INTRODUCTION
THERMODYNAMIC CYCLE OF STEAM FLOW
RANKINE CYCLE (IDEAL , ACTUAL ,REHEAT)
LAYOUT OF STEAM POWER PLANT
MAJOR COMPONENTS AND THEIR FUNCTIONS
ALTERNATOR
EXCITATION SYSTEM
GOVERNING SYSTEM
A short presentation about the different components of a steam power plant. It first tells us what's a steam power plant and then explains how electricity is generated by them.
A short presentation about the different components of a steam power plant. It first tells us what's a steam power plant and then explains how electricity is generated by them.
A steam turbine is a prime mover in which the potential energy of the steam is transformed into kinetic energy and later in its turn is transformed into the mechanical energy of rotation of the turbine shaft
A generating station in which diesel engine is used as the prime mover for the generation of electrical energy
is known as Diesel power station or Diesel power plant
Waste heat recovery, co geration and tri-generationAmol Kokare
Diploma in Mechanical Engg.
Babasaheb Phadtare Polytechnic, kalamb-walchandnagar
Sub- Power plant engineering
Unit-Waste heat recovery, co geration and tri-generation.
By- Prof. Kokare Amol Yashwant
This slide consists of the basic layout, site plan and the components of a steam power plant. Block diagram of a steam power plant is also present in this slide.
A steam turbine is a prime mover in which the potential energy of the steam is transformed into kinetic energy and later in its turn is transformed into the mechanical energy of rotation of the turbine shaft
A generating station in which diesel engine is used as the prime mover for the generation of electrical energy
is known as Diesel power station or Diesel power plant
Waste heat recovery, co geration and tri-generationAmol Kokare
Diploma in Mechanical Engg.
Babasaheb Phadtare Polytechnic, kalamb-walchandnagar
Sub- Power plant engineering
Unit-Waste heat recovery, co geration and tri-generation.
By- Prof. Kokare Amol Yashwant
This slide consists of the basic layout, site plan and the components of a steam power plant. Block diagram of a steam power plant is also present in this slide.
Thermal Power Plant - Full Detail About Plant and Parts (Also Contain Animate...Shubham Thakur
A thermal power station is a power plant in which the prime mover is steam driven. Water is heated, turns into steam and spins a steam turbine which drives an electrical generator. After it passes through the turbine, the steam is condensed in a condenser and recycled to where it was heated; this is known as a Rankine cycle. The greatest variation in the design of thermal power stations is due to the different fossil fuel resources generally used to heat the water. Some prefer to use the term energy center because such facilities convert forms of heat energy into electrical energy.[1] Certain thermal power plants also are designed to produce heat energy for industrial purposes of district heating, or desalination of water, in addition to generating electrical power. Globally, fossil fueled thermal power plants produce a large part of man-made CO2 emissions to the atmosphere, and efforts to reduce these are varied and widespread.
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In any thermal power generation plant, heat energy converts into mechanical work. Then it is converted to electrical energy by rotating a generator which produces electrical energy.
introduction to thermal powerplant,type of thermal powerplant,captive powerplant,rankin cycle,co-generation powerplant,subcritical powerplant,supercritical powerplant,theory of operation,working principle,parts of powerplant,boiler,turbine,etc
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
About
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Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
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AIRCRAFT GENERAL
The Single Aisle is the most advanced family aircraft in service today, with fly-by-wire flight controls.
The A318, A319, A320 and A321 are twin-engine subsonic medium range aircraft.
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Automobile Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
The proposed project is developed to manage the automobile in the automobile dealer company. The main module in this project is login, automobile management, customer management, sales, complaints and reports. The first module is the login. The automobile showroom owner should login to the project for usage. The username and password are verified and if it is correct, next form opens. If the username and password are not correct, it shows the error message.
When a customer search for a automobile, if the automobile is available, they will be taken to a page that shows the details of the automobile including automobile name, automobile ID, quantity, price etc. “Automobile Management System” is useful for maintaining automobiles, customers effectively and hence helps for establishing good relation between customer and automobile organization. It contains various customized modules for effectively maintaining automobiles and stock information accurately and safely.
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Also when the user tries to sale items which are not in stock, the system will prompt the user that the stock is not enough. Customers of this system can search for a automobile; can purchase a automobile easily by selecting fast. On the other hand the stock of automobiles can be maintained perfectly by the automobile shop manager overcoming the drawbacks of existing system.
