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This document discusses code switching, which is the practice of alternating between two or more languages or varieties of language in a single conversation. It provides examples of code switching and explores reasons why bilinguals may code switch, such as situational or metaphorical reasons. The document also examines different types of code switching, such as intra-sentential, inter-sentential, and turn-taking code switching. It analyzes structural patterns and typology of code switching, as well as functions of code switching as relating to social relationships and language choice.
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Code switiching
The document discusses code-switching, which refers to alternating between two languages or dialects during conversation. It provides several definitions of code-switching, including Gumperz's distinction between situational, metaphorical, intersentential, and intrasentential code-switching. The document also discusses reasons and functions for code-switching, such as filling gaps, avoiding misunderstanding, adding emphasis, or maintaining privacy. Finally, it notes that code-switching in the classroom can help students by providing instructions, explaining concepts, and defining difficult words to enhance communication.
Code Switching: a paper by Krishna Bista
The document discusses code switching, which is the mixing of words or phrases from two languages in speech or writing. It examines a study on the factors influencing code switching among bilingual English students in university classrooms. The study found that students most often code switch due to not knowing the English word, to fill gaps in speaking, or because it is easier to express themselves in their native language. While code switching can help communication, it may also hinder the learning of the target language if overused.
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This document discusses code switching, which is the practice of alternating between two or more languages in conversation. It requires competence in multiple languages. There are two main types: inter-sentential, which is switching between full sentences, and intra-sentential, which involves inserting words or phrases from another language within a sentence. Code switching occurs for reasons like inability to express something or to fit a linguistic environment. It is governed by constraints like occurring at points where the surface structures of the languages map onto each other and favoring switches of higher-level constituents. Borrowing, on the other hand, involves using a word from one language in another and shows more integration into the recipient language. Frequent code switching is associated with high
Language Change
Language is constantly changing across time, space, and social groups. It varies based on factors like age, region, and social status. Linguistic changes can spread from group to group and word to word through a community. Studies of language change examine reasons for changes and identify factors beyond age that influence the direction of changes over time. Social status and gender differences can also promote language change as variations are adopted as norms. Interaction between people provides opportunities for linguistic changes to spread.
Sociolinguistics, ch 9
This document provides an overview of key concepts in sociolinguistics. It discusses how sociolinguistics studies language variation and change in relation to social factors. Some key points covered include:
- Sociolinguistics examines how social factors like region, age, and gender correlate with linguistic differences.
- Languages have standardized and non-standard varieties, and sociolinguists look at issues of prestige and stigmatization.
- Researchers describe language variation through concepts like idiolects, sociolects, and linguistic variables.
- Phonological, grammatical, and lexical variation are all studied using descriptive tools from the different levels of language.
Language Change - Linguistics
This document discusses the causes of language change over time. There are three main causes: geographical separation, when dialects emerge as populations become isolated; borrowing, when languages adopt words and features from other languages they are exposed to; and internal change, which occurs naturally through processes like sound changes and shifts in meaning. Language also changes through social differentiation as groups adopt distinctive language varieties, and through natural processes that become conventionalized, like casual pronunciation changes.
Factors Of Language Change 1
1. The document discusses various factors that can lead to language change over time, including sociolinguistic, psycholinguistic, and therapeutic factors.
2. Sociolinguistic factors include random fluctuations in pronunciation, the influence of fashion, foreign influence through borrowing or substratum effects, and social needs leading to changes like coinage of new words.
3. Psycholinguistic factors relate to natural tendencies in pronunciation and linking sounds, such as consonants being dropped or sounds assimilating, which can eventually lead to permanent changes in a language.
Language choice in multilingual communities
This document discusses language choice in multilingual communities. It describes the concept of variety codes, which refers to the different linguistic codes a person has and uses depending on the social context or domain of interaction. Domains include factors like the addressee, setting, topic, and function. Code choice is also influenced by other social factors like social distance, status relationship, and formality. The document then discusses concepts like diglossia, where two varieties of the same language are used depending on social context, and polyglossia, where three or more language varieties are present in a community. It also addresses how stable diglossia can be, with high varieties sometimes being displaced by low varieties over time. Finally, it covers the
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Code Switching: a paper by Krishna Bista
The document discusses code switching, which is the mixing of words or phrases from two languages in speech or writing. It examines a study on the factors influencing code switching among bilingual English students in university classrooms. The study found that students most often code switch due to not knowing the English word, to fill gaps in speaking, or because it is easier to express themselves in their native language. While code switching can help communication, it may also hinder the learning of the target language if overused.
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This document discusses code switching, which is the practice of alternating between two or more languages in conversation. It requires competence in multiple languages. There are two main types: inter-sentential, which is switching between full sentences, and intra-sentential, which involves inserting words or phrases from another language within a sentence. Code switching occurs for reasons like inability to express something or to fit a linguistic environment. It is governed by constraints like occurring at points where the surface structures of the languages map onto each other and favoring switches of higher-level constituents. Borrowing, on the other hand, involves using a word from one language in another and shows more integration into the recipient language. Frequent code switching is associated with high
Language Change
Language is constantly changing across time, space, and social groups. It varies based on factors like age, region, and social status. Linguistic changes can spread from group to group and word to word through a community. Studies of language change examine reasons for changes and identify factors beyond age that influence the direction of changes over time. Social status and gender differences can also promote language change as variations are adopted as norms. Interaction between people provides opportunities for linguistic changes to spread.
