CODE-SWITCHING.pptx
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The document discusses code-switching, which is when speakers alternate between two or more languages in a single conversation. It defines code-switching and provides examples. Specifically, it discusses that code-switching can occur for reasons like socioeconomic status, survival, expressing solidarity, compensating for language deficiencies, or exclusion. It also describes different types of code-switching like intra-sentential, inter-sentential, and extra-sentential switching. Additionally, it mentions emblematic or tag switching, which involves very short switches to signal group membership.
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Multilingual societies Language and IdentityThi.docx
Multilingual
societies:
Language and
Identity
This session introduces you to:
Multi-lingual individuals
Multi-lingual societies:
Language choice in multilingual societies
Code-switching
Language and identity
Multi-lingual
individuals
TOPIC 1
Bi-/multi-lingual
individuals:
What does it mean to
be bilingual or
multilingual?
The ability to use more than one language to communicate
But to what level of competence?
Basic/minimal Advanced
Balanced bilingualism is rare
Very few bilinguals have equal competence or use their languages
equally.
• Typically, each person has a different mix of the four skills:
listening, speaking, reading, and writing.
• ‘Passive’ BL = stronger comprehension (listening) than speaking
competence
• Others may have advanced competence in more than 1 language
but have degrees of competence in different domains (e.g. work
vs home)
What about you?
When, where,
with whom do
you use each
language?
For each one,
rate your ability
in listening,
speaking,
reading and
writing
List the languages
in which you have
a degree of
competency
Multi-lingual individuals
First language (L1)
mother-tongue(s), native language(s), that we hear spoken from birth
Second language (L2)
language(s) learned later in childhood or adulthood
Different learning processes are involved:
acquisition (of L1) vs learning (of L2)
How do we become bilingual/multilingual?
Simultaneous bilingualism
2 or more languages are acquired simultaneously in early childhood.
Successive bilingualism
a person who already has competence in a L1 learns a L2 (or L3, L4 …)
How long does it take to acquire a L1?
Humans are biologically equipped to learn language in infancy:
We are born with brains that are ‘wired’ for language - the capacity to figure out
the grammar and words of the specific language(s) we hear spoken around us
Most of that learning is complete by 5 years of age for children in all cultures
How long does it take to learn a L2?
After puberty, deliberate effort or study is needed to master a language
Up to 10 or more years for full control of oral and written language.
◦ Basic interpersonal communication skills within 2 years.
◦ Academic language proficiency up to 8 years
(Cummins 1984)
To be effective, L2 learning requires
üFrequent input data
üMeaningful and authentic opportunities for using the language
üPerceived value and/or need for the language
üWillingness & motivation
Bilingual education in schools
Typically the L2 is taught in a ‘foreign language class’.
Much less often it is the medium of instruction
Foreign language class teaching in countries where one language is dominant
often fails:
◦ too little exposure
◦ not often enough
◦ started too late
◦ too few opportunities to use the language actively and authentically.
How did you learn
your L2, L3, L4…?
qForeign language class in
school/university?
...
jcop5-6vcigpgfdfffddddxddddssssddssssa.pdf
A bilingual person is someone who speaks two languages fluently. Code-switching refers to using elements of both languages a bilingual speaks when conversing with another bilingual. Code-mixing is similar but refers to mixing languages within a multilingual setting where speakers share more than one language. A pidgin language develops as a simplified means of communication between groups without a shared language, while a creole language originates from a pidgin but is the native language of a speech community.
Bilingualism
The document discusses various topics related to bilingualism, including:
- Types of bilingualism such as simultaneous, early sequential, and late bilingualism.
- Studies showing young children can quickly learn a new language if they move to a new country, such as Leopold's diary study of his daughter.
- Debate around separate-store and common-store models of how bilinguals process languages in the brain.
- Concepts like code-switching, code-mixing, cognates, and forward/backward translation between languages.
Sociolinguistics chapter 4 introduction to sociolinguistics
This document discusses language contact and multilingualism. When languages come into contact, there can be language shift, where speakers adopt a majority language, or language maintenance, where minority languages are continued. Factors like status, territorial distribution, and institutional support influence whether languages are maintained. In multilingual settings, contact languages emerge and languages can converge through shared vocabulary. Code switching and multilingual discourse also occur when speakers mix linguistic elements. Language attitudes are shaped by ideologies like monoglossicism and pluralism. Diglossia describes separate high and low varieties used in different social contexts. Accommodation and audience design influence how speakers adapt their language based on their audience.
LANGUAGE CHOICE IN MULTILINGUAL COMMUNITIES.pptx
In multilingual communities, speakers can choose from multiple languages or varieties depending on social context. Code switching refers to alternating between languages for specific purposes, such as changing the topic or accommodating other speakers. Code mixing occurs when speakers insert words or phrases from another language without a clear purpose. How and when people switch or mix codes is influenced by who they are speaking to, the location, topic, and function of the interaction. Living in a multilingual environment requires the ability to use at least two languages and often results in code switching or mixing.
Applied Linguistics session 3_17_10_2021 Languages in the contemporary world.pdf
Applied Linguistics session 3_17_10_2021 Languages in the contemporary world.pdfDr.Badriya Al Mamari
This document discusses languages in the contemporary world. It covers several topics:
- How people communicate across languages through learning other languages or using translators.
