversion following urbanization, industrialization etc. Further, migration and settlement of rural people in urban areas has been increasing at an alarming rate. It is estimated
that, in India, 40.76% of the population is expected to reside in urban areas by 2030. Thus, it is going to increase pressure on natural resources and production volume in the rural areas due to increasing demand for food in urban areas. The cultivated land in urban areas is already limited. Hence, the rooftop
area available on the urban households/government and non-government offices can be exploited to produce various crops. This Greener rooftop is a like a psychological relief centre, which makes households stress-free. This environmentally and economically sustainable method to promote food security, food quality and reduce the carbon footprints, has emerged as a
viable option in the recent years.
Establishment and maintenance of lawn is skilled and technical, for establishing good lawn handy hints are provided, such as selection of grasses, planting, maintenance, weeding, irrigation, lawn protection etc., are covered
Beetroot, also known as beets or table beets, is a root vegetable that is typically deep red in color, although it can also come in other colors such as golden yellow and white. Beetroot is a rich source of various vitamins and minerals, including fiber, vitamin C, folate, potassium, and manganese.
The land has become an expensive unit in India due to its diversion following urbanization, industrialization etc. Further, migration and settlement of rural people in urban areas has been increasing at an alarming rate. It is estimated
that, in India, 40.76% of the population is expected to reside in urban areas by 2030. Thus, it is going to increase pressure on natural resources and production volume in the rural areas due to increasing demand for food in urban areas. The cultivated land in urban areas is already limited. Hence, the rooftop
area available on the urban households/government and non-government offices can be exploited to produce various crops. This Greener rooftop is a like a psychological relief centre, which makes households stress-free. This environmentally and economically sustainable method to promote food security, food quality and reduce the carbon footprints, has emerged as a
viable option in the recent years.
Establishment and maintenance of lawn is skilled and technical, for establishing good lawn handy hints are provided, such as selection of grasses, planting, maintenance, weeding, irrigation, lawn protection etc., are covered
The Soilless type of agriculture is disscussed in detail with its different types i.e. Hydroponics and Aeroponics. The different growing mediums required for hydroponics. The comparison between two is also done along with their own advantages and disadvantages.
Incorporation of a 15x15 Buried Diffuser into coco peat bags to evaluate cult...chahtech
Coco Peat bags are mainly used for:
- Pre-grown tropical/exotic trees/plants for wholesale/retail. The cubes support the weight of a juvenile tree until it is ready to plant (Cut the bag, lift out the tree and plant it).
- Cultivation of vegetables for greenhouse/conventional farming.
The trial objective is to prove that Buried Diffusers will conserve critical volumes of water and dramatically reduce watering frequency.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
2. • The fruits and vegetables are missing in the diet of poor marginal Indian
because of their overall shortage
Majority of farmers are not ready to shift their crop land to fruits and vegetable
cultivation, hence under such condition poly houses can be the only answer for
this.
We need promotion of fruits and vegetables cultivation for financial support
to the farmers and total food security to all
The poly house technologies are advanced in Israel, Holland, Spain, Italy, Kenya,
South Africa, Japan and China. But unfortunately much neglected in India.
India and Holland having more or less same land under flower cultivation but in
world’s flower export, Holland’s contribution is 70% and India’s contribution is
just 1% or even less because of advanced technology of poly houses in Holland.
2
WHY POLYHOUSE TECHNOLOGY ?WHY POLYHOUSE TECHNOLOGY ?
3. Growth and healthy production of plants under controlled
favorable conditions in closed or partially closed space is called
polyhouse.
Polyhouse concept emerged to undertake adverse
environmental conditions such as excess of raining, high
temperature, extreme cold condition, air flow etc.
3
Principle of the PolyhousePrinciple of the Polyhouse
4. Advantages of polyhouse
1. Protection from excess rainfall, wind current, scorching sunlight and
extreme cold conditions.
2. It can be erected on unproductive soil
3. Under minimum space one can have maximum production of crop plants
4. Humidity is maintained
5. Efficient use of CO2
6. Minimum labor requirement
7. Minimum use of water and fertilizers
8. Maximum use of space
9. A single person can have control over thousands of plants
10. Diseases and pests can be controlled easily
11. Water can be used economically
12. Production of crop throughout the year
13. Protection from birds, animals and human activities
14. Labor cost is reduced
15. Quality of product is best
4
7. CONDITIONS MAINTAINED IN POLYHOUSE
There are five different types of environmental parameters
maintained in a polyhouse.
• CO2
• Temperature
• Light
• Humidity
• Air Flow
7
8. Light is a most critical factor for poly house. The brightness
of light is measured in LUX. For healthy growth of crop in
poly house, minimum requirement of LUX is 50,000 to
60,000. In India, light LUX varies from 40,000 to 1,40, 000
hence in many parts of our country such as Maharashtra,
Karnataka, M.P. the sunlight is bright and has to be
reduced by using shed net. We can reduce sunlight 30%,
50%, 75%. The 50% shed net are common in India.
8
9. Along with the LUX, the wavelength of light is also
important. On the basis of wavelength, Light is classified
into three types Ultra violate light wavelength 0-400nm,
Visible light wavelength 400-700nm, Infra light wavelength
700 onwards.