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Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Quality defects in TMT Bars, Possible causes and Potential Solutions.PrashantGoswami42
Maintaining high-quality standards in the production of TMT bars is crucial for ensuring structural integrity in construction. Addressing common defects through careful monitoring, standardized processes, and advanced technology can significantly improve the quality of TMT bars. Continuous training and adherence to quality control measures will also play a pivotal role in minimizing these defects.
Courier management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
It is now-a-days very important for the people to send or receive articles like imported furniture, electronic items, gifts, business goods and the like. People depend vastly on different transport systems which mostly use the manual way of receiving and delivering the articles. There is no way to track the articles till they are received and there is no way to let the customer know what happened in transit, once he booked some articles. In such a situation, we need a system which completely computerizes the cargo activities including time to time tracking of the articles sent. This need is fulfilled by Courier Management System software which is online software for the cargo management people that enables them to receive the goods from a source and send them to a required destination and track their status from time to time.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
2. Page 2
contentS
INTRODUCTION
THERMODYNAMIC CYCLE OF STEAM FLOW
RANKINE CYCLE (IDEAL , ACTUAL ,REHEAT)
LAYOUT OF STEAM POWER PLANT
MAJOR COMPONENTS AND THEIR
FUNCTIONS
ALTERNATOR
EXCITATION SYSTEM
GOVERNING SYSTEM
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES
3. Page 3
introdUction
Use of steam power started when it was first used in
locomotive invented by James watt.
Steam power is used to rotate the prime mover of
electric generator and it is known as steam power
plant.
In this process heat energy is converted into
mechanical energy and then to electrical energy
through turbine generator system heat energy may be
obtained by proper combustion of commercial fuel
such as coal ,gas ,oil etc..
4. Page 4
steam power plants are also called thermal power
plants. Prime movers of steam plant may be operated
either in non-condensing or condensing mode
In non-condensing operation the steam is exhausted
from the prime movers and is discharged at
atmospheric pressure or greater than that
Whereas in condensing the steam is exhausted into a
condenser in which pressure is less and steam is
converted to water
5. Page 5
thermodynamic cycle of
Steam flow
From laws of thermodynamics when heat is transferred
to water its enthalpy and physical state change as
heating takes place its temperature rises and density
decreases the vapour formed in this process is called
steam which is gaseous state but does not entirely
follow the laws of perfect gas
The Carnot cycle cannot be applied to steam turbine
as compression phase does not exist hence a steam
power plant works on rankine cycle
6. Page 6
rankine cycle
The impracticalities associated with Carnot
cycle can be eliminated by superheating the
steam in the boiler and condensing it
completely in the condenser. This cycle results
as the Rankine cycle, which is the ideal cycle for
vapour power plants
7. Page 7
The Rankine cycle consists of the following
four processes:
1-2 : Isentropic compression in pump
(compressors)
2-3 : Constant pressure heat addition in boiler
3-4 : Isentropic expansion in turbine
4-1 : Constant pressure heat rejection in a
condenser
10. Page 10
rankine cycle: actUal cycle
The cycles encountered in actual devices are difficult
to analyze because of the presence of complicating
effects, such as friction and the absence of sufficient
time for establishment of the equilibrium conditions
during the cycle.
The actual vapour power cycle differs from the ideal
Rankine cycle, as a result of irreversibility's in various
components. Fluid friction and heat loss to the
surroundings are the two common sources of
irreversibility's.
11. Page 11
• Fluid friction causes pressure drop in the boiler, the
condenser and the piping between various
components. Also the pressure at the turbine inlet is
somewhat lower than that at the boiler exit due to the
pressure drop in the connecting pipes. To compensate
for these pressure drops, the water must be pumped to
a sufficiently higher pressure than the ideal cycle. This
requires a large pump and larger work input to the
pump,
13. Page 13
Reheat Rankine CyCle
The efficiency of the Rankine cycle can
increase by expanding the steam in the turbine
in two stages, and reheating it in between.
Reheating is a practical solution to the excessive
moisture problem in turbines, and it is
commonly used in modern steam power plants.
14. Page 14
The ideal reheat Rankine cycle differs from the simple
ideal Rankine cycle in that the expansion process take
place in two stages.
In first stage (the high-pressure turbine), steam is
expanded isentropically to an intermediate pressure
and sent back to the boiler where it is reheated at
constant pressure, usually to the inlet temperature of
the first turbine stage.
