This document discusses code switching, which is when multilingual speakers alternate between two languages or varieties of the same language in a single conversation. It defines code switching as the process of keeping the linguistic features of each language while switching between them to facilitate conversation. There are three main types of code switching: inter-sentential, which occurs at sentence boundaries; intra-sentential, which occurs within sentences; and tag switching, where a word or phrase from another language is inserted into the conversation. Examples of each type are provided.

1. Sohail Khan
Roll NO. 14
M.Phil Linguistics (2nd Semester)

2.  Human Beings use CODE for communication
between them. Concept of CODE has already
been defined, so without digging deep, it can
be said that CODE is a system that is used for
communication purpose in human beings.
This system can be a language, a dialect, a
register or a style. So there exist thousands
of CODES on this planet of Earth, used by
different factions of human beings.

3.  So it is very unlikely for a speaker to have
command of or use, only one of such codes
or systems. Command of only one language ,
whether it be a dialect , style or register
would appear to be an extremely rare
phenomenon. Generally people all over the
globe keep a command of more than one
verities of language and they switch between
these verities to facilitate the conversation.
That is what we call “Code Switching “.

4.  Code Switching is the process of alternating
between two languages or language verities,
in a single conversation, while keeping up the
linguistic features of that language or variety
of language. Multilingual speakers often
move back and forth between two languages
or verities of languages while conversing with
each other to facilitate their conversation.
This practice is Code Switching, also known
as Code Mixing.

5.  Code Switching can be of three major types
 Inter-sentential Switching
 Intra-sentential Switching
 Tag Switching

6.  Code Switching that occurs outside the
sentence or clause level, at the boundaries of
sentences or clauses. Sometimes it is also
known as “Extra-sentential Switching”.
 For example :
“Main to Yahan Hun. What happened ? “

7.  This is the type of code switching that occurs
within the sentence or a clause. This code
switching is very common in the languages
that share common family i.e. Spanish-
English, or Urdu-Arabic
 For Example :
 “Hum Kya Keh Rahy Hain, He never bothered
about it”
 What was sworn upon yesterday as guiding
principle will be chucked at the altar of
expediency tomorrow as mere siyasi bayan.

8.  As it is self explanatory , in this type of code
switching, a word or phrase from an other
language is TAGGED in the conversation. This
is very much similar to intra-sentential code
switching.
 For Example :
 No one at the office was willing to say
anything except that is ka order ooper se aya
hai.