1. Code switching refers to switching between two or more languages or language varieties within a conversation. It can occur between speaker turns or within a single turn. 2. Diglossia describes a stable language situation where two varieties of the same language are used differently, such as a high (H) variety for formal contexts and a low (L) variety for informal contexts. 3. Examples of diglossia include Arabic (H variety for formal contexts vs. colloquial Arabic as L variety), and Swiss German (H variety) vs. local dialects (L varieties). Code switching is a conversational strategy while digloss

1. Yuliana Zakiyah (0203515062)
Ernidawati (0203515098)
CODES

2. • The term ‘code’ can be used to refer to any kind of
system that two or more people employ for
communication (It can actually be used for system used
by a single person, as when someone devises a private
code to protect certain secrets).

4. 4
Charles A. Ferguson (1959) Diglossia is relatively stable
language . Language situation , in which in the addition of
primary dialect . Of the language there is a divergent highly
codified superposed variety which is learn largely by formal
education and is used for most written and formal spoken
purpose .
The term diglossia was introduced into the English language
literature On sociolinguistic By Charles A. Ferguson (1959).
In order to describe the situation found in places like Greece ,
the Arabic-speaking world In general ,German speaking
Switzerland and the island of Haiti –a list which can easily be
extended (A . Hudson 1994)

5. 5
Diglossia is enduring societal arrangement , and
extending at least beyond a three generation period
such as two language each have their secure
phenomenologically legitimate and widely
implemented functions .
E.g. One language is used in one set of
circumstances and the other entirely different set
and such difference is felt to be normal and
proper.
Fishman gives examples such as Biblical Hebrew
and Yiddish for many Jews, Spanish and Guarani
in Paraguay, and even Standard English and
Caribean Creole.

6. • Exists in a speech community where two codes
perform two separate sets of functions
• Superposed variety (H) OR HIGH
• Other varieties - dialects (L) OR LOW
Examples:
1. Arabic (H) and colloquial Arabic (L)
2. Standard German (H) and Swiss German (L)
3. Standard French (H) and Haitian Creole (L)

7. Example: ARABIC
(H)
Church & Mosque Sermons
Political speeches
University Lectures
News broadcasts
Newspaper editorials and poetry

8. Example: ARABIC
(L)
Giving instructions to waiters, servants
and clerks
In conversation with familiars
Radio soap operas
Captions on political cartoons and
folk literature

9. • Existence of a large body of
literature in a language that is
similar to or the same as the
indigenous language
• Literacy in the community is usually
restricted to a small elite
• Involves centuries in establishing the
first and second conditions

10. • Regard H as superior to L leading
to denying the existence of L
Examples:
1. Educated Arabs deny using the L
variety of Arabic
2. Haitian Creole speakers claiming
they speak only French

11. • Believe that the H variety is
more logical, more beautiful
and better able to express
important thoughts

12. DIGLOSSIA
Primary
Dialect
A very
divergent
dialect
(non Primary)
L dialect H dialect

13. 13

14. FERGUSON’S NINE RUBRIC
OF DIGLOSSIA

15. Diglossia

16. FUNCTION
Ex:
Sermon in mosques
Speech in parliament
University lecture
News broadcasts
 Conversation with
family and friends
 Radio soap opera
 Folk literature
 Instruction to
workers

17. PRESTIGE
The superior
Elegant
Logical
Expressive
The inferior
Non elegant

18. LITERATY
HERITAGE
Ex:
Constitution
Law
Poetry
Scripture
Academic
books

19. ACQUISITION
LEARNED
THROUGH
FORMAL
EDUCATION
ACQUIRED
THROUGH
EVERYDAY
COMMUNICATI
ON

20. STANDARDIZATION
 RULES FOR
VOCABULARY,
PRONUNCIATION,
AND GRAMMAR ARE
ESTABLISHED.
 THOSE RULES ARE
CODIFIED IN
DICTIONARIES,
PRONUNCIATION
GUIDES, AND
GRAMMAR BOOKS.
 NO FIXED
RULES
 NO
CODIFICATIO
N

21. STABILITY
Ex:
In delivering a
lecture, a
university
lecturer mixes
dialects he/she
uses.

22. GRAMMAR
- I need a pencil
- I have many cars
- She is beautiful
- I do not understand
- I went there yesterday
- Where do you go?
- I need pencil
- I have many car
- She beautiful
- I don’t understand/ I
not understand
I not understand
- I go there yesterday
- You go where?