Sociolinguistics, ch 9
This document provides an overview of key concepts in sociolinguistics. It discusses how sociolinguistics studies language variation and change in relation to social factors. Some key points covered include:
- Sociolinguistics examines how social factors like region, age, and gender correlate with linguistic differences.
- Languages have standardized and non-standard varieties, and sociolinguists look at issues of prestige and stigmatization.
- Researchers describe language variation through concepts like idiolects, sociolects, and linguistic variables.
- Phonological, grammatical, and lexical variation are all studied using descriptive tools from the different levels of language.
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This document discusses the causes of language change over time. There are three main causes: geographical separation, when dialects emerge as populations become isolated; borrowing, when languages adopt words and features from other languages they are exposed to; and internal change, which occurs naturally through processes like sound changes and shifts in meaning. Language also changes through social differentiation as groups adopt distinctive language varieties, and through natural processes that become conventionalized, like casual pronunciation changes.
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1. The document discusses various factors that can lead to language change over time, including sociolinguistic, psycholinguistic, and therapeutic factors.
2. Sociolinguistic factors include random fluctuations in pronunciation, the influence of fashion, foreign influence through borrowing or substratum effects, and social needs leading to changes like coinage of new words.
3. Psycholinguistic factors relate to natural tendencies in pronunciation and linking sounds, such as consonants being dropped or sounds assimilating, which can eventually lead to permanent changes in a language.
Language choice in multilingual communities
This document discusses language choice in multilingual communities. It describes the concept of variety codes, which refers to the different linguistic codes a person has and uses depending on the social context or domain of interaction. Domains include factors like the addressee, setting, topic, and function. Code choice is also influenced by other social factors like social distance, status relationship, and formality. The document then discusses concepts like diglossia, where two varieties of the same language are used depending on social context, and polyglossia, where three or more language varieties are present in a community. It also addresses how stable diglossia can be, with high varieties sometimes being displaced by low varieties over time. Finally, it covers the
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Sociolinguistics
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code switching
Code switching and code mixing refer to alternating between two or more languages or varieties of the same language in conversation. It is common in bilingual communities. Code switching involves changing languages between sentences while code mixing incorporates small units like words from one language into sentences of another language. Whether code switching or mixing occurs depends on factors like the topic, situation, participants in the conversation, and the speaker's intentions.
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This document discusses sociolinguistic concepts related to language variation, including:
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- Dialects are regional or social varieties of a language characterized by their own phonological, syntactic, and lexical properties. They can also be associated with ethnic groups or socioeconomic classes.
- Registers or styles are varieties of language used in particular social settings defined by levels of formality or social events like baby talk.
- An idiolect is the unique language use of an individual person influenced by various dialects, registers, and languages
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Introduction to sociolinguistics ch 1 4
Sociolinguistics is the study of how language and society interact. A key concept is that we alter our language based on social factors like the setting, participants, and topic of conversation. Pidgins develop as languages of contact between groups without a shared language, using simplified grammar and vocabulary from the source languages. If a pidgin is passed down to children as their primary language, it becomes a creole, a fully developed language with its own complex linguistic system. Code-switching and code-mixing occur when multilingual speakers blend elements of multiple languages in a single conversation for reasons of identity, emphasis, or lack of a word in one language.
Diglossia
Diglossia is a stable language situation where in addition to primary dialects of a language, there is a highly codified superposed variety that is learned formally and used for written/formal communication. This high (H) variety is distinct from the vernacular low (L) variety used in everyday conversation. The H variety has more prestige and is used for literature/education while the L variety is used between family/friends and is acquired naturally rather than taught. Diglossia can last over 1000 years as the varieties are protected by their association with education/writing and stable norms around pronunciation, grammar and vocabulary.
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Language maintenance and shift.
Reference :
" http://nongnia.blogspot.com/2013/04/sociolinguistic-language-maintenance.html "
" and other sources "
Bilingualism
Bilingualism refers to proficiency in two or more languages. About half the world's population is bilingual. Children can become bilingual by acquiring two languages simultaneously from birth or learning a second language after mastering the first. Bilingualism exists on a spectrum from balanced proficiency in both languages to dominance in one. Being bilingual provides cognitive advantages such as better concept formation and analogical reasoning skills.
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What is Applied Linguistics? (Definitions)
Widdowson (1998, 2000, 2004, 2005)
Corder 1974
Cook (2005, 2006)
Spolsky (2005)
Development of Applied Linguistics
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1-Language Policy and Planning
2-Lexicography
3-Clinical linguistics
4-Forensic Linguistics
5-Second Language Acquisition (SLA)
6-Bilingualism
7-Discourse analysis
8-Translation and interpreting
9-Computational linguistics
10-Literacy
11-Pragmatics
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Code switching-reason
The document discusses the history and emergence of code-switching research, defining it as the alternation between two languages used by bilingual speakers. It examines reasons for and functions of code-switching, including to ease communication, convey social and linguistic meanings, emphasize points, and show group identity. Attitudes toward code-switching are also explored, having traditionally been viewed negatively but now seen as a natural part of bilingual communication.
