The Presentation discusses the Air-Heater Performance Indices and the Boiler Performance calculation. One can Calculate the air ingress in the air-heater and the boiler and losses incurred thereby. The presentation also describes in details about the boiler efficiency and its calculation.
Mini project ppt on working of steam turbine and its auxiliariesjyotishmathi college
A steam turbine is a mechanical device that extracts thermal energy from pressurized steam, and converts it into rotary motion. Its modern manifestation was invented by Sir Charles Parsons in 1884.
A steam turbine is a prime mover in which the potential energy of the steam is transformed into kinetic energy and later in its turn is transformed into the mechanical energy of rotation of the turbine shaft
The writeup details the Heat Balance of BHEL 210 MW Turbine Cycle. The Input and Output steam condition of Turbines, Extractions, Deaerator, LP Heaters, Condensers etc have been computed as per the specifications of the turbine manufacturer
INTRODUCTION
THERMODYNAMIC CYCLE OF STEAM FLOW
RANKINE CYCLE (IDEAL , ACTUAL ,REHEAT)
LAYOUT OF STEAM POWER PLANT
MAJOR COMPONENTS AND THEIR FUNCTIONS
ALTERNATOR
EXCITATION SYSTEM
GOVERNING SYSTEM
Afval heeft vaak nog energie potentieel. Bij de verbranding kan stoom opgewekt worden. Meer weten over de mogelijkheden van waste energy? Lees erover in deze presentatie inclusief een klanten case.
The Presentation discusses the Air-Heater Performance Indices and the Boiler Performance calculation. One can Calculate the air ingress in the air-heater and the boiler and losses incurred thereby. The presentation also describes in details about the boiler efficiency and its calculation.
Mini project ppt on working of steam turbine and its auxiliariesjyotishmathi college
A steam turbine is a mechanical device that extracts thermal energy from pressurized steam, and converts it into rotary motion. Its modern manifestation was invented by Sir Charles Parsons in 1884.
A steam turbine is a prime mover in which the potential energy of the steam is transformed into kinetic energy and later in its turn is transformed into the mechanical energy of rotation of the turbine shaft
The writeup details the Heat Balance of BHEL 210 MW Turbine Cycle. The Input and Output steam condition of Turbines, Extractions, Deaerator, LP Heaters, Condensers etc have been computed as per the specifications of the turbine manufacturer
INTRODUCTION
THERMODYNAMIC CYCLE OF STEAM FLOW
RANKINE CYCLE (IDEAL , ACTUAL ,REHEAT)
LAYOUT OF STEAM POWER PLANT
MAJOR COMPONENTS AND THEIR FUNCTIONS
ALTERNATOR
EXCITATION SYSTEM
GOVERNING SYSTEM
Afval heeft vaak nog energie potentieel. Bij de verbranding kan stoom opgewekt worden. Meer weten over de mogelijkheden van waste energy? Lees erover in deze presentatie inclusief een klanten case.
This was presented during the 9th annual refining summit 2015 in The Hague where key descision makers from the industry came together. One of the main topics was "How to increase energy efficiency & How to increase Profit marines" This presenation how the latent Bronswerk developments are supporting these targets.
3 show cases:
case 1: steam recompression
Case 2: debottlenecking ACHE with limited plotspace, limited available power and noise limitations
Case 3: debottlenecking ACHE with noise issues.
ABSTRACT
Heat/light/electrical energy is out today’s necessity and has scarcity also. Energy conservation is key requirement of any industry at all times.
In general, industries use heat energy for conservation of raw material to finished product. The source of heat energy is generally saturated or super heated steam. The steam generation is common use one boiler with carity of fuels. Whatever may be the fuel the generation should be as economy as possible which adds to the product cost. Further the usage of steam and recycling steam condensate back to boiler is an art depending on plant layouts.
In this project the steam generator is water tube boiler fired with rice husk. The steam is transferred to the tyre/tube moulds where tyres/tubes are cured while the heat is rejected to the tyres the condensate forms and this condensate is put back to the boiler. While doing so the steam is also stopped back to boiler without rejecting complete heat to the product. This gets flashed into atmosphere at feed water tank. The science of separation of condensate from steam saves energy. Better the separation more the fuel conservation.