Steam then expands isentropically in the second stage
(low-pressure turbine) to the condenser pressure.
17. Page 17
The different types of systems and components used
in steam power plant are as follows:
1.Coal handling system
2. High pressure boiler
3. Air preheater, economizer, super heater ,feed
heaters.
4. Pumping system
5. Feed water purification plant
6. Condensers and cooling towers
7. Draught system
8. Prime mover
9. Alternator
10. Ash and dust handling system
18. Page 18
The flow circuit of a thermal power plant consists of the
following four main circuits:
(a)Feed water and steam flow circuit.
(b) Coal and ash circuit.
(c)Air and gas circuit.
(d) Cooling water circuit.
19. Page 19
Boiler
Boiler has the function to convert water into steam.
The process of change of water to vapour done by heating
the water in the pipes with heat from burning fuel.
Combustion processes carried out continuously in the
combustion chamber with fuel and air flow from the
outside
majoR Components and
theiR funCtions
20. Page 20
. Steam production quantities dependent on the surface
area of heat transfer, flow rate, and the heat of combustion
is given. Boiler construction consisting of water-filled pipes
called a water tube boiler
21. Page 21
Boiler feed pump
function is to feed the water to be steamed in the boiler of
thermal power plant.
Condensate water to be coming out from condenser and
make up water coming from water treatment plant ad together
forming total feed water.
Coal mills
In modern power plant pulverized coal is used.
Once pulverized, coal mills are employed for
crushing the coal into a powder form. This increases
the efficiency of boiler hence the plant.
22. Page 22
Economizer
The economizer is a feed water heater,
deriving heat from the flue gases.
The justifiable cost of the economizer depends
on the total gain in efficiency. In turn this
depends on the flue gas temperature leaving the
boiler and the feed water inlet temperature.
23. Page 23
Steam Turbine
Steam turbine working to change the heat energy
contained in the steam into rotary motion.
Steam with high pressure and temperature were directed
to push turbine blades mounted on the shaft, so the shaft
rotates.
Due to perform work on the turbine, the pressure and
temperature of steam coming into the turbine down to
saturated vapour. This steam then flows to the condenser,
while the rotary power is used to turn a generator.
Today almost all of the steam turbine is a type of
condensing turbine
24. Page 24
Air Pre-heater
The flue gases coming out of the economizer is
used to preheat the air before supplying it to the
combustion chamber.
An increase in air temperature of 20 degrees
can be achieved by this method.
The pre heated air is used for combustion and
also to dry the crushed coal before pulverizing.
25. Page 25
Soot Blowers
The fuel used in thermal power plants causes soot and
this is deposited on the boiler tubes, economizer tubes,
air pre heaters, etc. This drastically reduces the
amount of heat transfer of the heat exchangers.
Soot blowers control the formation of soot and reduce
its corrosive effects.
The types of soot blowers are fixed type, which may be
further classified into lane type and mass type
depending upon the type of spray and nozzle used.
The other type of soot blower is the retractable soot
blower.
26. Page 26
Condenser
The use of a condenser in a power plant is to improve
the efficiency of the power plant by decreasing the
exhaust pressure of the steam below atmosphere.
Another advantage of the condenser is that the steam
condensed may be recovered to provide a source of good
pure feed water to the boiler and reduce the water
softening capacity to a considerable extent.
A condenser is one of the essential components of a
power plant.
27. Page 27
Cooling Tower
The importance of the cooling tower is felt when the
cooling water from the condenser has to be cooled.
The cooling water after condensing the steam
becomes hot and it has to be cooled as it belongs to a
closed system.
The Cooling towers do the job of decreasing the
temperature of the cooling water after condensing the
steam in the condenser.
The type of cooling tower used in the Columbia
Power Plant was an Inline Induced Draft Cross Flow
Tower.
28. Page 28
This tower provides a horizontal air flow as the water falls
down the tower in the form of small droplets.
The fan centered at the top of units draws air through two
cells that are paired to a suction chamber partitioned beneath
the fan.
The outstanding feature of this tower is lower air static
pressure loss as there is less resistance to air flow.
The evaporation and effective cooling of air is greater when
the air outside is warmer and dryer than when it is cold and
already saturated.
29. Page 29
Superheater
The superheater consists of a superheater header and
superheater elements.
Steam from the main steam pipe arrives at the saturated
steam chamber of the superheater header and is fed into the
superheater elements.