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This document discusses language choice and code-switching in multilingual communities. It begins by outlining the goals of the chapter, which are to examine choosing language varieties or codes, the concept of diglossia, and code-switching. An example is provided of Kalala, who speaks several languages in his community, including Shi, Swahili, standard Zairean Swahili, kingwana, and Indoubil, choosing codes based on social factors. Diglossia is defined as two languages or dialects used by a single community for different functions. Code-switching occurs when a speaker alternates between languages or varieties in a single conversation, motivated by social factors and participant identity.
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This document provides an overview of Chapter One from Janet Holmes' book "An Introduction to Sociolinguistics". It discusses key topics that sociolinguists study such as how social factors influence language varieties and how sociolinguists define terms like variety. Sociolinguists are interested in explaining why people speak differently in different social contexts and how social factors like social distance, status, age and gender impact language varieties and convey social meanings.
code switching
Code switching and code mixing refer to alternating between two or more languages or varieties of the same language in conversation. It is common in bilingual communities. Code switching involves changing languages between sentences while code mixing incorporates small units like words from one language into sentences of another language. Whether code switching or mixing occurs depends on factors like the topic, situation, participants in the conversation, and the speaker's intentions.
Language,dialect and variation, sociolinguistic
This document discusses sociolinguistic concepts related to language variation, including:
- Varieties include languages, dialects, accents, registers, and styles of a language. Variation occurs at the lexical level through slang and levels of formality.
- Dialects are regional or social varieties of a language characterized by their own phonological, syntactic, and lexical properties. They can also be associated with ethnic groups or socioeconomic classes.
- Registers or styles are varieties of language used in particular social settings defined by levels of formality or social events like baby talk.
- An idiolect is the unique language use of an individual person influenced by various dialects, registers, and languages
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In multilingual communities, speakers can choose from multiple languages or varieties depending on social context. Code switching refers to alternating between languages for specific purposes, such as changing the topic or accommodating other speakers. Code mixing occurs when speakers insert words or phrases from another language without a clear purpose. How and when people switch or mix codes is influenced by who they are speaking to, the location, topic, and function of the interaction. Living in a multilingual environment requires the ability to use at least two languages and often results in code switching or mixing.
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The document discusses the decline of indigenous languages in Canada and strategies for language revitalization. It notes that three-quarters of indigenous languages in Canada are endangered or critically endangered due to factors like the Indian Act that suppressed indigenous cultures and languages. Language revitalization aims to reverse this decline by increasing new speakers, promoting intergenerational transmission, and strengthening cultural identity. It outlines Joshua Fishman's eight stages of revitalization, including increasing informal use of the language among all age groups and establishing institutions where the language is used exclusively. Technology can also help preserve endangered spoken languages.
Code Switching & Codee Mixing
This document discusses code switching and borrowing in sociolinguistics. It defines code switching as using more than one language or variety within an utterance. There are three types of code switching: inter-sentential, intra-sentential, and extra-sentential. Code switching serves directive, expressive, referential, phatic, metlinguistic, and poetic functions. Borrowing occurs when a word is adopted from another language and naturalized. There are direct and core types of borrowing. Social factors that influence code switching and borrowing include situation, participant attitudes, topics, quoting others, group identity, and lexical need.
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This document analyzes code switching factors between characters in a Malay movie called Istanbul Aku Datang. The research questions examine how addressee and function affect code choice. The objective is to investigate how addressee and function impact code choice in different situations. Three main characters from the movie are analyzed for their code switching between Malay, English, and Turkish based on who they are addressing and the conversation function. The findings show that addressee and function are important factors for determining code choice. Closeness, society, emotions, social media, business matters, and appreciation all influence which language is used. In conclusion, addressee and function play a role in code switching between characters from Malaysian and Turkish societies in the
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The document discusses language contact, which occurs when languages interact through written communication or direct social interaction between speakers. It provides examples of language contact through Latin and English, and Turkish and German. Language contact can result in borrowing of words, phrases, sounds, and grammatical structures from one language to another. The extent of borrowing depends on factors like the intensity of contact, prestige of languages, and relationship between speaker groups. Pidgins and creoles may emerge in situations requiring a common language for communication, like trade or plantation settings.
Language and Social Class
This document summarizes Bernstein's theory of linguistic codes and how social class influences language use. Bernstein argued that social class determines the linguistic code acquired, with working class children having access only to restricted codes while middle class children have access to both restricted and elaborate codes. Studies found working class children used more situational references and context-dependent language compared to middle class children. The socialization practices of different social classes, especially around interpersonal relationships, help explain why class influences the code and language acquired.
Introduction to sociolinguistics ch 1 4
Sociolinguistics is the study of how language and society interact. A key concept is that we alter our language based on social factors like the setting, participants, and topic of conversation. Pidgins develop as languages of contact between groups without a shared language, using simplified grammar and vocabulary from the source languages. If a pidgin is passed down to children as their primary language, it becomes a creole, a fully developed language with its own complex linguistic system. Code-switching and code-mixing occur when multilingual speakers blend elements of multiple languages in a single conversation for reasons of identity, emphasis, or lack of a word in one language.
Diglossia
Diglossia is a stable language situation where in addition to primary dialects of a language, there is a highly codified superposed variety that is learned formally and used for written/formal communication. This high (H) variety is distinct from the vernacular low (L) variety used in everyday conversation. The H variety has more prestige and is used for literature/education while the L variety is used between family/friends and is acquired naturally rather than taught. Diglossia can last over 1000 years as the varieties are protected by their association with education/writing and stable norms around pronunciation, grammar and vocabulary.
code mixing and code switching
This document discusses code mixing in Pakistani English literature. It analyzes code mixing at the phrase and clause level in a novel called "Ice Candy Man" through 10 randomly selected chapters. The summary examines how code mixing is used and the motivations behind it, finding that social and cultural factors influence language use. Urdu phrases are frequently inserted into English sentences in the text, showing the creative nature of language. Code mixing enhances communication between linguistically similar or different groups.