In the steam generator the fuel is burnt to heat the water and form steam. This fuel burnt flue gas carries lot of energy, out through chimney. Prior to exhausting through the heat left in flue need to be recovered, through heat recovery mechanisms’. In this project an air-preheater condensate heat recovery unit is the major energy consuming station.
Condenser and Cooling Tower Power Plant EngineeringAjaypalsinh Barad
The file contains all details of the Condenser and Cooling Tower systems or Thermal power plant. This is the part of the subject Power Plant Engineering in GTU in 7th semester.
100++-interview questions and answers on steam turbine.pdfmaheshwali1
100++-interview questions and answers on steam turbine
Is it possible to have a negative absolute pressure?
No, absolute pressure is measured with reference to a perfect vacuum so it is impossible for it to go negative. You can only measure negative pressure between two different pressures. For example if you allow atmospheric air to gradually flow into a vacuum vessel and measure pressure inside relative to outside it will show a negative pressure reading.
What type of problems do you face in steam turbines related to vacuum?
Problems such as:
· Low vacuum
· High exhaust pressure
· High exhaust temperature
· Higher specific steam consumption
· More cooling water circulation
· Hot well level variation
How do you create vacuum in steam condensers?
Vacuum is created in condenser by steam jet ejectors, where high pressure 8–12 kg/cm2 steam is passed through nozzle which is connected to air line from condenser. This creates high negative pressure there by evacuating air from condenser.
Generally there are Two Types of Ejectors:
Hogger Ejector: Initially this ejector is used for pulling vacuum. It has steam and air lines connections, steam is vented directly into atmosphere. It consumes more steam than main ejectors. It requires 20–30 minutes to create 85% of operating vacuum.
Main Ejector: It comes with first stage and second stage. Air line from surface condenser is given to 1st stage then again air from 1st stage is collected and discharged into 2nd stage. 2nd stage ejector has air vent line.
It consumes less steam than hogger ejector. Generally an ejector come with 1W + 1S i.e. one working and one stand by.
Also vacuum pumps called liquid ring vacuum pumps are used to create vacuum in condensers. Which consume less energy than steam jet air ejector
How does low vacuum affect on turbine speed?
Lower vacuum creates back pressure on turbine blades and rotors. So in emergency, vacuum breaker valve is opened to bring down the turbine speed to zero in minimum time to avoid any further damages.
What is the effect of low vacuum & high exhaust pressure on steam turbine performance?
Low vacuum or high exhaust pressure & high exhaust temperatures lead to more steam consumption to generate unit power.
What are the potential reasons for lower vacuum in steam condenser?
· More condenser load than design
· Lesser amount of cooling water circulation in condenser
· Higher atmosphere temperature
· Location of the steam condenser at higher elevations.
· More exhaust temperature
· Air leakages in the system
· Lesser efficiency of steam ejector or vacuum pump
· Ejector inter condense (1st stage) condensate seal break
· Lesser pressure & temperature of motive steam at ejector inlet
· Worn out ejector nozzles
· Improper quality of motive steam
· Variation in condenser inlet & outlet cooling water temperatures
· Operation of Turbine at lower load
· Lower gland seal steam pressure
What are the effects of air le
Stall can most easily be defined as a condition in which heat transfer equipment is unable to drain condensate and becomes flooded due to insufficient system pressure.
What causes stall?
Stall occurs primarily in heat transfer equipment where the steam pressure is modulated to obtain a desired output (i.e. product temperature). The pressure range of any such equipment ( coils, shell & tube, etc....) can be segmented into two (2) distinct operational modes: Operating and Stall
Operating: In the upper section of the pressure range the operating pressure (OP) of the equipment is greater than the back pressure (BP) present at the discharge of the steam trap. Therefore a positive pressure differential across the trap exists allowing for condensate to flow from the equipment to the condensate return line.