Superheated steam arrives back at the superheated steam
chamber of the superheater header and is fed into the steam
pipe to the cylinders.
Superheated steam is more expansive.
30. Page 30
Reheater
The reheater functions similar to the superheater in that
it serves to elevate the steam temperature.
Primary steam is supplied to the high pressure turbine.
After passing through the high pressure turbine, the steam
is returned to the steam generator for reheating (in a
reheater) after which it is sent to the low pressure turbine.
A second reheat cycle may also be provided.
31. Page 31
Draught system
to overcome the resistance offered by the pipelines, air
ducts, fuel beds, dampers, chimney, etc. for the flow of
air, flue gases draught system is required in thermal power
plant.
Normally FD (forced draft) fan, ID (induced draft) fan
and chimney facilitate this function.
FD fan provides air from atmosphere to the boiler with
the positive pressure, where as ID fan along with chimney
sucks an air and waste gas from boiler to the atmosphere.
32. Page 32
Turbo-Alternator:
In thermal power plant, turbo alternator is usually
coupled unit of steam turbine and electrical generator.
Steam turbine rotates with the help of superheated
steam expanded from high pressure and high
temperature.
As the turbine rotates, alternator also rotates gives rise to
generation of electricity.generator is the main unit of any power plant.
In this unit the generation of electricity is done. It is
mechanically coupled with the turbine, so that when turbine
rotates, it also rotates. The speed of the generator is given by,
33. Page 33
Alternator cooling system:
In thermal power plant, large amount of heat is generated
in the windings due to copper and Eddy current losses.
This heat should be removed continuously so as to keep
the insulating material from damaging.
There are two methods of cooling systems, open-circuit
and closed-circuit method.
For low capacity generators open-circuit cooling system is
employed in which atmospheric air is passed through one
side and sucks out from the another side
34. Page 34
For medium capacity generators closed circuit cooling
system is employed in which same air passed again and
again after cooling it.
In case of high capacity generators same closed circuit
cooling system is employed only with difference of air is
replaced with oxygen.
Finally the overall efficiency of the thermal power plant is
given by,
35. Page 35
protection of turbo
alternators
Being one of the expensive part in the power plant
alternator must be protected from the faults which may
be either in stator or rotor and other abnormal
conditions
Some of the protections provided are as follows
Faults in the windings protection
Over load protection
Over heating of windings or bearings
Over speed protection
36. Page 36
Loss of Excitation protection
Motoring operation protection
Inadvertent energisation
single phase or unbalanced current protection,
out of step operation protection
sub-synchronous oscillations protection
earth fault protection
37. Page 37
Excitation systEm
Alternator control both power and voltage with two
different control loops. The control of input are called
M-W frequency control loop . It is also known as load
frequency control or automatic load frequency control
or automatic generation control second control loop is
MVAR control loop or excitation control loop
Excitation system control the terminal voltage of
generator and reactive power generation, it also
responds to system disturbances
38. Page 38
For satisfactory operation of the system it must fulfil
following requirements
Meeting specified response criteria , providing limiting
and protective functions ,flexible operation , reliability
and availability
The excitation system can be categorized based on the
supply given such as dc excitation , ac excitation and
static excitation
Ac excitation is more commonly used now
42. Page 42
GovErninG systEm
Governing is the procedure of monitoring and
controlling the flow rate of steam into the turbine with
the objective of maintaining its speed of rotation as
constant.
The flow rate of steam is monitored and controlled by
interposing valves between the boiler and the turbine.
Depending upon the particular method adopted for
control of steam flow rate, different types of governing
methods are being practiced
43. Page 43
Some of the governing methods are
Nozzle governing
By pass governing
Combination governing
Flyball speed governing
The main parts of governing system are speed
governor, amplifier , speed changer and linkage
mechanism
45. Page 45
advantaGEs
The fuel used is quite cheap.
Less initial cost as compared to other generating
plants.
It can be installed at any place irrespective of the
existence of coal.
The coal can be transported to the site of the plant by
rail or road.
It require less space as compared to Hydro power
plants.
Cost of generation is less than that of diesel power
plants.
46. Page 46
disadvantaGEs
It pollutes the atmosphere due to production of
large amount of smoke and fumes.
It is costlier in running cost as compared to Hydro
electric plants.
Transportation of fuel is one of the major
difficulties for the plants located away from coal fields.
Life of the plant is hardly 3 to 4 decades compared
with hydro-plant (1 to 2 centuries).
47. Page 47
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