Sociolinguistics chapter 7
This chapter discusses research on gender and language use. It begins with an introduction that outlines the history and focus of studies in this area. The chapter contents are then reviewed, which will examine aspects of language and gender as related to sociolinguistic issues. The methods used in studies of gender and language are discussed historically, progressing from studies of distinctive female and male language forms to more contextualized interactional analyses. Section 7.2 reviews traditional views of "women's language" and "men's language" but notes these imply homogeneity, while more recent research emphasizes diversity within gender groups. Section 7.3 will quantify gender differences through sociolinguistic interviews and examine relationships between gender, social class, lifestyle, interaction patterns
Language maintenance and shift.
Reference :
" http://nongnia.blogspot.com/2013/04/sociolinguistic-language-maintenance.html "
" and other sources "
Bilingualism
Bilingualism refers to proficiency in two or more languages. About half the world's population is bilingual. Children can become bilingual by acquiring two languages simultaneously from birth or learning a second language after mastering the first. Bilingualism exists on a spectrum from balanced proficiency in both languages to dominance in one. Being bilingual provides cognitive advantages such as better concept formation and analogical reasoning skills.
Applied linguistics: overview
What is Applied Linguistics? (Definitions)
Widdowson (1998, 2000, 2004, 2005)
Corder 1974
Cook (2005, 2006)
Spolsky (2005)
Development of Applied Linguistics
Applied Linguistics Domains
1-Language Policy and Planning
2-Lexicography
3-Clinical linguistics
4-Forensic Linguistics
5-Second Language Acquisition (SLA)
6-Bilingualism
7-Discourse analysis
8-Translation and interpreting
9-Computational linguistics
10-Literacy
11-Pragmatics
Regional and social dalects
Regional dialects are variations of a language that differ based on geographic region. They can vary in pronunciation, word choices, and grammatical rules. Examples include different pronunciations of words like "luxury" between American and British English. Regional dialects also vary lexically, with different words used to refer to the same objects in different places. Additionally, regional dialects exhibit syntactic differences, such as the use of double modals or objects in some areas. Social dialects arise from social factors and can be based on socioeconomic status, ethnicity, gender, and other social attributes.
Language Contact and Its Outcomes - Kyle Shiells
Languages have been coexisting and influencing each other since long before history was recorded. What are the situations in which contact can arise, how are the languages and communities changed in the process, and how can we learn about histories of contact from the languages themselves?
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The document discusses the history and emergence of code-switching research, defining it as the alternation between two languages used by bilingual speakers. It examines reasons for and functions of code-switching, including to ease communication, convey social and linguistic meanings, emphasize points, and show group identity. Attitudes toward code-switching are also explored, having traditionally been viewed negatively but now seen as a natural part of bilingual communication.
Code Switching, Types and Reasons
This document discusses code switching, which is when multilingual speakers alternate between two languages or varieties of the same language in a single conversation. It defines code switching as the process of keeping the linguistic features of each language while switching between them to facilitate conversation. There are three main types of code switching: inter-sentential, which occurs at sentence boundaries; intra-sentential, which occurs within sentences; and tag switching, where a word or phrase from another language is inserted into the conversation. Examples of each type are provided.
Bilingualism, code switching, and code mixing
This document discusses various linguistic phenomena that occur in multilingual communities, including bilingualism, code-switching, code-mixing, and borrowings. It provides definitions and examples of each. Bilingualism involves speaking two languages, while code-switching is switching between languages in conversation. Code-mixing involves rapidly switching codes within a single sentence. Borrowings occur when a word is adopted from one language due to no equivalent in the other.
Code-Mixing and Code Switching
This document provides background information on code switching and code mixing. It discusses how code switching occurs when speakers alternate between two languages in a conversation, while code mixing happens when elements of both languages are used within a single utterance. The document then outlines the objectives, limitations, research problems, theoretical framework and methodology used to analyze code switching and code mixing in the novel "Love You Anyway". It identifies three types of code switching - tag, inter-sentential, and intra-sentential - and two types of code mixing - intra-sentential and extra-sentential. Potential reasons for code switching/mixing discussed include discussing specific topics, quoting others, emphasis, clarification and expressing group identity.
Code Mixing
Code mixing refers to the mixing of two languages or codes, mainly occurring in informal, bilingual or multilingual situations and communities. There are two types of code mixing: inner code mixing and outer code mixing. Code mixing can occur for reasons such as quoting others, discussing specific topics, or using repetition for clarification purposes. The key difference between code mixing and code switching is that code mixing is done spontaneously and dominated by one language, while code switching is done intentionally with two or more languages being dominant.
Presentation on Code Switching
Code-switching is one of the phenomenon of language which occurs in societies to make the communication more effective and meaningful. But it has also some negative impacts.
Here, we have tried to present all things based on English and Bengali language.
Bilingualism & Multilingualism
Source:
Wardhaugh, Ronald. 2006. An Introduction to Sociolinguistics (5th Ed). Malden,MA: Blackwell
Bilingualism
1. The document discusses various definitions and approaches to studying bilingualism, including at the linguistic, psycholinguistic, sociolinguistic, and neurolinguistic levels.