Stall: In the lower section of the pressure range the operating pressure (OP) of the equipment is less than or equal to the back pressure (BP) present at the discharge of the steam trap. Therefore a negative or no pressure differential exists, this does not allow condensate to be discharged to the return line and the condensate begins to collect and flood the equipment.
I have attached this report where we find out the actual reason steam turbine Deaerating Condenser Performance degradation which was written on June 06, 2012.That time I was in Haripur Power Limited (HPL) ,A 360 MW CCPP of Pendekar Energy Bangladesh Ltd.
The report outcome showed that the Steam turbine load could be reached to its maximum capacity after those valve maintenance works on the next Steam Turbine Major inspection on 2013.We hope we can increase our steam turbine load to 5-7 MW/D on that time.
The operational guys were indicating Circulating water pumps (CWP A&B) were not performing to its design capacity & Ejectors/vacuum pumps are not performing well.So,Mechanical Maintenance Team (MMT) team find this successful outcome after several study.
Condenser vacuum condition has improved a lot after maintenance of the valves on last Major Inspection on 2013.
It is a sample report where we can realize that identifying actual reason for an equipment performance is not only a job of operational people but also a responsibility of the maintenance guys.
General overview of HVAC Technology
General overview of VRF Technology
Benefits of VRF
General overview of Refrigerant
General overview of Ton
General overview of Compressor
GraphRAG is All You need? LLM & Knowledge GraphGuy Korland
Guy Korland, CEO and Co-founder of FalkorDB, will review two articles on the integration of language models with knowledge graphs.
1. Unifying Large Language Models and Knowledge Graphs: A Roadmap.
https://arxiv.org/abs/2306.08302
2. Microsoft Research's GraphRAG paper and a review paper on various uses of knowledge graphs:
https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/blog/graphrag-unlocking-llm-discovery-on-narrative-private-data/
Slack (or Teams) Automation for Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Soluti...Jeffrey Haguewood
Sidekick Solutions uses Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Solutions Apricot) and automation solutions to integrate data for business workflows.
We believe integration and automation are essential to user experience and the promise of efficient work through technology. Automation is the critical ingredient to realizing that full vision. We develop integration products and services for Bonterra Case Management software to support the deployment of automations for a variety of use cases.
This video focuses on the notifications, alerts, and approval requests using Slack for Bonterra Impact Management. The solutions covered in this webinar can also be deployed for Microsoft Teams.
Interested in deploying notification automations for Bonterra Impact Management? Contact us at sales@sidekicksolutionsllc.com to discuss next steps.
Transcript: Selling digital books in 2024: Insights from industry leaders - T...BookNet Canada
The publishing industry has been selling digital audiobooks and ebooks for over a decade and has found its groove. What’s changed? What has stayed the same? Where do we go from here? Join a group of leading sales peers from across the industry for a conversation about the lessons learned since the popularization of digital books, best practices, digital book supply chain management, and more.
Link to video recording: https://bnctechforum.ca/sessions/selling-digital-books-in-2024-insights-from-industry-leaders/
Presented by BookNet Canada on May 28, 2024, with support from the Department of Canadian Heritage.
Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey 2024 by 91mobiles.pdf91mobiles
91mobiles recently conducted a Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey in which we asked over 3,000 respondents about the TV they own, aspects they look at on a new TV, and their TV buying preferences.
Key Trends Shaping the Future of Infrastructure.pdfCheryl Hung
Keynote at DIGIT West Expo, Glasgow on 29 May 2024.
Cheryl Hung, ochery.com
Sr Director, Infrastructure Ecosystem, Arm.
The key trends across hardware, cloud and open-source; exploring how these areas are likely to mature and develop over the short and long-term, and then considering how organisations can position themselves to adapt and thrive.
Accelerate your Kubernetes clusters with Varnish CachingThijs Feryn
A presentation about the usage and availability of Varnish on Kubernetes. This talk explores the capabilities of Varnish caching and shows how to use the Varnish Helm chart to deploy it to Kubernetes.
This presentation was delivered at K8SUG Singapore. See https://feryn.eu/presentations/accelerate-your-kubernetes-clusters-with-varnish-caching-k8sug-singapore-28-2024 for more details.
