1. Submitted By-
Name: Amay Jain
Branch: B.Tech Power System Engineering
Batch: 2011-2015
Roll No.: R630211007
SAP ID: 500016415

3. BRIEF PROFILE OF THE COMPANY
• PRAGATI POWER CORPORATION LIMITED IS AN UNDERTAKING OF
GOVERNMENT OF NCT OF DELHI. IT WAS INCORPORATED ON 9TH
JANUARY, 2001 TO UNDERTAKE POWER GENERATION ACTIVITIES
FOR SUPPLYING POWER TO DELHI. IT IS ONE OF THE LEADING
UNDERTAKINGS OF GNCTD, GENERATING PROFITS SINCE
INCEPTION AND PAYING DIVIDENDS REGULARLY. IT IS PRESENTLY
HAVING CAPITAL BASE OF 2,019 CRORES AND ASSET BASE
OF 3,319 CRORES. THE PROJECTED ASSET BASE AND REVENUE
INCOME OF COMPANY IN THE NEAR FUTURE ARE 6,000 CRORES
AND 5,000 CRORES RESPECTIVELY. THE FIRST PROJECT
UNDERTAKEN BY THE COMPANY WAS 330 MW GAS BASED CCGT
WHICH WAS FULLY COMMISSIONED IN THE YEAR 2003-04. THE
STATION IS PRESENTLY OPERATING AT ABOVE 85% AVAILABILITY.

4. VISION & MISSION
VISION:
• TO MAKE DELHI-POWER SURPLUS.
MISSION:
• TO MAXIMIZE GENERATION FROM AVAILABLE CAPACITY.
• TO PLAN & IMPLEMENT NEW GENERATION CAPACITY IN DELHI.
• COMPETITIVE PRICING OF OUR OWN GENERATION.
• TO SET EVER-SO HIGH STANDARDS OF ENVIRONMENT
PROTECTION.
• TO DEVELOP COMPETENT HUMAN RESOURCES FOR MANAGING
THE COMPANY, WITH GOOD STANDARDS.

5. COMBINED CYCLE POWER
PLANT (CCPP)
• COMBINED CYCLE POWER PLANT (CCPP) OR COMBINED CYCLE GAS TURBINE
PLANT (CCGT)
• A GAS TURBINE GENERATOR GENERATES ELECTRICITY AND HEAT IN THE
EXHAUST IS USED TO MAKE STEAM, WHICH IN TURN DRIVES A STEAM TURBINE
TO GENERATE AN ADDITIONAL ELECTRICITY.
• IN CCPP, A SUCCESSFUL COMMON COMBINATION IS THE BRAYTON CYCLE (IN
THE FORM OF A TURBINE BURNING NATURAL GAS) AND THE RANKINE CYCLE
(IN THE FORM OF A STEAM POWER PLANT).
• THE GAS TURBINE IS COMPRISED OF THREE MAIN COMPONENTS: A
COMPRESSOR, COMBUSTOR AND A TURBINE.
• THE AIR IS, COMPRESSED IN THE COMPRESSOR (ADIABATIC COMPRESSION-NO
HEAT GAIN OR LOSS), THEN MIXED WITH FUEL AND BURNT BY COMBUSTOR
UNDER CONSTANT PRESSURE CONDITIONS IN THE COMBUSTION CHAMBER.
• THE RESULTING HOT GAS EXPANDS THROUGH THE TURBINE TO PERFORM
WORK (ADIABATIC EXPANSION).

7. BRAYTON CYCLE
• THE BRAYTON CYCLE IS A THERMODYNAMIC CYCLE THAT DESCRIBES THE WORKINGS
OF A CONSTANT PRESSURE HEAT ENGINE.
• IDEAL BRAYTON CYCLE:
1. ISENTROPIC PROCESS - AMBIENT AIR IS DRAWN INTO THE COMPRESSOR, WHERE IT IS
PRESSURIZED.
2. ISOBARIC PROCESS - THE COMPRESSED AIR THEN RUNS THROUGH A COMBUSTION
CHAMBER, WHERE FUEL IS BURNED, HEATING THAT AIR—A CONSTANT-PRESSURE
PROCESS, SINCE THE CHAMBER IS OPEN TO FLOW IN AND OUT.
3. ISENTROPIC PROCESS - THE HEATED, PRESSURIZED AIR THEN GIVES UP ITS ENERGY,
EXPANDING THROUGH A TURBINE (OR SERIES OF TURBINES). SOME OF THE WORK
EXTRACTED BY THE TURBINE IS USED TO DRIVE THE COMPRESSOR.
4. ISOBARIC PROCESS - HEAT REJECTION (IN THE ATMOSPHERE).
• ACTUAL BRAYTON CYCLE:
I. ADIABATIC PROCESS - COMPRESSION.
II. ISOBARIC PROCESS - HEAT ADDITION.
III. ADIABATIC PROCESS - EXPANSION.
IV. ISOBARIC PROCESS - HEAT REJECTION.