2. It addresses debates around whether bilingual children have separate or unitary language systems. The unitary hypothesis is that children initially have one language system that later differentiates, while the separate systems hypothesis is that children differentiate languages from the beginning.
3. The document also examines debates around whether language mixing in bilingual children indicates confusion or a sophisticated use of both language systems influenced by community patterns of language use.
Code switching linguistic
This document discusses code switching between different social classes. It aims to study the differences in language switching between upper and middle class girls in conversations. A questionnaire was used to collect data from upper class girls attending college and middle class girls attending primary school. The study found that middle class girls showed moderate confidence in speaking English but were not perfect, while the upper class girls did less switching between languages compared to the lower class.
Code Switching
Code switching is defined as changing between two or more languages in a single conversation. It can occur due to factors related to the speaker, listener, third parties present, or topic of discussion. There are two main types of code switching - external, which involves changing languages between sentences or thoughts, and internal, which is changing within a single sentence. Code switching also depends on situational context or changes in conversational topic.
Code Mixing And Code Switching In Text Messages Among English Department Stud...
This document discusses code switching that appears in text messages sent by English department students to their lecturers in Indonesia. It analyzes the types of code switching based on Saville-Troike (2003), finding both intrasentential and intersentential switching. It also analyzes the politeness strategies used based on Brown and Levinson (1987), finding strategies to avoid face-threatening acts by upholding foreign language in a native mindset. The document concludes that bilingualism and code switching can maintain native culture while learning a foreign language and culture.
Chapter iv language contact
This document discusses language contact and multilingualism. It notes that multilingualism has likely been common throughout human history, with many people today speaking multiple languages. When languages come into contact, they typically influence each other through borrowing words and occasionally adopting each other's grammatical features. The most common outcomes of language contact are code-switching, language mixing, and the development of creole languages. The document also discusses how social and political factors can lead to one language replacing or dominating another through the process of language shift. It provides several examples of how languages have influenced each other's vocabularies and grammars through long-term interaction and borrowing.
Pidgin and Creole (Language Varieties)
Pidgin languages are simplified languages created for communication between groups that speak different native languages. They have no native speakers and borrow parts of multiple languages, especially syntax, phonology, and vocabulary. Creole languages develop from pidgins but become the primary language for a community, with their own native speakers. Creoles are more complex than pidgins and have variations distinct from their source languages. Examples of pidgins include Tok Pisin and Hawai'i Creole English, while creoles include Sranan Tongo and varieties of English spoken by communities in the Caribbean and United States.
Pidgin & creoles
This document outlines the key differences between pidgins and creoles. It begins with definitions, noting that pidgins are simplified languages used for communication between groups that don't share a common language, while creoles have developed from pidgins into stable first languages. It then covers the origins and theories of development of pidgins and creoles, followed by their distinguishing characteristics and stages of development. Pidgins are described as unstable, socially limited languages, whereas creoles have expanded vocabularies and more complex grammars as stable first languages.
Creole and Pidgin Languages. General Characteristics
This PPT presents Pidgin and Creole Languages, its general characteristics, as well as some peculiar features, varieties and examples. Hope you'd like it! Enjoy!
CODES in Sociolinguistics
1. Code switching refers to switching between two or more languages or language varieties within a conversation. It can occur between speaker turns or within a single turn.
2. Diglossia describes a stable language situation where two varieties of the same language are used differently, such as a high (H) variety for formal contexts and a low (L) variety for informal contexts.
3. Examples of diglossia include Arabic (H variety for formal contexts vs. colloquial Arabic as L variety), and Swiss German (H variety) vs. local dialects (L varieties). Code switching is a conversational strategy while digloss
Borrowing in the english language
The document discusses borrowing in the English language from other languages. Words may be adopted from one language into another through a process called borrowing. There are several reasons for borrowing words, including the need for a term to describe something unfamiliar, prestige, and the introduction of new concepts without a word for them in the native language. Direct borrowing involves adopting a word unchanged, while indirect borrowing involves passing a word through multiple languages with changes along the way. Loanwords are words imported from another language, which may undergo phonological or orthographical changes, while loanshifts involve translating the meaning of a word rather than adopting the word itself.
Pidgins and creoles
This document provides definitions and information about pidgins and creoles. It discusses how pidgins are contact languages with no native speakers, while creoles develop from pidgins and become the first language of a new generation. It describes the typical characteristics of pidgin and creole languages, including reduced phonology, morphology, and syntax compared to related standard languages. The document also discusses theories about the origins and development of pidgin and creole languages.
Pidgins creoles - sociolinguistics
This document provides an overview of pidgins and creoles. It defines pidgins as contact languages that arise between distinct linguistic groups for communication, featuring reduced grammar and vocabulary. Creoles develop from pidgins when a new generation acquires the contact language as its native tongue, expanding its structure. The document outlines the processes of pidginization and creolization, and notes that creoles may decreolize over time to resemble the standard language. It provides examples of pidgins and creoles, and a model of their life cycle from jargon to creole and possible convergence with the standard form.
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Similar to Code switching presentation387
Choosing your variety or code.
I am a lecturer in English at Khawaja Fared Govt. College Rahim Yar Khan. Here is my humble effort to discuss How to choose variety or code in multilingual society.