From these three types, plants use only visible light for
photosynthesis. In polyhouse technology light is controlled
in such a way that plant receive maximum visible light and
remaining light get reflected back i.e. outside the polyhouse
9
10. TEMPRATURE
For flowers and vegetables healthy and maximum
growth, the temp requirement is between 26’C to 30’C
during day time and 15’C to 18’C in night. The stele
frame work of poly house is covered by polythene
hence inner temp. can rise up to 40’C. To control the
temp inside the poly house, the ventilation as well as
cooling pads and fans are used. Because of this we can
have continuous quality production of herbs
throughout the year.
10
11. HUMIDITY
For flowers and vegetables, and their healthy and maximum
growth, we should have proper humidity. Requirement of
humidity for flower production is 65% to 80% and for
vegetables it is 60% to 65%
Because of controlled humidity plant growth remain
continue, flower grow with attractive colors and after
cutting, their shelf life also increases. Humidity helps in color
combination of herbs, vegetable and flowers.
11
12. In our surrounding atmosphere CO2 conc. is 0.03% means
300ppm. Plants use this CO2 for photosynthesis. In poly house,
during night time there is no photosynthesis but CO2 is given
out by respiration. This CO2 remain accumulated around plants
hence in night compare to outside, polyhouse always have more
CO2 conc.
This CO2 is again used by plants growing in poly house for rapid
photosynthesis.
It has been proved that if poly house having 1000ppm of CO2,
then herbs, vegetables and flower production increases to 4 to
5 times more compare to normal conditions.
12
CARBON DI OXIDE
13. If humidity is more in polyhouse, then chances of diseases
and pest increases. Under such condition, side vents of
polyhouse are opened to promote wind movement in
polyhouse. Because of wind movement the humidity
decreases and chances of diseases also reduced.
13
WIND MOVEMENT
14. TYPES OF POLYHOUSES
Uncontrolled - where only top part is
covered well (GH1)
Partially controlled - where polyhouse has
open and closed
window(GH2)
Completely controlled - where windows are
absent. It is totally
Computerized(GH3)
14
15. Attached: When it is attached or supported by a part of
building or any type of constructed wall
Detached: When it is in free standing position
Connected: When several polyhouses are joined together
in a series
15
Polyhouses are also classified into 3 types
17. TYPES OF POLYHOUSES
Polyhouses have different shape and sizes and on this basis
they are classified in to three types –
• Barrel shaped
• Ridges and furrow type
• Saw tooth type
Shape and size varies according to the climatic conditions of
the
region/Country
17
22. Selection of site for polyhouse
Following things are taken into account
1 The selection Site should be free from pollution.
2 Water should be available regularly
3 Supply of electricity (Three phase ) should be regular
4 Soil should be properly leveled and drained
5 Poly house should be near to road side means proper approachable road must be
there to go to poly house
6 Some space should be there nearby for further extension
7 Expertise and labors should be available when required.
Direction of Polyhouse
Poly house should have light from all sides and wind current should not damage the
polyhouse.
To overcome these problems, Poly house should be preferably South-North in direction.22
23.
24. Other Essential things
1. Should have cool chamber (0’C) to accumulate
and store the final product.
2. Water pH should be between 5.5 to 7 & electric
conductivity of water should be 0.01 to 0.1
3. PH of soil should be between 5.5 to 6.5 and
electric conductivity 0.6 to 0.8.
24
25.
• After construction of poly houses, it is covered by
semitransparent sheet which can be a poly film, Acrylic,
polythene, or polycarbonate material. Use of poly film
is more profitable.
• Poly film protect UV rays to enter in poly house,
transparency is between 80% to 9o%. Gauge varies 200 to
800 micron. Poly film can tolerate 50’C and its life span is
about three years. 1 kg poly film covers 5.38 sq m area of
a poly house.
25
Material used for shading
26. Preparation of soil
For poly house, soil has to be prepared under strict
supervision. First the floor is leveled properly and
then raise beds are prepared using red soil, fine
sand and well decomposed cow dung or coco-pit.
soil is disinfected using formalin solution and then
used for growing the crops. Crops can be grown
directly on the beds or in pots.
26
27. IRRIGATION METHODS
There are six different methods of irrigation as follows
1) Hand watering: Used for potted plants using Hose pipe and
shower
2) Tube Method: Advanced and used for potted plant
3) Over head Sprinklers: Advanced in which Nozzles are mounted on
risers. Good for ground beds. Sprinklers can also be in
suspended position above the plant
4) Drip Irrigation: Also called ‘I’ Irrigation. In this method the water
is given to potted plants by drip method at desired interval
5) Mist System: This system provide the water in the form of very
fine spray. The mists are produced from sprinklers fitted with
nozzles having very fine nano pores
6) Polythene tubing: In this method the perforated plastic pipes are
used to water the plants growing on the beds. The polythene
tubing can also be used between the rows
Micronutrients are given through irrigation system Pesticides
are used by spray methods or through irrigation 27
28. Plants used in poly house technology are -
Floriculture: Roses, Orchids, Gerbera, Aster, Lilies, Marigold,
Carnation, Chrysanthemum, Anthurium etc.
Vegetables: Mostly exotic such as Asparagus, Broccoli,
Brussels, Sprouts, Squash (zucchini), Celery,
Cherry-Tomato, Chinese cabbage, Leek, Lettuce,
Parsley etc.
Landscape Plants: And all types of shade loving plants or
foliage
plant which require minimum light for
healthy growth.
Polyhouse is also used for growing the seedling and hardening
of tissue culture plants.
28