8. RANKINE CYCLE
• THE RANKINE CYCLE IS A MODEL THAT IS USED TO PREDICT THE PERFORMANCE OF
STEAM ENGINES. THE RANKINE CYCLE IS AN IDEALIZED THERMODYNAMIC CYCLE OF A
HEAT ENGINE THAT CONVERTS HEAT INTO MECHANICAL WORK. THE HEAT IS SUPPLIED
EXTERNALLY TO A CLOSED LOOP, WHICH USUALLY USES WATER AS THE WORKING FLUID
• THERE ARE FOUR PROCESSES IN THE RANKINE CYCLE. THESE STATES ARE IDENTIFIED BY
NUMBERS (IN BROWN) IN THE ABOVE TS DIAGRAM.
• PROCESS 1-2: THE WORKING FLUID IS PUMPED FROM LOW TO HIGH PRESSURE. AS THE
FLUID IS A LIQUID AT THIS STAGE, THE PUMP REQUIRES LITTLE INPUT ENERGY.
• PROCESS 2-3: THE HIGH PRESSURE LIQUID ENTERS A BOILER WHERE IT IS HEATED AT
CONSTANT PRESSURE BY AN EXTERNAL HEAT SOURCE TO BECOME A DRY SATURATED
VAPOUR. THE INPUT ENERGY REQUIRED CAN BE EASILY CALCULATED USING MOLLIER
DIAGRAM OR H-S CHAR TOR ENTHALPY-ENTROPY CHART ALSO KNOWN AS STEAM
TABLES.
• PROCESS 3-4: THE DRY SATURATED VAPOUR EXPANDS THROUGH A TURBINE,
GENERATING POWER. THIS DECREASES THE TEMPERATURE AND PRESSURE OF THE
VAPOUR, AND SOME CONDENSATION MAY OCCUR. THE OUTPUT IN THIS PROCESS CAN BE
EASILY CALCULATED USING THE ENTHALPY-ENTROPY CHART OR THE STEAM TABLES.
• PROCESS 4-1: THE WET VAPOUR THEN ENTERS A CONDENSER WHERE IT IS CONDENSED
AT A CONSTANT PRESSURE TO BECOME A SATURATED LIQUID.

9. FUEL
• THE PRIMARY FUEL FOR GAS TURBINE IS NATURAL GAS BEING
SUPPLIED BY M/S GAIL THROUGH HBJ PIPE LINE.
• THE GAS IS RECEIVED AT GAIL TERMINAL INSTALLED IN THE
VICINITY OF THE POWER STATION.
• M/S GAIL IS COMMITTED TO SUPPLY 1.75 MCMD OF GAS ON DAILY
BASIS AT A PRESSURE OF 20 KG PER SQ. CM.
• THE CALORIFIC VALUE OF NATURAL GAS BEING RECEIVED FOR
POWER GENERATION IS IN THE BAND OF 8200-8500 KILOCALORIES.
THE SECONDARY FUEL FOR GAS TURBINE IS HSD/NAPTHA, WHICH
IS USED IN CASE NO GAS SUPPLY IS AVAILABLE. DEMINERIALIZED
WATER IS INJECTED TO CONTROL NOX. WHILE MACHINE IS
OPERATED ON LIQUID FUEL I.E. HSD/NAPTHA.