Code switcing (1)
Code-switching refers to alternating between two or more languages or language varieties in a single conversation. It occurs when multilingual speakers incorporate elements of the other languages they know into the one they are primarily using. Code-switching happens both intersententially, between sentences, and intrasententially, within sentences. It is governed by syntactic constraints and tends to occur at points where the grammar of the languages aligns. Borrowing involves adopting words from another language, while code-switching can happen at the syntactic level or above.
A Survey Of Current Datasets For Code-Switching Research
This document provides a survey of existing datasets for code-switching research. It begins by defining code-switching and discussing its increased prevalence in social media interactions. It then proposes quality metrics for evaluating code-switching datasets, including number of words, vocabulary size, number of sentences, and average sentence length. The document reviews available datasets categorized by common NLP tasks like language identification, named entity recognition, sentiment analysis, and machine translation. Several datasets for language pairs like English-Hindi, Spanish-English, and Mandarin-English are discussed. In conclusion, the survey finds that while interest in code-switching research is growing, availability of suitable annotated datasets remains limited.
Code switching and code mixing.ppt
This document discusses the differences between language, dialect, and code. It defines code switching as changing between languages or varieties of a language during a conversation. The document also discusses the relationships between attitudes, motivation, and language learning performance, noting they have complex and reciprocal connections. Positive attitudes may result from success or influence it, and are shaped by social factors. Implications for language teaching include promoting motivation, incorporating relevant language varieties, and expanding participation opportunities.
Code switching and code mixing.ppt
The document discusses the differences between language and dialect, and provides seven criteria proposed by Bell (1979) to distinguish languages from dialects: standardization, vitality, historicity, autonomy, reduction, mixture, and de facto norms. It also discusses the implications of language attitudes for language teaching, suggesting that teachers should promote motivation, discover the languages relevant to students, and expand opportunities for students to use multiple language forms.
Code switching &; code mixing
The document defines various linguistic terms related to code switching including code, monolingual, bilingual, and multilingual. It then discusses types of code switching such as inter-sentential, intra-sentential, and tag code switching. Finally, it outlines some common reasons for code switching such as to fulfill a need, show solidarity, reflect social status, based on topic, to express affection, and to persuade an audience.
A SOCIOLINGUISTIC STUDY OF CODE-MIXING AND CODE SWITCHING IN SECONDARY SCHOOL...
Language can be said to be the most complex and detailed aspect of human existence. It is the DNA of human behaviour and culture as the people’s history and memory is embedded in it. This memory encapsulated in language also determine, among other things, how they used language and how language uses them. This volatile characteristic of language has birthed, directly and indirectly, such bridge studies such as sociolinguistics which is
the descriptive study of the effect of any and all aspects of society , including cultural norms , expectations, and context, on the way language is used, and the effects of language use on society (Wikipedia)
The organic feature language implies that it surfaces in the its use. A person fluent in more than one language would often find his or herself segueing from one language to another and consequently one language system to another. Language affects perception and in the expression of thought verbally, these varying thought patterns is seen.
This switching isn’t just in moving from one language to another but can be seen in the use of systems of one language in another showing a consciousness that is tied to a language even when one has extensive command of the one presently in use. This is how pidgins are born: the establishment of unique systems in language use across bilingual users. Against this backdrop, we would be doing a sociolinguistic study of code-mixing and code switching in secondary schools in Nigeria.
Societal multilingualism
The preeceding disscusion of language contact shows that multilingualism involves not only a division of labor but also a great deal of give and take between languages.
10.code switching--65-73
This document summarizes a study on code-switching between Yoruba and English among bilingual students in Nigeria. The study investigated the reasons for code-switching, the influence of parents, teachers, and peers on students' language choices, and provided recommendations. Questionnaires were administered to 200 high school students from 4 schools. The results showed that students with less formal education code-switch more than those with more formal education. It also showed that most teachers code-switch in the classroom. Additionally, it revealed that the language used at home influences students' language use. The study concluded that code-switching can become a habit if not addressed, and discouraging its use informally could help communication.
SOCIO-LINGUISTIC CONCEPTS.pptx
The document discusses several key sociolinguistic concepts including bilingualism, language change, language shift, code switching, language death and revival, standard languages, vernacular languages, national languages, official languages, pidgins, regional dialects, and social dialects. It defines each concept and provides details on types and factors that influence them. The document is a guide to understanding how language interacts with society.
Attitude od teachers_and_students_towards_classroom_code_switching-libre
This document summarizes a research study on the attitudes of teachers and students towards code switching in English literature classes at the university level in Pakistan. A questionnaire was used to collect data from 12 teachers and 288 students from 4 universities. The findings show that most students and teachers have a positive attitude towards code switching between English, Urdu, and Punjabi in class. Students reported that code switching helps them better understand concepts and does not confuse them. Teachers indicated they code switch for communication, control, and explanation purposes. Overall, the study found that code switching is viewed positively and as beneficial for teaching and learning in multilingual university classrooms in Pakistan.
Mixture varieties
This document discusses various linguistic concepts related to language mixing, including code switching, code mixing, borrowing, pidginization, and creolization. It provides definitions and examples of each concept. Code switching refers to alternating between two languages or varieties within a conversation, while code mixing occurs when elements of two languages are combined within a single utterance or sentence. Borrowing involves integrating words or features from one language into another. Pidginization is the simplification and mixing of languages for communication between groups with no common language, and may lead to the development of a creole language if the pidgin becomes a community's primary language.
