PPT describes the engine performance parameters of the I.C. engine.
Engine performance is an indication of the degree of success of the engine performs its assigned task, i.e. the conversion of the chemical energy contained in the fuel into the useful mechanical work. The engine performance is indicated by the term efficiency, η. Five important engine efficiencies and other related engine performance parameters are:
Power
Indicated Thermal Efficiency (ηith)
Brake Thermal Efficiency (ηbth)
Mechanical Efficiency (ηm)
Volumetric Efficiency (ηv)
Relative Efficiency or Efficiency Ratio (ηrel)
Mean Effective Pressure (Pm)
Specific Fuel Consumption (sfc)
Fuel-Air or Air-Fuel Ratio (F/A or A/F)
Calorific Value (CV)
Power:-
The main purpose of running an engine is to obtain mechanical power.
Brake Power (B.P.)
The power developed by an Engine at the output shaft is called the brake power.
Brake Power= Brake Workdone/Time
B.P.=BWD/sec.
Indicated power (I.P.)
The total power developed by Combustion of fuel in the combustion chamber is called indicated power.
Indicated Power= Indicated Workdone/Time
I.P.=IWD/sec.
Frictional Power (F.P.)
The difference between I.P. and B.P. is called frictional power (f.p.).
FP = IP – BP
Thermal Efficiency (ηth)
Thermal efficiency is the ratio of Power to energy supplied by the fuel.
ηth= Power/ Energy
In I.C. Engine, thermal efficiency can be classified into two categories i.e.
Indicated Thermal Efficiency (ηith)
Indicated thermal efficiency is the ratio of indicated power to the heat supplied or added.
ηith= IP/Qs
2. Brake Thermal Efficiency (ηith)
Brake Thermal Efficiency is the ratio of brake power to the heat supplied or added.
ηbth= BP/Qs
Volumetric Efficiency (ηv)
This is one of the most important parameters which decide the performance of four-stroke engines. Four stoke engines have distinct suction stoke, volumetric efficiency indicates the breathing ability of the engine.
Volumetric efficiency is defined as the ratio of actual flow rate of air into the intake system to rate at which the volume is displaced by the system.
ηv= (푚 ̇"a/a" )/(푉푑푖푠푝푎푐푒푑 푋 푁/2)
"a"= Inlet density is taken atmospheric air density
N= Number of the cylinder in use
theoretical valve timing diagram of two stroke engine
theoretical valve timing diagram of four stroke engine
actual valve timing diagram of two stroke diesel engine
actual valve timing diagram of four stroke diesel engine
The Stirling engine is noted for its high efficiency compared to steam engines, quiet operation, and the ease with which it can use almost any heat source.This engine is currently exciting interest as the core component of micro combined heat and power (CHP) units, in which it is more efficient and safer than a comparable steam engine.
PPT describes the engine performance parameters of the I.C. engine.
Engine performance is an indication of the degree of success of the engine performs its assigned task, i.e. the conversion of the chemical energy contained in the fuel into the useful mechanical work. The engine performance is indicated by the term efficiency, η. Five important engine efficiencies and other related engine performance parameters are:
Power
Indicated Thermal Efficiency (ηith)
Brake Thermal Efficiency (ηbth)
Mechanical Efficiency (ηm)
Volumetric Efficiency (ηv)
Relative Efficiency or Efficiency Ratio (ηrel)
Mean Effective Pressure (Pm)
Specific Fuel Consumption (sfc)
Fuel-Air or Air-Fuel Ratio (F/A or A/F)
Calorific Value (CV)
Power:-
The main purpose of running an engine is to obtain mechanical power.
Brake Power (B.P.)
The power developed by an Engine at the output shaft is called the brake power.
Brake Power= Brake Workdone/Time
B.P.=BWD/sec.
Indicated power (I.P.)
The total power developed by Combustion of fuel in the combustion chamber is called indicated power.
Indicated Power= Indicated Workdone/Time
I.P.=IWD/sec.
Frictional Power (F.P.)
The difference between I.P. and B.P. is called frictional power (f.p.).
FP = IP – BP
Thermal Efficiency (ηth)
Thermal efficiency is the ratio of Power to energy supplied by the fuel.
ηth= Power/ Energy
In I.C. Engine, thermal efficiency can be classified into two categories i.e.
Indicated Thermal Efficiency (ηith)
Indicated thermal efficiency is the ratio of indicated power to the heat supplied or added.
ηith= IP/Qs
2. Brake Thermal Efficiency (ηith)
Brake Thermal Efficiency is the ratio of brake power to the heat supplied or added.
ηbth= BP/Qs
Volumetric Efficiency (ηv)
This is one of the most important parameters which decide the performance of four-stroke engines. Four stoke engines have distinct suction stoke, volumetric efficiency indicates the breathing ability of the engine.
Volumetric efficiency is defined as the ratio of actual flow rate of air into the intake system to rate at which the volume is displaced by the system.
ηv= (푚 ̇"a/a" )/(푉푑푖푠푝푎푐푒푑 푋 푁/2)
"a"= Inlet density is taken atmospheric air density
N= Number of the cylinder in use
theoretical valve timing diagram of two stroke engine
theoretical valve timing diagram of four stroke engine
actual valve timing diagram of two stroke diesel engine
actual valve timing diagram of four stroke diesel engine
The Stirling engine is noted for its high efficiency compared to steam engines, quiet operation, and the ease with which it can use almost any heat source.This engine is currently exciting interest as the core component of micro combined heat and power (CHP) units, in which it is more efficient and safer than a comparable steam engine.