23. LEXICON
IMPARED VOCABULARIES
- Alphabet = Abc
- Concerned with = About
- Advertisement = Ad
- Desserts = Afters
- Police = Cop
- Postman = Postie
- Telegram = Wire
- Issue = Problem
- Man = Guy
- Criminal = Crook
- Address = Handle

24. PHONOLOGY
- Going to = gonna =
/ n /ɡʌ ə
- Want to = wanna = /w n /ɔ ə
- Have to = hafta = /hæ ft /ə
- Used to = useta = /just /ə
- Got to = gotta = / d /ɡɑ ə
- Do you = dya = /dj /ə
- Would you = wouldja
= /w /ʊʤə
- What do you do =
Whadaya=/w d j /ʌ ə ə
- Kind of = kinda
= /k nd /ɑɪ ə

25. In many countries, the
globalization of English has
introduced a third significant
language, so that triglossia and
polyglossia is starting to emerge
so that changes in one are
refelected changes.
In many countries, the
globalization of English has
introduced a third significant
language, so that triglossia and
polyglossia is starting to emerge
so that changes in one are
refelected changes.

26. Diglossia find the diglossia levels in
several regional languages in
Indonesia such as Javanese,
Sundanese, Balinese, etc.
Diglossia find the diglossia levels in
several regional languages in
Indonesia such as Javanese,
Sundanese, Balinese, etc.

27. undak usuk basa
In Sundanese
 basa cohag (coarse variety),
 basa loma (range for others),
 basa sedeng (medium range or
middle),
 basa lemes (fine variety)

28. In Java
 ngoko language (the lowest
level),
 krama (middle),
 krama inggil (high level)

29. • Monolingualism, that is, the ability to use only one
language, while billingualism is having an effectively
equal control of two native languages. There are two
kinds of bilingualism: stable bilingual & unstable bilingual.
• People who are bilingual or multilingual do not
necessarily have exactly the same abilities in the
languages (or varieties), in fact, that kind of parity may be
exceptional.

30. • Do not necessarily have exactly the same abilities in
the languages.
• Have varying degrees of command of the different
repertoires
• The differences in competence in the various
languages might range from
command of a few lexical items
formulaic expressions (e.g. Greetings)
rudimentary conversational skills
excellent command of the grammar
vocabulary
specialized register and styles.’

31. • Ones must find out who uses what, when, and for what
purpose if they are to be socially competent.
• The language choices are part of the social identity you
claim for themselves.

32. • Defining different dialects and languages are difficult
• the bilingual–bidialectal distinction that speakers make
reflects social, cultural, and political aspirations or
realities rather than any linguistic reality

33. Multilingualism
Multilingualism is a society
that has several languages.
Such communities occur
because some ethnic
communities that helped
shape an ethnically plural
society can be regarded as
(plural society). (Sumarsono
and Paina Partana, 2002:
76).
Multilingualism is a society
that has several languages.
Such communities occur
because some ethnic
communities that helped
shape an ethnically plural
society can be regarded as
(plural society). (Sumarsono
and Paina Partana, 2002:
76).
Societal
Bilingualism – the
use of two (or more)
languages within a
given community
E.g., the
bilingual setting
in India, Canada,
Switzerland,
Malaysia, etc.
Societal
Bilingualism – the
use of two (or more)
languages within a
given community
E.g., the
bilingual setting
in India, Canada,
Switzerland,
Malaysia, etc.

