Code switching refers to alternating between two or more languages or language varieties in conversation. It occurs when speakers switch between languages to quote someone, give emphasis, or establish group membership. There are general rules that govern when and where code switching can occur within sentences based on matching grammar points between languages or determining the dominant language frame. While code switching demonstrates language proficiency, some communities view frequent code switching negatively.

1. Code Switching
Sociolinguistics

2. An introduction to Code Switching
 There are some phenomena of language occur in
societies to make the communication more effective and
meaningful.
 One of these phenomenon is code switching which we
can observe mostly in second/foreign language
classrooms. It refers to the use of two languages within
a sentence or discourse.

3. The Definition of
Code Switching
is the use of more than
one language, variety,
or style by a speaker
within an utterance or
discourse, or between
different interlocutors
or situations (Romaine,
1992:110).

4. Examples about code switching:
 If you know him
‫علميني‬ ‫امر‬ ‫ماعليك‬
 ‫مررره‬ ‫هالقطعه‬nice ‫و‬
elegant

5.  Speakers of more than one language are known for
their ability to code switch or mix their language during
their communication.
 People switch code within a domain or social situation
 The switch will be clear, when there is an obvious
change in the situation ( Example)

7. A speaker may similarly switch to another language as a signal of group
membership and shared ethnicity with an addressee.

8.  Such switches are often very short that it is called
emblematic switching or tag switching and they are
made primarily for social reasons.
 The tag served as an ethnic identity maker or
solidarity maker
 For example:
1- Günaydìn girls, did you study for today’s quiz?
(Switch between English and Turkish)
 2- ‫أي‬ ‫عندك‬ question?
(Switch between Arabic and English)

9. Situational switching refers to
the tendency in a bilingual or
multilingual community to use
different languages or
language varieties in different
social situations. It may be
based on the topic, on the
addressee, the institution, or on
any specific combination of
situational factors.

11. o Code switching in multilingual communities
For example:
in the shops, salespeople often switch to the language of their customers
o Bilinguals find it easier to discuss particular topics in one code rather
than another.

12.  when a speaker switches code to quote a person or give a proverb
For example:
1) My father used to say to “ ‫الجد‬ ‫مع‬ ‫سهل‬ ‫يصير‬ ‫شي‬ ‫كل‬ ، ‫بالحياه‬ ‫صعب‬ ‫شي‬ ‫مافي‬
‫واالجتهاد‬”
2) some people used to postpone doing their work and they ended
up wasting their time without achieving anything. Arabic proverb said
“‫الغد‬ ‫الى‬ ‫اليوم‬ ‫عمل‬ ‫تؤجل‬ ‫”ال‬

13. The functions of Code Switching
① To show identity with a group to
stress the fact that they all belong to
this group
② Lack of Facility ; switch when they
cannot find an appropriate
expression or vocabulary item .
③ Lack of Register; : When speakers
are not equally competent in two
languages .
④ To attract attention ; shows that in
advertisements (in both, written as
well as in spoken) in India, code
switching is used to attract the
attention of the readers/listeners

14. ⑤ language switch from L to H
can signal disapproval . We
switch to express anger using
different styles of English
⑥ used for amusement and
dramatic a fact by telling joke for
expressing emotions.

15. Metaphorical
Switching
 A type of code
switching where each
of the code represents
or symbolizes a set of
social meanings. just
as using a metaphor. it
requires being skillful.
‫حقه‬ ‫حق‬ ‫ذي‬ ‫كل‬ ‫اعطي‬
Give the devil his due
‫تقع‬ ‫اشكالها‬ ‫على‬ ‫الطيور‬
Birds of a feather flock
together

16. Lexical borrowing
 Lexical borrowing is the adoption of individual
words or even large sets of vocabulary items
from another language or dialect.
 Lexical borrowing is results from the lack of
vocabulary and it is motivated by lexical need.

17.  When speaking a second
language, people will often use a
term from their first language
because they don't know the
appropriate word in their second
language.

18. People pronounced and used grammatically as if they were part
of the speaker's first language. Examples
Borrowing words
‫بالس‬‫ت‬‫يك‬
‫اتوماتيك‬
‫تنس‬
English origin
Plastic
Automatic
Tennis

19. linguistic constraints
 There are very general rules for switching. These
rules are universal.
 The switches occur within sentences( intra-sentential
switching) when there is

20.  1/ Linguistic equivalence between the two codes,
meaning when there is a point where the grammars of
both codes match each other.
English French Possible switch
point
Red boat Bateau rouge No
Big house Grande maison Yes

21.  2/ The matrix language frame (MLF) which imposes
structural constraints on code switched utterances. So
all system morphemes (such as tense and aspect
inflections) will come from this matrix, and any switch
will be determined or governed by this matrix. For
example:‫المحاضره‬ ‫كنسلت‬ ‫األستاذه‬

22.  3/ the level of proficiency in each code of the people
switching.
 less-proficient people will tend to switch at sentence
boundaries (inter-sentential switching) or use only
short phrases or tags at the end of the sentence for
example : ‫بليز‬ ‫كتابك‬ ‫عطيني‬

23. Attitudes to code-switching
 People are often unaware of the fact that they code-
switching.
 When their attention is drawn to this behaviour ,many tend
to apologize for it .
 For Example: among Mexican Americans the derogatory
term Tex Mex is used to describe rapid code-switching
between Spanish and English .

24.  Reaction to code-switching styles are negative in
many communities .
 Despite the fact that proficiency in intra sentential
code-switching requires a good control of both codes .
In conclusion, code switching is a phenomenon that is
inevitable in bilingual communities. It occurs mostly in
second/foreign language teaching and it can be used
beneficially in classroom activities.

25. In Conclusion
 The definition of Code Switching
 Tag switching ( very short switches)
 The first type of code switching which is the situational switching
 The second type of code switching which is the metaphorical switching
 The functions of code switching ( 7 functions)
 Definition of Lexical borrowing
 Why we use Lexical borrowing
 General rules for switching and examples.
 Attitudes to code-switching