Sociolinguistics chapter 4 introduction to sociolinguistics
This document discusses language contact and multilingualism. When languages come into contact, there can be language shift, where speakers adopt a majority language, or language maintenance, where minority languages are continued. Factors like status, territorial distribution, and institutional support influence whether languages are maintained. In multilingual settings, contact languages emerge and languages can converge through shared vocabulary. Code switching and multilingual discourse also occur when speakers mix linguistic elements. Language attitudes are shaped by ideologies like monoglossicism and pluralism. Diglossia describes separate high and low varieties used in different social contexts. Accommodation and audience design influence how speakers adapt their language based on their audience.
CODE SWITCHING & Mixing.pptx
This document defines and distinguishes between code switching and code mixing. It begins by defining key terms like code, monolingual, bilingual, and multilingual. It then discusses factors that influence code choice and the different types of code switching, including intra-sentential, inter-sentential, and tag switching. Finally, it defines code mixing, the reasons for it, and examples of intra-sentential and intra-lexical code mixing.
The Pedagogical Aspects of Philippine English
This document discusses code-switching, which is the switching between two or more languages or language varieties in a single conversation. It provides definitions of code-switching and examples of code-switching between English and other languages. It then discusses reasons for code-switching, including filling a linguistic need, continuing the last language used, qualifying a message, specifying speaker involvement, conveying group identity, and excluding others from a conversation. Both advantages and disadvantages of code-switching are outlined, with advantages including improving class participation but disadvantages including potential confusion of students which can negatively impact lesson comprehension.
jcop5-6vcigpgfdfffddddxddddssssddssssa.pdf
A bilingual person is someone who speaks two languages fluently. Code-switching refers to using elements of both languages a bilingual speaks when conversing with another bilingual. Code-mixing is similar but refers to mixing languages within a multilingual setting where speakers share more than one language. A pidgin language develops as a simplified means of communication between groups without a shared language, while a creole language originates from a pidgin but is the native language of a speech community.
communicative languag
This document discusses communicative language ability and its components. It defines communicative language ability as including both language competence and strategic competence. Language competence involves grammatical competence, sociolinguistic competence, and discourse competence. Strategic competence allows people to use the knowledge of language competence to communicate effectively in real-world contexts. It discusses models of communicative language ability and describes the various components in more detail.
Cons Of Code Switching
Code switching refers to alternating between two or more languages or language varieties in conversation. The document discusses some advantages and disadvantages of code switching. It states that code switching can help students draw from their experience and knowledge in their first language to learn English. However, some believe it can create confusion for students and interfere with proper language learning. Studies show that code switching is a natural part of bilingual communication and does not negatively impact language development when used appropriately. The document examines code switching in Malaysian English classrooms and its effects on English language learning.
Sociolinguistics - Chapter Two - Language choice in multilingual communities
This document discusses language choice and code switching in multilingual communities. It defines code switching as alternating between two or more languages in discourse, with one language typically dominant. Code mixing occurs when speakers use two languages below the clause level. The codes chosen convey how the speaker wishes to be viewed by others. Diglossia refers to using distinct language varieties for different social functions, with the "high" variety not used in everyday conversation. Code switching is intentional based on factors like topic or audience, while code mixing has no specific purpose and inserts words from another language.
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一比一原版美国亚利桑那大学毕业证（ua毕业证书）如何办理
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【业务选择办理准则】
一、工作未确定，回国需先给父母、亲戚朋友看下文凭的情况，办理一份就读学校的毕业证【微信：A575476】文凭即可
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三、进国企，银行，事业单位，考公务员等等，这些单位是必需要提供真实教育部认证的，办理教育部认证所需资料众多且烦琐，所有材料您都必须提供原件，我们凭借丰富的经验，快捷的绿色通道帮您快速整合材料，让您少走弯路。
