Code-switching is a linguistic phenomenon where speakers alternate between two or more languages in a single conversation to enhance communication. Initially viewed negatively, code-switching is now recognized as a natural and increasing practice, with various types including tag switching and intra-sentential switching. It serves various purposes, such as addressing fluency issues, marking formal versus informal contexts, and expressing emotions.

2. ENG 511:
English as a World Language
Topic: Code-switching
Presented by:
• Sharifun Nahar
• Rafasa Binthe Rafiq
• Mohammad Mustafizur Rahman
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3. An introduction to code-switching
Code-switching is one of the phenomenon of
language which occurs in societies to make the
communication more effective and
meaningful.
The term “code-switching” is first used by
Uriel Weinreich (1953) in the first article
“Language Contacts” of Hans Vogt.
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4. What is code-switching?

5. Code-switching
When two or more languages are in use
in one single conversation side by side
and express an authentic form from both
of the basic language.
“The practice of alternating between
two or more languages or varieties of
language in conversation”
- Oxford Dictionary
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6. When it occurs?

7. When occur:
In linguistics, code-switching
occurs when a speaker alternates
between two or more languages
or language varieties, in the
context of a single conversation.
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8. Example of code-switching

9. Example:
The bilingual leaflet of Hong Kong
Bank which were distributed in
Filipino workers in 1994. They used
Tagalog and English together to
express their point of view.
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10. Why switch or
why it occurs?

11. Reasons for code-switching
To hide fluency or memory problems in
the second language.
To mark switching from informal
situations to formal situations.
To change a topic and tress that by using
an appropriate code.
To exert control, especially between
parents and children.
Influence of western cultural.
To express someone’s emotion. 11

12. Nick names of code-switching

13. Names of mixed variety English
Franglais (French+English)
Tex-Mex (Spanish+English)
Chinglish (Chinese+English)
Japlish (Japanese+Englih)
Singlish (English Creole)
Spanglish (Spanish+English)
Denglish (German+English)
Banglish (Bengali+English) 13

14. General attitude towards code-switching
In past, code-switching had a
negative effect but at present the
practice of code-switching is
increasing.

15. Types of code-switching

16. Types of code-switching
Tag
switching
Inter-sentential
switching
Intra-sentential
switching
Intra-word
switching
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17. Types of code-switching
Tag switching: It occurs at end of a sentence with
question. E.g. “It is a nice weather, taina?”
Intra-word switching: A change occurs within
word. E.g. “Tenshito.”
Inter-sentential switching: When change takes
place at the end of a clause or sentence and two
different sentences will be in two different
languages but topic will be the same. E.g. “Bachte
hole amader taka dorkar. It is must.”
Intra-sentential switching: A change occurs
within a clause or sentence. E.g. “Eto late keno.”
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18. Code-switching on conversation
Rahim: Hey Karim! Why are you late?
Class to shuru hoye jabe.
Karim: Road a huge traffic. When have
you come?
Rahim: Traffic our problem. However,
eito ektu age aslam. Colo classroom a jai.
Karim: Hm. Let’s go.
is
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19. McArthur:
“World wide communication centres on
standard English, which however radiates
out into many kinds of English and many
other languages, producing clarity here,
confusion there, and novelties and
nonsenses everywhere. The result can be
– often is – chaotic, but despite the
blurred edges, this latter-day Babel
manages to work.”
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