34. The
Formation
Multi-
language
The
Formation
Multi-
language
ColonizationColonizationMigrationMigration
FederationFederation
The Various
Language in
the Border
Region
The Various
Language in
the Border
Region

35. • Example of multilingualism exists among the Tukano of
the northwest Amazon, on the border between Colombia
and Brazil (Sorensen, 1971).
• The Tukano are multilingual people because men must
marry outside their language group. No man may have a
wife who speaks his language.
• Multilingualism is a norm in this community

36. • Regarded as problem
• Inferiority
• Being eradicated (Americanization)
• Leading to language loss
• Leading to diffusion (certain features spread from one
language to the other/s as a result of the contact
situation, particularly certain kinds of syntactic features)

38. By. Ernidawati

39. • Switch from one code to another or mix codes to
create a new code
• It can occur in conversation between speakers’
turns or within a single speaker’s turn.
• It can arise from individual choice be used as a
major identity marker for a group of speakers.

40. Gal (1988:247) says , “ Codeswitching is a
conversational strategy used to establish, cross or
destroy group boundaries; to create, evoke or change
interpersonal relations with their rights and obligations.

42. • (The Maori is n italics. THE TRANSLATION IS IN
SMALL CAPITALS)
Sarah: I think everyone’s here except Mere.
John : She said she might be a bit late but
actually I think that’s her arriving now.
Sarah: You’re right. Kia ora Mere. Haere mai. Kei te
pehea koe?[HI MERE. COME IN. HOW ARE
YOU?]
Mere : Kia ora e hoa. Kei te pai. Have you started
yet?
[HELLO MY FRIEND. I’M FINE]

43. [BOKMAL IS IN SMALL CAPITALS. Ranamal in
lower case]
Jan : Hello Petter. How is your wife now?
Petter : Oh she’s much better thank you Jan. She’s
out of hospital and convalescing well.
Jan : That’s good, I’m pleased to hear it. DO YOU
THINK YOU COULD HELP ME WITH THIS
PESKY FORM?I AM HAVING A GREAT DEAL OF
DIFFICULTY WITH IT
Petter : OF COURSE. GIVE IT HERE

49. • A measurement of language attitudes
• Technique used in social psychological studies to investigate
people’s constant evaluation of personal qualities of others
based on the use of linguistic varieties.
• The use of certain language varieties carries certain social
associations that affects the process of language
maintenance and change.
• Ex: Lambert et al asked listeners to rate the same speaker
reading out a passage in English and in French. They found
that both French Canadian and English Canadian listeners
rated the English guises more favorably than the French
guises.

50. Giles and Coupland (1991:58) says,
“Listeners can very quickly stereotype
others’ personal and social attributes on
the basis of language cues and in ways
that appear to have crucial effects on
important social decisions made about
them

51. • Accomodation is one way of explaining how individuals
and groups may be seen to relate to each other
• Giles and Coupland (1991:60) explaine speech
accomodation as a multiply-organized and contextually
complex set of alternatives, regularly available to
communicators in face to face talk.

53. • 1.Rajif A. Ruansyah: monolingualism, there two billingual,
what is the differences (stable and unstable)and the example?
• 2.Amida Meila : multilingualism, it’s useful or harmful for
language itself?
• 3. Nova R. Farista: when should we use the code switching?
• 4.linna Endah: why does the lecture choose to use the L
dialect?
• 5.Hind sha Putri: what is the relationship of two kinds of code
switching and H-L variety?
• 6. Tri Okta Ervina : speech accomodation theory, divergen,
convergen, speech maintenance, when do we use speech
maintenance and we ellaborate it?

54. • 7.Rofiq Fuadi:what is the example of the mixture
utterance in stability?
• 8. M. Khoirul Fuadi : billingualism and diglosia, please
distinguish between them, as English teacher in the
classroom, we use billingualism or diglosia, and then how
do we overcome the influence of our native dialect, so
that when we communicate with the students can be
fluent.
• 9. Abdul Ghani: if one language has more than two
varieties,can we consider it as diglosia?
• 10. Ahmad Mubais: what is the difference between code
switching and diglosia?