This document discusses various linguistic phenomena that occur in multilingual communities, including bilingualism, code-switching, code-mixing, and borrowings. It provides definitions and examples of each. Bilingualism involves speaking two languages, while code-switching is switching between languages in conversation. Code-mixing involves rapidly switching codes within a single sentence. Borrowings occur when a word is adopted from one language due to no equivalent in the other.

1. Dr. K. Lakehal-Ayat
Mentouri University Constantine

2. Outline
Bilingualism
Code-Switching
Code-mixing
Borrowings
Dr. K. Lakehal-Ayat
Mentouri University Constantine

3. Introduction
 In many speech communities, one can see two, or
more, independent languages living side by side.
Multilingualism of the Indian
 In these communities people use more than 1 language
tribes living in the north-
(2 or +): one at west Amazon (between and a third with
home, another at work,
friends or the outside world. Brazil)
Columbia and
 All these languages are learned naturally, and the shift
from the one to the other is made without hesitation.
Dr. K. Lakehal-Ayat
Mentouri University Constantine

4. •The people you are speaking to,
•The social context
•The situation
 Similar cases can be observed all over the world, from
Singapore to Paraguay. to speak Sp or Guarani
They choose
depending on
 People in these communities have access to a number of
Location (city or countryside)
languages—called codes—which they may choose from
Formality,
in speaking to others. of the speaker
Sex
 What determinesHis/her social status language?
the choice of a specific
Intimacy of both sides
 Each of the available languages in a multilingual
Type of activity,
situation has Topic of the speech to perform, which is
a certain function event.
different from those of the others.
Dr. K. Lakehal-Ayat
Mentouri University Constantine

5. Bilingualis This There can This
m is the contact be phenome
prime can lead interferen non has
example of to ce in all led to the
language interferen aspects study of
contact. ce of a code-
language, switching
Dr. K. Lakehal-Ayat
Mentouri University Constantine

6. Compound vs. Coordinate
Bilingualism
Compound Coordinate
 Has one semantic  Has two semantic
system but two systems AND two
linguistic codes. linguistic codes.
 Usually refers to  Usually refers to
someone whose two someone whose two
languages are learned languages are learnt in
at the same time, often distinctively separate
in the same context. contexts.
Dr. K. Lakehal-Ayat
Mentouri University Constantine

7. Compound Coordinate
Semantic
Semantic Semantic
System
System 1 System 2
English Spanish
English Spanish
Dr. K. Lakehal-Ayat
Mentouri University Constantine

8. Code-Switching
 Code-switching is a term in linguistics referring to
using more than one language or variety in
conversation.
 Bilinguals who can speak at least two languages,
have the ability to use elements of both languages
when conversing with another bilingual.
 Code-switching is the syntactically and
phonologically appropriate use of multiple varieties.
 Weinreich (1953) describes bilingualism as
Dr. K. Lakehal-Ayat
Mentouri University Constantine

9.  (1) Gofte bud ke she wanted to get revenge. ‘She had
said that she wanted to get revenge.’ (Mahootian, 1993)
 (2) Ta carr light green aige be car at him: ‘He has a light
green car.’ (Stenson, 1990)
 (3) One algebra question o mark shite: ‘you mark one
algebra question’ (Nishimura, 1991)
 (4) Un professeur aDim: a professor excellent (‘an
excellent professor’) (Bentahila and Davies, 1983)
Dr. K. Lakehal-Ayat
Mentouri University Constantine

10. Types of Code Switching
INTER-SENTENTIAL
INTRA-SENTENTIAL
TAG-SWITCHING
Dr. K. Lakehal-Ayat
Mentouri University Constantine

11. Examples
 (5) Sometimes I’ll start a sentence in English y termino
en espanol: INTER-SENTENTIAL
‘Sometimes I’ll start a sentence in English
and finish it in Spanish.’ (Poplack, 1980)
 (6) I’m shuxi-ing with you. ‘I’m joking with you.’
INTRA-SENTENTIAL
(Mahootian, 1993)
INTRA-SENTENTIAL
 (7) Your bag is zir-e miz under of table: ‘Your bag is
under the table.’
 (8) It was a good performance, nae? ‘It was a good
performance,TAG-SWITCHING
wasn’t it?’
Dr. K. Lakehal-Ayat Mentouri University
Constantine

12. Why do people code-switch?
 The topic,
 the solidarity with the listener,
 the social setting,
 all these have been suggested as factors that
motivate people in code-switch. The motivation
may not be conscious.
 In some extreme cases, people may not even be
aware they have code-switched.
Dr. K. Lakehal-Ayat
Mentouri University Constantine

13.  Although switching has at times been associated
with language attrition, indicative of weakness in
one of the bilingual’s languages, many researchers
believe that code switching is in fact a natural
consequence of competence in more than one
language and that it should not be mistaken for a
language deficit.
Dr. K. Lakehal-Ayat
Mentouri University Constantine

14. Kinds of Code-Switching
SITUATIONAL METAPHORICAL
 occurs when the speaker  occurs when a change of the
changes the language topic of the discourse
because of the change in requires a change in the
the situation. language used.
 Thus, a language used in a
 One language is used in
situation which is different
one situation (for example which is
For instance, a language from the one it is usually used
during ausually used atwith the
breakfast home is occasionally because the topic of the
in,
heard in a government office,
family members) the other
because the topic that the conversation is one that is
in a different one (e.g. in
participants are discussing is associated with the situation
government offices) with home. it is usually used in.
associated
Dr. K. Lakehal-Ayat
Mentouri University Constantine

15. Went to the
Al-hamdu
movies with
Hello, Majda. lillah, fine.
Selma. Reetik
Code-mixing
How are you?
kunti ma9aana.
Shu akhbarik?
Thank you.
Ween kunti
Kan l-film
 There is also a kind of rapid switching between
fantastic.
mabbarih?
codes in the same conversation, even within a
single sentence.
Dr. K. Lakehal-Ayat
Mentouri University Constantine

16. Borrowings
 Borrowing usually occurs when the speaker does not
know a suitable equivalent for the borrowed item in the
first language.
 The borrowed word is part of the lexicon of the first
language. The borrowed items are almost always single
words—usually, bur not exclusively, nouns— and are
adapted to the first language in their
pronunciation, morphology and grammar. An example of
a borrowing into Arabic is the word ‘baguette' from the
French "baguette" (sandwich) or the word ‘mgripi’ from
the French word "grippe" (influenza, or flu).
Dr. K. Lakehal-Ayat
Mentouri University Constantine

17.  In code-switching, people switch not because they
cannot come up with an item in one of the codes; they
switch codes for important social considerations.
 They switch from one code to another completely—in
pronunciation, morphology, grammar and vocabulary.
There is no modification or adaptation to the rules of
the other code.
 Scholars assert that borrowings are morphologically
and syntactically integrated into the host language but
code switches are not.
Dr. K. Lakehal-Ayat
Mentouri University Constantine