10. HEAT RECOVERY STEAM
GENERATOR (HRSG)
• THE HEAT RECOVERY STEAM GENERATOR (HRSG) IS A HORIZONTAL, NATURAL
CIRCULATION, SINGLE PRESSURE, WATER TUBE TYPE STEAM GENERATOR
WITH A SINGLE DRUM.
• IT IS UNFIRED TYPE AND USES GAS TURBINE EXHAUST GASES AS HEAT
SOURCE.
• IT HAS BEEN DESIGNED TO GENERATE SUPERHEAT STEAM AT A PRESSURE OF
41.5 KG/CM2 AND A TEMPERATURE OF 512 DEGREE CELSIUS AT A MAIN STREAM
VALUE (MSV).
• IT CONSISTS OF FOLLOWING SECTION :
A) SUPERHEATER SECTION
B) EVAPORATOR SECTION
C) ECONOMIZER SECTION
D) CONDENSATE PRE HEATER (C.P.H) AND COMPONENTS
E) STEEL CHIMNEY

12. CONDENSER
• THE SURFACE CONDENSER IS A SHELL AND TUBE TYPE OF HEAT
EXCHANGER IN WHICH COOLING WATER IS CIRCULATED THROUGH
THE TUBES. THE EXHAUST STEAM FROM THE LOW PRESSURE
TURBINE ENTERS THE SHELL WHERE IT IS COOLED AND
CONVERTED TO CONDENSATE (WATER) BY FLOWING OVER THE
TUBES.

13. DE-AERATOR
• A STEAM GENERATING BOILER REQUIRES THAT THE BOILER FEED
WATER SHOULD BE DEVOID OF AIR AND OTHER DISSOLVED GASES,
PARTICULARLY CORROSIVE ONES, IN ORDER TO AVOID CORROSION OF
THE METAL. GENERALLY, POWER STATIONS USE A DEAERATOR TO
PROVIDE FOR THE REMOVAL OF AIR AND OTHER DISSOLVED GASES
FROM THE BOILER FEEDWATER. A DEAERATOR TYPICALLY INCLUDES A
VERTICAL, DOMED DEAERATION SECTION MOUNTED ON TOP OF A
HORIZONTAL CYLINDRICAL VESSEL WHICH SERVES AS THE
DEAERATED BOILER FEEDWATER STORAGE TANK.

14. COOLING TOWER
• COOLING TOWERS ARE HEAT REMOVAL DEVICES USED TO TRANSFER PROCESS
WASTE HEAT TO THE ATMOSPHERE. COOLING TOWERS MAY EITHER USE THE
EVAPORATION OF WATER TO REMOVE PROCESS HEAT AND COOL THE WORKING
FLUID TO NEAR THE WET-BULB AIR TEMPERATURE OR RELY SOLELY ON AIR TO
COOL THE WORKING FLUID TO NEAR THE DRY-BULB AIR TEMPERATURE.
• AT PPCL, ID COOLING TOWERS ARE USED AND ARRANGED IN THE FORM OF A
ROW OF 8 CELLS SEPARATED BY BLOCK PARTITION WALLS FROM BASIN SILLS
TO THE FAN DECK.
• FANS ARE 8 BLADED EACH HAVING A DIAMETER OF 9144 MM

15. AIR FILTRATION SYSTEM
• WE NEED FILTRATION OF INLET AIR TO PREVENT INGESTION OF CONTAMINANTS TO
AVOID EROSION, FOULING, CORROSION, HOT GAS PATH CORROSION ETC. FILTRATION CAN
REMOVE SOME, BUT NOT ALL SUBSTANCES LIKE OIL VAPOUR, SMOKE WHICH CAUSE
FOULING OF COMPRESSOR BLADES. THESE ARE NEEDED TO BE REMOVED BY ONLINE OR
OFFLINE CLEANING WASHING OF COMPRESSOR USING ASH FREE DETERGENTS.
• AIR CONSUMED BY 1 GT (FRAME 9 E) FROM ATMOSPHERE IS 435 KG/S APPROX.
• AIRBORNE DUST CONTAINS SODIUM & POTASSIUM TWICE AS IN SOIL, ARISES FROM FINE
PARTICLES OF SOIL, LEADS TO HOT CORROSION.
• ALSO CONTAINS HYDROCARBON FROM VEHICULAR POLLUTION AND NEARBY POWER
PLANTS.
• CONTAINS OTHER SOLID, LIQUID AND GASEOUS CONTAMINATIONS

16. BALANCE OF PLANT (BOP)
• THE STEAM COMING OUT OF TURBINE IS
CONDENSED AND THE CONDENSATE IS
FEEDBACK TO THE BOILER AS FEED WATER.
SOME WATER MAY BE LOST DUE TO BLOW-
DOWN, LEAKAGE ETC AND TO MAKE UP
THESE LOSSES ADDITIONAL WATER CALLED
MAKE UP WATER, IS REQUIRED TO BE FED TO
THE BOILER.
• THE SOURCE OF FEED WATER CONTAIN
IMPURITIES THAT COULD LEAD TO SCALE
FORMATION.
• THE WATER IS PASSED THROUGH ALUM-
DOSED CLARIFIER WHICH BONDS IMPURITIES
AND THUS REMOVED.
• CHLORINE REMOVES THE ALGAE AND
BACTERIA’S FROM THE WATER. THESE
PROCESSES TAKES PLACE IN CLARIFIER FROM
WHERE WATER IS SENT TO D.M PLANT (DE-
MINERALIZED PLANT).