JMeter webinar - integration with InfluxDB and GrafanaRTTS
Watch this recorded webinar about real-time monitoring of application performance. See how to integrate Apache JMeter, the open-source leader in performance testing, with InfluxDB, the open-source time-series database, and Grafana, the open-source analytics and visualization application.
In this webinar, we will review the benefits of leveraging InfluxDB and Grafana when executing load tests and demonstrate how these tools are used to visualize performance metrics.
Length: 30 minutes
Session Overview
-------------------------------------------
During this webinar, we will cover the following topics while demonstrating the integrations of JMeter, InfluxDB and Grafana:
- What out-of-the-box solutions are available for real-time monitoring JMeter tests?
- What are the benefits of integrating InfluxDB and Grafana into the load testing stack?
- Which features are provided by Grafana?
- Demonstration of InfluxDB and Grafana using a practice web application
To view the webinar recording, go to:
https://www.rttsweb.com/jmeter-integration-webinar
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 3DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 3. In this session, we will cover desktop automation along with UI automation.
Topics covered:
UI automation Introduction,
UI automation Sample
Desktop automation flow
Pradeep Chinnala, Senior Consultant Automation Developer @WonderBotz and UiPath MVP
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 4DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 4. In this session, we will cover Test Manager overview along with SAP heatmap.
The UiPath Test Manager overview with SAP heatmap webinar offers a concise yet comprehensive exploration of the role of a Test Manager within SAP environments, coupled with the utilization of heatmaps for effective testing strategies.
Participants will gain insights into the responsibilities, challenges, and best practices associated with test management in SAP projects. Additionally, the webinar delves into the significance of heatmaps as a visual aid for identifying testing priorities, areas of risk, and resource allocation within SAP landscapes. Through this session, attendees can expect to enhance their understanding of test management principles while learning practical approaches to optimize testing processes in SAP environments using heatmap visualization techniques
What will you get from this session?
1. Insights into SAP testing best practices
2. Heatmap utilization for testing
3. Optimization of testing processes
4. Demo
Topics covered:
Execution from the test manager
Orchestrator execution result
Defect reporting
SAP heatmap example with demo
Speaker:
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
Builder.ai Founder Sachin Dev Duggal's Strategic Approach to Create an Innova...Ramesh Iyer
In today's fast-changing business world, Companies that adapt and embrace new ideas often need help to keep up with the competition. However, fostering a culture of innovation takes much work. It takes vision, leadership and willingness to take risks in the right proportion. Sachin Dev Duggal, co-founder of Builder.ai, has perfected the art of this balance, creating a company culture where creativity and growth are nurtured at each stage.
The Art of the Pitch: WordPress Relationships and SalesLaura Byrne
Clients don’t know what they don’t know. What web solutions are right for them? How does WordPress come into the picture? How do you make sure you understand scope and timeline? What do you do if sometime changes?
All these questions and more will be explored as we talk about matching clients’ needs with what your agency offers without pulling teeth or pulling your hair out. Practical tips, and strategies for successful relationship building that leads to closing the deal.
DevOps and Testing slides at DASA ConnectKari Kakkonen
My and Rik Marselis slides at 30.5.2024 DASA Connect conference. We discuss about what is testing, then what is agile testing and finally what is Testing in DevOps. Finally we had lovely workshop with the participants trying to find out different ways to think about quality and testing in different parts of the DevOps infinity loop.
Kubernetes & AI - Beauty and the Beast !?! @KCD Istanbul 2024Tobias Schneck
As AI technology is pushing into IT I was wondering myself, as an “infrastructure container kubernetes guy”, how get this fancy AI technology get managed from an infrastructure operational view? Is it possible to apply our lovely cloud native principals as well? What benefit’s both technologies could bring to each other?
Let me take this questions and provide you a short journey through existing deployment models and use cases for AI software. On practical examples, we discuss what cloud/on-premise strategy we may need for applying it to our own infrastructure to get it to work from an enterprise perspective. I want to give an overview about infrastructure requirements and technologies, what could be beneficial or limiting your AI use cases in an enterprise environment. An interactive Demo will give you some insides, what approaches I got already working for real.