The vehicle propulsion is usually obtained by means of engines, also known as prime movers, i.e. mechanical devices capable to convert the chemical energy of a fuel into mechanical energy. By the way, the English term “engine”, is likely to have a French origin in the Old French word “engin” which in turns is thought to come from the Latin “ingenium” (sharing the same root of “ingénieur” or “engineer”).
This presentation covers about 'Heat Engine' precisely.Two Stroke Engine, Four Stroke Engine-Comparison, working Principle, Description of Engine Components, Cooling system, Lubricating system, Timing Diagram etc. It will be helpful for Mechanical Engineering students, so will for Electrical Engineering Students and obviously for those who want to learn about 'Engine' to meet personal thirst. Enjoy.
How to Split Bills in the Odoo 17 POS ModuleCeline George
Bills have a main role in point of sale procedure. It will help to track sales, handling payments and giving receipts to customers. Bill splitting also has an important role in POS. For example, If some friends come together for dinner and if they want to divide the bill then it is possible by POS bill splitting. This slide will show how to split bills in odoo 17 POS.
This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
How to Create Map Views in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
The map views are useful for providing a geographical representation of data. They allow users to visualize and analyze the data in a more intuitive manner.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
The Art Pastor's Guide to Sabbath | Steve ThomasonSteve Thomason
What is the purpose of the Sabbath Law in the Torah. It is interesting to compare how the context of the law shifts from Exodus to Deuteronomy. Who gets to rest, and why?
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
2. A heat engine is a system that
converts heat or thermal energy to mechanical
energy, which can then be used to do
mechanical work
HEAT ENGINE
3. Heat engine classification can be done into two types.
They are:
1)External Combustion Engine ( EC Engine )
2)Internal Combustion Engine ( IC Engine )
TYPE OF ENGINE
4. External combustion engines are those in which combustion
takes place outside the engines. Heat produced during
external combustion is used for inducing useful mechanical
motion in the cylinder of the engine.
Ex: Steam Engine, Steam Turbine, Closed cycle gas
turbine.
EC ENGINE
5. Internal combustion engine are those in which combustion
takes place within the engine. Chemical energy of the fuel
is converted to thermal energy and thermal energy is
converted to mechanical energy.
Ex: Gasoline Engine, Diesel Engine, Wankel Engine,
Open cycle Gas Turbine
IC ENGINE
6. Classifications of IC engines
Based on Application :
1. Automotive: (i) Car (ii) Truck/Bus
2. Light Aircraft
3. Marine: (i) Outboard (ii) Inboard (iii) Ship
4. Power Generation: (i) Portable (Domestic) (ii) Fixed
(Peak Power)
5. Agricultural: (i) Tractors (ii) Pump sets
6. Earthmoving: (i) Dumpers
7. Based on Engine design:
1. Reciprocating
(a)Single Cylinder
(b) Multi-cylinder
(I) In-line
(ii) V
(iii) Radial
(iv) Opposed Cylinder
(v) Opposed Piston
(a) 2. Rotary:
(a) Single Rotor
(b) Multi-rotor
8. Operating Cycle:
Carnot cycle
• Otto (For the Conventional SI Engine)
• Diesel (For the Ideal Diesel Engine)
• Dual (For the Actual Diesel Engine)
Working Cycle (Strokes) :
1. Four Stroke Cycle
2. Two Stroke Cycle
9. Working Process of 4-stroke engine
A four-stroke engine is an internal combustion (IC)
engine in which the piston completes four separate
strokes while turning a crankshaft. A stroke refers to
the full travel of the piston along the cylinder, in either
direction. The four separate strokes are termed:
Intake(suction) stroke
Compression stroke
Power (working) stroke
Exhaust stroke
10. Intake Stroke
Intake: This stroke of the piston begins at top dead center (T.D.C.) and ends
at bottom dead center (B.D.C.). In this stroke the intake valve must be in the
open position while the piston pulls an air-fuel mixture into the cylinder by
producing vacuum pressure into the cylinder through its downward motion.
11. Compression stroke
Compression: This stroke begins at B.D.C, or just at the end of the suction
stroke, and ends at T.D.C. In this stroke the piston compresses the air-fuel
mixture in preparation for ignition during the power stroke (below). Both the
intake and exhaust valves are closed during this stage.
12. Working stroke
Power: This is the start of the second revolution of the four stroke cycle.
At this point the crankshaft has completed a full 360 degree revolution.
While the piston is at T.D.C. (the end of the compression stroke) the
compressed air-fuel mixture is ignited by a spark plug (in a gasoline
engine) or by heat generated by high compression (diesel engines),
forcefully returning the piston to B.D.C. This stroke produces mechanical
work from the engine to turn the crankshaft.
13. Exhaust stroke
Exhaust: During the exhaust stroke, the piston once again returns from
B.D.C. to T.D.C. while the exhaust valve is open. This action expels the
spent air-fuel mixture through the exhaust valve.
16. Applications of IC Engines
I.C. engines have many applications, including:
Road vehicles(e.g. scooter , motorcycle , buses etc.)
Aircraft
Motorboats
Small machines, such as lawn mowers, chainsaws
and portable engine-generators
17. Advantages of IC engine
An internal combustion engine is compact and lighter.
An internal combustion engine can be started
immediately.
An internal combustion engine is quite safe to use.
An internal combustion engine has higher efficiency
than external combustion engine.