17. ACTIVATED CARBON FILTER:
Water from the clarifier first comes in the ACF. It absorbs some of
the impurities.
STRONG ACID CATION:
It consists of resin named hydrocarbon. It removes the acidic
impurities. This is recharged by HCl acid.
DEGASIFIER:
Here the gases available in the water i.e. oxygen, carbon dioxide
is removed upto 5-6%.
STRONG BASE ANION:
It consists of resin, OH-.It removes the basic impurities. It is
recharged by NaOH. The pH is 8.5-9.5.
MIXED BED:
It consists of both resin, acid and basic. pH is maintained about
6.8-7.2.This is recharged by HCl & NaOH.

18. GENERATOR
• GENERATOR CONVERTS THE MECHANICAL
ENERGY OF TURBINE SHAFT INTO
ELECTRICAL ENERGY. ROTATING FIELD
TYPE GENERATORS ARE EMPLOYED WHICH
ARE VENTILATED BY THE FANS OF ROTOR
SHAFT OR SEPARATELY DRIVEN FANS.
• AT THIS POWER PLANT THE REQUIREMENTS
OF GENERATOR ARE:
POLES=2
FREQUENCY=50HZ
SPEED=120F/P=3000RPM
• THE CLASS OF GENERATOR UNDER
CONSIDERATION IS STEAM TURBINE-
DRIVEN GENERATORS, COMMONLY CALLED
TURBO GENERATORS. GENERALLY THEY
HAVE THE RATINGS UP TO 1900MW BUT
HERE 3000RPM,50HZ GENERATORS ARE
USED OF CAPACITIES 122MW.

19. TRANSFORMER
• TRANSFORMER IS A DEVICE THAT TRANSFORMS ELECTRICAL ENERGY FORM
FROM ONE ALTERNATING VOLTAGE TO ANOTHER ALTERNATING VOLTAGE
WITHOUT CHANGE IN FREQUENCY.
• IEEE DEFINES TRANSFORMER AS A STATIC ELECTRICAL DEVICE, INVOLVING NO
CONTINUOUSLY MOVING PARTS, USED IN ELECTRIC POWER SYSTEM TO
TRANSFER POWER BETWEEN CIRCUITS THROUGH THE USE OF
ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION.
• TYPES OF TRANSFORMER:
1) POWER TRANSFORMER
2) INSTRUMENT TRANSFORMER
3) AUTO TRANSFORMER
4) ON THE BASIS OF WORKING

20. SWITCH YARD DESCRIPTION
• For any power station, switchyard is an important part which bridges the generating
station and the distribution system i.e. via switchyard the generated electricity is fed
to the sub-stations. It connects the GTPS to the northern grid.
• The switchyard of Gas Turbine Power Plant is of 220 kV.
• The voltage generated is 10.5 kV, which is then step up to 220 kV by generator
transformer. This 220 kV is fed to the 220 kV switchyard.
• The switchyard has the double bus bar system i.e. one is main bus and the other one
is secondary bus.
• Some of the functions are:
 Change voltage from one level to another
 Switch transmission and distribution circuits into and out of the grid system.
 Measure electric power qualities flowing in the circuits.
 Eliminate lightning and other surges from the system.

22. 1) ISOLATORS: They are designed to open a circuit under no load. Its main purpose
is to isolate portion of the circuit from the other & is not intended to be opened
while current is flowing in the line.
2) CIRCUIT BREAKERS: It is a piece of equipment which can break the circuit
automatically under faulty conditions and make the circuit either manually or by
remote control under faulty conditions. They can be classified as
i. oil circuit breaker
ii. Gas(SF6) circuit breaker
iii. Air-blast circuit breaker
iv. Vaccum circuit breaker
The switch yard has gas (SF6) or Sulphur Hexa Fluoride circuit breaker.