PHP Frameworks: I want to break free (IPC Berlin 2024)Ralf Eggert
In this presentation, we examine the challenges and limitations of relying too heavily on PHP frameworks in web development. We discuss the history of PHP and its frameworks to understand how this dependence has evolved. The focus will be on providing concrete tips and strategies to reduce reliance on these frameworks, based on real-world examples and practical considerations. The goal is to equip developers with the skills and knowledge to create more flexible and future-proof web applications. We'll explore the importance of maintaining autonomy in a rapidly changing tech landscape and how to make informed decisions in PHP development.
This talk is aimed at encouraging a more independent approach to using PHP frameworks, moving towards a more flexible and future-proof approach to PHP development.
2. RANKINE CYCLE
The Rankine cycle used in modern power plants has
many more components, but the four components
are common to all power plants.
In this cycle, water is heated in the steam generator
to produce high temperature and pressure steam.
This steam is then expanded in a turbine to produce
electricity from a generator that is connected to the
turbine.
The steam from the turbine is then condensed back
into water in the condenser.
The pump then returns the water to the steam
generator.
3. RANKINE CYCLE
1-2:CEP WORK
2-3:LP HEATING
3-4:BFP WORK
4-5:HP HEATING
5-6:ECO,WW
6-7:SUPERHEATING
7-8:HPT WORK
8-9:REHEAT
9-10:IPT WORK
10-11:LPT WORK
11-1: CONDENSATING
4. CONDENSER
The main purposes of the condenser are to condense the
exhaust steam from the turbine for reuse in the cycle and
to maximize turbine efficiency by maintaining proper
vacuum. As the operating pressure of the condenser is
lowered (vacuum is increased), the enthalpy drop of the
expanding steam in the turbine will also increase. This will
increase the amount of available work from the turbine
(electrical output).
By lowering the condenser operating pressure, the
following will occur:
• Increased turbine output
• Increased plant efficiency
• Reduced steam flow (for a given plant output)
It is therefore very advantageous to operate the condenser
at the lowest possible pressure (highest vacuum).
5. FUNCTION OF CONDENSER
Function of the condenser is to create a vacuum by
condensing steam,
Removing dissolved noncondensable gases from the
condensate
Conserving the condensate for re-use as the feedwater
supply to the steam generator
Providing a leak-tight barrier between the high grade
condensate contained within the shell and the untreated
cooling water
Providing a leak-tight barrier against air ingress,
preventing excess back pressure on the turbine
Serving as a drain receptacle, receiving vapor and
condensate from various other plant heat exchangers,
steam dumps, and turbine bleed-offs
receptacle for adding DM makeup
7. CONDENSER OPERATION
The main heat transfer mechanisms in a surface
condenser are the condensing of saturated steam on
the outside of the tubes and the heating of the
circulating water inside the tubes.
Thus for a given circulating water flow rate, the water
inlet temperature to the condenser determines the
operating pressure of the condenser. As this
temperature is decreased, the condenser pressure will
also decrease. As described above, this decrease in
the pressure will increase the plant output and
efficiency.
The noncondensable gases consist of mostly air that
has leaked into the cycle .
These gases must be vented from the condenser .
8. REASON FOR REMOVING AIR/GAS
• The gases will increase the operating pressure of
the condenser. This rise in pressure will decrease the
turbine output and efficiency.
• The gases will blanket the outer surface of the
tubes. This will severely decrease the heat transfer of
the steam to the circulating water. Again, the
pressure in the condenser will increase.
• The corrosiveness of the condensate in the
condenser increases as the oxygen content increases.
Oxygen causes corrosion, mostly in the steam
generator. Thus, these gases must be removed in
order to extend the life of cycle components.
9. CONDENSER TUBE MATERIALS
Copper based alloy(ASTM B 111,B543)
Stainless steel (ASTM A268, B268, A249, A213,
A269)
Titanium( ASTM B 338 Gr 1&2)
Carbon steel (ASTM A 179,A214)
15. Effect of Air Ingress
For maximum thermal efficiency, corresponding to a
minimum back pressure, a vacuum is maintained in the
condenser. However, this vacuum encourages air in-
leakage.