- Attitudes toward languages from the perspective of native speakers and linguists. Linguists see all languages as equal while native speakers view their own language positively.
- Issues with defining what constitutes a separate language versus a dialect. While linguistics uses history and structure, popular perception is also important.
- The growth of English as a global lingua franca, used widely for business, education, and information across countries where it is not the first language.
- Problems with defining native speakers as English spreads more globally and non-native expertise increases in some contextstranslation method
The document discusses various translation strategies, techniques and methods. It defines translation strategy and discusses three global strategies employed by translators. It then discusses translation methods and procedures, and defines word-for-word, literal, faithful, semantic and idiomatic translation. Direct and oblique translation techniques are also explained, including borrowing, calque, literal translation, transposition, modulation, reformulation, adaptation and compensation.
Language Contact Delil and Workineh.pptx
Language contact occurs when speakers of different languages interact and their languages influence each other. It can result in language shift, where one language replaces another, or even language death when a language is no longer passed to new generations. Factors like linguistic hierarchies, language attitudes, and the prestige assigned to different languages can impact outcomes of language contact. Phenomena associated with language contact include code-mixing, code-switching, pidgins, language spread, decline, revival, and shift.
Tesol2011 pc
The document discusses the concept of English as a Lingua Franca (ELF) as an alternative to the traditional view of English having a 'standard' form based on Inner Circle varieties. It notes that ELF users prioritize effective communication over narrow definitions of correctness, making use of accommodation strategies, code-switching, and innovating in ways that create their own preferred forms. Research on ELF has found its users exploit the language through these means while focusing on successful interaction, not adherence to native speaker norms. The implications are that English teaching may need to take an ELF approach that develops accommodation skills and accepts global variation rather than discourage creativity.
SOCIO-LINGUISTIC CONCEPTS.pptx
The document discusses several key sociolinguistic concepts including bilingualism, language change, language shift, code switching, language death and revival, standard languages, vernacular languages, national languages, official languages, pidgins, regional dialects, and social dialects. It defines each concept and provides details on types and factors that influence them. The document is a guide to understanding how language interacts with society.
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CODE-SWITCHING.pptx
- 1. Regie-Ann D. Clavacio Bilingual and Multilingual Speech (Code-Switching)
- 2. An introduction to code-switching • Code-switching is one of the phenomeneon of language which occurs in societies to make the cummunication more effective and meaningful. • The term “code-switching” is first used by Uriel Weinreich (1953) in the first article “Language Contacts” of Hans Vogt.
- 4. Code-switching • When two or more languages are in use in one single conversation side by side and express an authentic form from both of the basic language. • According to Oxford Dictionary, code-switching is the practice of alternating between two or more languages or varieties of language in conversation
- 5. When will it occur? • In linguistics, code-switching occurs when a speaker alternates between two or more languages or language varieties, in the context of a single conversation.
- 6. Example The bilingual leaflet of Hong Kong Bank which were distributed in Filipino workers in 1994. They used Tagalog and English together to express their point of view.
- 7. You can enter a subtitle here if you need it Reasons for code-switching Code-switching is more than just language. People code-switch for a variety of reasons such as: • Socioeconomic status: Bilingual individuals from lower socioeconomic statuses to code-switch more because they have closer contact with English Language Learners (ELLs). • Survival: When dealing with survival, code-switching can either be employed or not. In order to survive among the in group setting, people code-switch to fit in. However, if dealing with the outside or broader society, people refrain from code-switching, so that they can be better accepted in mainstream society. • Perception of Solidarity: Code-switching occurs at times when people wish to express solidarity with a certain social group. • Expression: Oftentimes when a person cannot express him or herself in one language, they code-switch to compensate for the language deficiency. • Exclusionism: Sometimes, code-switching can be utilized to exclude non-bilingual people from a conversation.
- 8. ● Franglais (French + English) ● Tex-Mex or Spanglish (Spanish + English) ● Chinglish (Chinese + English) ● Japlish (Japanese + English) ● Singlish (English Creole) ● Denglish (German + English) ● Banglish (Bengali + English) ● Taglish (Tagalog + English) Names of mixed variety English!
- 9. You can enter a subtitle here if you need it Types of code-switching Code-switching can be classified into a variety of types. The three most common types of code-switching are: • Intra-Sentential: Intra-Sentential code-switching is a shift that is done in the middle of a sentence, without hesitations, interruptions, or pauses that would indicated a shift in language. Almost always, speakers are unaware of the shift in language. For example: Tengo que ir to the mall y al supermercado. • Inter-Sentential: Inter-Sentential code-switching occurs when the switch of the language is done at sentence boundaries. This type of code-switching is mostly used between fluent bilingual speakers. For example: Sagdi pa if I’m late to the appointment. • Extra-Sentential: Extra-Sentential code-switching is the insertion of a tag phrase from one language into a sentence in the other language. For example: I like coffee, pero, it gives me a headache.
- 10. You can enter a subtitle here if you need it • A speaker may similarly switch to another language as a signal of group membership and shared ethnicity with an addressee. • Such switches are often very short that it is called emblematic switching or tag switching and they are made primarily for social reasons. • The tag served as an ethnic identity maker or solidarity maker • For example: • 1. Maayong buntag girls, did you study for today’s quiz? Tag Switching