23. 3) INSULATORS: All the insulators are made of porcelain metal parts. They are free
from radio interference. They support the conductors (bus bar) and confine the
current to the conductors.
4) BUS COUPLERS: Breakers are used as
a bus coupler. They provide coupling
between the two bus bar of zones.
5) CURRENT TRANSFORMER: C.T is an instrument t/f used
for protection & metering of high values of currents.
C.T is used for reducing A.C from higher to lower value of
measurement/protection/control.

24. 6) POTENTIAL TRANSFORMER: They are used to increase the range of
voltmeters in electrical substations and generating stations. They are also called voltage
transformer
7) LIGHTINING ARRESTORS: A lightning
arrester is a device used on electrical power systems
and telecommunications systems to protect
the insulation and conductors of the system from the
damaging effects of lightning. The typical lightning
arrester has a high-voltage terminal and a ground
terminal.
8) EARTHING LINKS: Switchyard
Earthing is provided to protect personally
from shocks and hazards from electrical
equipments.

25. SPECIFICATIONS
• GAS TURBINE:
COMPRESSOR STAGES -17.0
TURBINE STAGES-3.0
NUMBER OF COMBUSTORS-14.0
PRESSURE RATIO-12.6
FIRING TEMPERATURE (IN O C)-1124
GT SPEED (RPM)-3000
CAPACITY (IN MW)-104
NUMBER OF UNITS-2
GAS PRESSURE (IN KG/SQ. CM)-20

26. • STEAM TURBINE
H.P TURBINE -SINGLE FLOW WITH 28 REACTION STAGES
L.P. TURBINE-DOUBLE FLOW WITH 8 REACTION STAGES
H.P. STOP AND CONTROL VALVES-2
L.P. STOP AND CONTROL VALVES-2
RATED SPEED-50/S
MAX. SPEED (NO TIME LIMITATION)-51.5/S
MIN. SPEED (NO TIME LIMITATION)-47.5/S
CRITICAL SPEED (IN R.P.M)-1292/2492
H.P. STEAM FLOW (IN T/HR)-390
L.P. STEAM FLOW (IN T/HR)-80

27. GENERATING TRANSFORMER
Type of Cooling OFAF ONAF ONAN
HV Rating
(MVA)
114 79.8 57
LV Rating
(MVA)
114 79.8 57
No Load Voltage
(HV, kV)
230 230 230
No Load Voltage
(LV, kV)
10.5 10.5 10.5
Line Current
(HV, A)
28.16 200.32 143.08
Line Current
(LV, A)
6268.37 4387.86 3134.19
Class of Insulation : A
Temperature rise Oil : 35˚C
Temperature rise Winding: 40˚C
Conservator: Air Cell Type
Connection Symbol: YNd11

28. UNIT AUXILIARY TRANSFORMER
Type of Cooling ONAN ONAF
HV Rating (MVA) 16 20
LV Rating (MVA) 16 20
No Load Voltage HV
(kV)
10.5 10.5
No Load Voltage LV
(kV)
6.9 6.9
HV Line Current (A) 869.77 1099.71
LV Line Current (A) 1338.78 1673.48
Insulation Level : A
Temperature rise Oil : 50˚C
Temperature rise Winding: 55˚C
Conservator: Air Cell Type
Connection Symbol: Dyn1

29. GAS (SF6) CIRCUIT BREAKER
Rated Lightning Impulse
Withstand Voltage
1050 kV
Rated Short Circuit Breaking
Current
40 kA
Rated Operating Pressure 15 kg/cm2
Rated Duration of Short Circuit
Current
40 kA for 3 secs
Rated Voltage 245 kV
Rated Frequency 50 Hz
Rated Normal Current 3150 A
Rated Closing Voltage 220 V DC
Rated Opening Voltage 220 V DC
Rated Gas Pressure 6 kg/cm2
Rated Voltage and Frequency for
Auxiliary Circuit
415 V AC 50 Hz

30. VACUUM CIRCUIT BREAKER
Voltage 7.2 kV
Frequency 50 Hz
Normal Current 630 A
Sym Breaking Capacity 31.5 kA
Short Time Current 31.5 kA
Duration 1 second
Making Capacity 80 kAp

31. SINGLE LINE DIAGRAM OF
SUBSTATION OF DELHI TRANSCO
LTD. (DTL)