Thus, to keep the concentration of noncondensable gases as
low as possible, the condenser system must be leak tight,
together with any part of the condensate system that is
under vacuum. Failure to prevent or remove the
noncondensable gases may cause serious corrosion in the
system, lower heat transfer properties, and/or increase
plant heat rate due to the back pressure rise associated
with a high in leakage.
The cost of excess back pressure in terms of additional fuel
or increased heat rate .
An adequate air-removal and monitoring system is
essential.
16. SOURCES OF AIR IN LEAKAGE IN A
CONDENSER
• Atmospheric relief valves or vacuum breakers
• Rupture disks
• Drains that pass through the condenser
• Turbine seals
• Turbine/condenser expansion joint
• Tubesheet to shell joints
• Air-removal suction componets
• instrumentation, sight glasses, etc.
• Low-pressure feedwater heaters, associated piping,
• Valve stems, piping flanges, orifice flanges
• Manhole
• Shell welds
• Condensate pump seals
17. CIRCULATING WATER IN LEAKAGE
Circulating water in-leakage into the condenser has
been the major source of impurities introduced into
the condensate and, thus, has been a major factor in
boiler corrosion.
There are a number of possible causes of water in-
leakage, including:
• Use of tube materials, such as admiralty brass, that
are susceptible to erosion/corrosion
• Improperly rolled tube joints
• Poor condenser design leading to tube failures.
• Improperly supported tubes, which can lead to tube
vibration failures
• Tube manufacturing defects.
18. Water In-Leakage Detection Methods
Smoke
Thermography
Ultrasonics
Plastic wrap
Foam
Water Fill Leak Test
Rubber Stoppers
Individual Tube ressure/Vacuum Testing
Tracer Gas Method -HELIUM
19. NDE –EDDY CURRENT TESTING OF
CONDENSER TUBES
In the eddy current testing of condenser tubes, there are at
least four kinds of damage that might be detected:
• Corrosion pitting
• Crevice corrosion
• Fractures caused by tube vibration
• Through wall penetrations
In the first three, the depth of penetration is an important
benchmark, influencing a decision whether to plug the tube
as a precaution against future leaks. The identification of
through-wall leaks will of course call for them to be plugged
when all the testing has been completed.
20. CONDENSER TUBE CLEANING
Macro-fouling (accumulation of debris), not only reduces
the cooling water flow rate through the tubes it can
cause tube corrosion and tube erosion failures.
Micro-fouling (biological growth) and scaling reduces the
heat transfer coefficient and could cause under deposit
corrosion resulting in premature tube failures.
Various tube cleaning options are available to reduce or
eliminate the micro/macro fouling and scaling.
off-line
on-line methods. — (Sponge balls or brushes may be
automatically recirculated through the condenser)
21. Cycle Isolation
Generating plants often suffer from power losses/heat
rate due to leakages through valves to condenser.
Check incoming drain lines, feedwater heater high level
dumps, minimum flow valves, and steam traps for
leakage or improper operation which could add
unexpected heat load to the condenser.
To minimize leakages through valves to condenser ,
Select all control valves (e g emergency drain of
heaters) to condenser with leakage class v and Select
all isolating /drain valve to condenser with leakage class
MSS SP 61.
22. CONDENSER DESIGN CRITERIA
The steam condensing plant shall be designed,
manufactured and tested as per HEI (latest edition).
The condenser(s) shall be designed for heat load
corresponding to unit operation for valves wide open (VWO)
conditions, 3% make-up, design condenser pressure .
The value of design condenser pressure to be measured at
300 mm above the top row of condenser tubes shall be
guaranteed under VWO condition, 3% make-up, design CW
inlet temperature and CW flow.The condenser vacuum shall
be measured with a vacuum grid utilising ASME basket tips.
The condenser hotwell shall be sized for three (3) minute
storage capacity (between normal and low-low level).
Maximum oxygen content of condensate leaving the
condenser shall be 0.015 cc per litre over 50-100% load
range.