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
→ 【关于价格问题（保证一手价格）
我们所定的价格是非常合理的，而且我们现在做得单子大多数都是代理和回头客户介绍的所以一般现在有新的单子 我给客户的都是第一手的代理价格，因为我想坦诚对待大家 不想跟大家在价格方面浪费时间
对于老客户或者被老客户介绍过来的朋友，我们都会适当给一些优惠。
选择实体注册公司办理，更放心，更安全！我们的承诺：可来公司面谈，可签订合同，会陪同客户一起到教育部认证窗口递交认证材料，客户在教育部官方认证查询网站查询到认证通过结果后付款，不成功不收费！
一比一原版加拿大多伦多大学毕业证（uoft毕业证书）如何办理
一模一样【微信：A575476】【加拿大多伦多大学毕业证（uoft毕业证书）成绩单Offer】【微信：A575476】（留信学历认证永久存档查询）采用学校原版纸张、特殊工艺完全按照原版一比一制作（包括：隐形水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠，文字图案浮雕，激光镭射，紫外荧光，温感，复印防伪）行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备，十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，业务范围有加拿大、英国、澳洲、韩国、美国、新加坡，新西兰等学历材料，包您满意。
【业务选择办理准则】
一、工作未确定，回国需先给父母、亲戚朋友看下文凭的情况，办理一份就读学校的毕业证【微信：A575476】文凭即可
二、回国进私企、外企、自己做生意的情况，这些单位是不查询毕业证真伪的，而且国内没有渠道去查询国外文凭的真假，也不需要提供真实教育部认证。鉴于此，办理一份毕业证【微信：A575476】即可
三、进国企，银行，事业单位，考公务员等等，这些单位是必需要提供真实教育部认证的，办理教育部认证所需资料众多且烦琐，所有材料您都必须提供原件，我们凭借丰富的经验，快捷的绿色通道帮您快速整合材料，让您少走弯路。
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
→ 【关于价格问题（保证一手价格）
我们所定的价格是非常合理的，而且我们现在做得单子大多数都是代理和回头客户介绍的所以一般现在有新的单子 我给客户的都是第一手的代理价格，因为我想坦诚对待大家 不想跟大家在价格方面浪费时间
对于老客户或者被老客户介绍过来的朋友，我们都会适当给一些优惠。
选择实体注册公司办理，更放心，更安全！我们的承诺：可来公司面谈，可签订合同，会陪同客户一起到教育部认证窗口递交认证材料，客户在教育部官方认证查询网站查询到认证通过结果后付款，不成功不收费！
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一比一原版美国加州大学圣地亚哥分校毕业证（ucsd毕业证书）如何办理
一模一样【微信：A575476】【美国加州大学圣地亚哥分校毕业证（ucsd毕业证书）成绩单Offer】【微信：A575476】（留信学历认证永久存档查询）采用学校原版纸张、特殊工艺完全按照原版一比一制作（包括：隐形水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠，文字图案浮雕，激光镭射，紫外荧光，温感，复印防伪）行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备，十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，业务范围有加拿大、英国、澳洲、韩国、美国、新加坡，新西兰等学历材料，包您满意。
【业务选择办理准则】
一、工作未确定，回国需先给父母、亲戚朋友看下文凭的情况，办理一份就读学校的毕业证【微信：A575476】文凭即可
二、回国进私企、外企、自己做生意的情况，这些单位是不查询毕业证真伪的，而且国内没有渠道去查询国外文凭的真假，也不需要提供真实教育部认证。鉴于此，办理一份毕业证【微信：A575476】即可
三、进国企，银行，事业单位，考公务员等等，这些单位是必需要提供真实教育部认证的，办理教育部认证所需资料众多且烦琐，所有材料您都必须提供原件，我们凭借丰富的经验，快捷的绿色通道帮您快速整合材料，让您少走弯路。
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
→ 【关于价格问题（保证一手价格）
我们所定的价格是非常合理的，而且我们现在做得单子大多数都是代理和回头客户介绍的所以一般现在有新的单子 我给客户的都是第一手的代理价格，因为我想坦诚对待大家 不想跟大家在价格方面浪费时间
对于老客户或者被老客户介绍过来的朋友，我们都会适当给一些优惠。
选择实体注册公司办理，更放心，更安全！我们的承诺：可来公司面谈，可签订合同，会陪同客户一起到教育部认证窗口递交认证材料，客户在教育部官方认证查询网站查询到认证通过结果后付款，不成功不收费！
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Code switching presentation387
- 1. Code Switching By Jade McGinty & Rayan Awad
- 2. What is Code Switching? The practice of alternating between two or more languages or varieties of language in conversation. The juxtaposition within the same speech exchange of passages of speech belonging to two different grammatical systems or sub-systems. (Li Wei, 2002, 2004; Gumperz, 1982) example ;)
- 3. Why do Bilinguals Code Switch?
- 4. DifferentTypes of Code Switching. rayan_awad_1@hotmail.com What is Code-Mixing? • Mixing refers to the co-occurrence of elements from two or more languages in a single utterance. Mixing includes single-word utterances from two languages during the same stretch of conversation between a child and caregiver (Genesee, 1989).
- 5. Different Types of Code Switching Intra-sentential Code-switching - within a language vs. inter-sentential code switching - outside specific language spoken Code-mixing vs. code-switching Borrowing vs. code-switching syntactic vs semantic switching Cultural differences Code-Switching (CS) is often divided into single-word CS, Multi- word CS and Turn-switching
- 6. FUNCTIONS OF CODE SWITCHING Language choice and code-switching are regarded as symbolic of the social relationships between individuals. Situational code-switching – the change of language which corresponds to changes in the situation, particularly participants, setting and activity type. Metaphorical code-switching – speakers switch from one language to another in order to achieve special communicative effects, while the participant and setting remain the same.
- 7. “identity is a discursive construct that emerges in linguistic interaction”
- 8. Example Video of Code Switching
- 9. 1b. Structural patterns/Typology of code-switching • Insertion – items from one language are inserted into an overall structure of the other language, normally lexically motivated. • Congruent lexicalization – grammatical structure is built up by two languages and is filled lexically with elements from either language. • Alternation – switch from one language to the other, involving both grammar and lexicon, but is normally syntactically (and functional) motivated.
- 10. First Report - included in report Poor language proficiency leads to code switching. Ask the class what they think relate to statistics
- 11. Second Report - used in report 1.The grammatical approach 2.The sociolinguistic approach 3.The conversational/pragmatic approach
- 12. “Code-switching is a verbal skill requiring a large degree of linguistic competence in more than one language, rather than a defect arising from insufficient knowledge of one or the other ... [R]ather than representing deviant behavior, [it] is actually a suggestive indicator of degree of bilingual competence.” (cf. Grosjean, 2010, p57)
- 13. References