Language, History and Change
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The document discusses the origins and evolution of languages. It introduces the concept of Proto-Indo-European as a hypothesized common ancestor of languages spoken in Europe and parts of Asia. It also notes that comparative reconstruction analyzes cognates across related languages to determine features of ancestral proto-languages. The document then focuses on the evolution of English from Old English to Middle English to Modern English, noting sound changes, borrowed vocabulary from Latin, Old Norse, and French, and syntactic changes over time.
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Chapter 17
This document summarizes the history and development of the English language from its origins to modern times. It discusses concepts like philology, cognates, comparative reconstruction to determine language families, and sound changes that occurred from Old English to Middle English like the Great Vowel Shift. Key periods of English history mentioned are the Anglo-Saxon period, conversion to Christianity, the arrival of the Vikings, the Norman invasion, and the introduction of printing press which helped standardize the language.
Chapter 17: Language history and change
This document discusses the history and evolution of the English language from Old English to Modern English. It describes how family trees were created to show how languages are related and how words in different languages with similar meanings, spellings and pronunciations (cognates) can indicate a shared ancestral language. The document also explains comparative reconstruction, which aims to reconstruct the original forms in ancestral languages, and provides examples of how sounds and words were reconstructed across language families. Finally, it outlines the major periods of English history: Old English before 1100, Middle English from 1100-1500, Early Modern English from 1500-1700, and Modern English after 1700.
Language history and change
Sir William Jones realized that Sanskrit, ancient Indian language, shared similarities with European languages like Greek and Latin. He proposed they all descended from a common ancestor, Proto-Indo-European. Proto-Indo-European influenced languages like Germanic, Celtic, Italic, and Indo-Iranian. The document then discusses evidence for Proto-Indo-European through cognates in different languages and periods of change for the English language from Old to Modern English due to multiple influences.
Historical Linguistics
The document discusses different types of language change, including changes in vocabulary and the meanings of words. It outlines several processes by which vocabulary changes, such as coinage, compounding and affixation, conversion, clipping, blending, acronyms, and backformations. It also describes two main types of semantic change: extension and narrowing of meaning, as well as grammaticalization. Speakers adapt language over time to meet changing communicative needs, and new words can be created through various morphological and semantic processes.
Language history and change
Sir William Jones was an 18th century philologist who discovered connections between Sanskrit, Latin, Greek and other European languages. He realized they shared a common ancestral language. This document further explores the family tree of Indo-European languages and how they diverged over time through sound changes, borrowings from other languages, and syntactic shifts. It also discusses how Old English was influenced by invasions and cultural interactions with groups like the Angles, Saxons and Jutes to become Modern English.
1 language history and change
The document discusses the origins and evolution of languages over time. It describes how Proto-Indo-European is hypothesized to be the common ancestor of many European languages based on identifying common features like cognates. It then outlines some of the major influences on and changes to the English language from Old English to Middle English to Modern English, including invasions by Germanic tribes, Vikings, and Normans that introduced vocabulary. Advances like the printing press helped spread English and standardize features through books.
Language change
This document provides an overview of language change from both a historical and sociological perspective. It discusses the different types and levels of language change, including sound changes, lexical changes, semantic changes, and syntactic changes. Several theories of language change are presented, such as functional theory, random fluctuation theory, substratum theory, and the S-curve theory. The document also examines the routes language change can take, such as through language learning, contact, social differentiation, and natural usage processes. Finally, it outlines the major levels of language change - phonological, syntactic, semantic, and lexical - providing examples of sound changes like assimilation, dissimilation, and the Great Vowel Shift.
Chapter 5.sociolinguisitcs
This document discusses national and official languages, providing examples from different countries. It defines a national language as the language of a political, cultural, and social unit that symbolizes national unity, while an official language is simply used for government business. Some countries have multiple official languages but one dominant national language. Developing a national language involves selecting a variety, standardizing its structure through codification, extending its functions through elaboration, and securing its acceptance among the population through prestige planning. Linguists often play an important role in the standardization and codification of national languages.
Recommended
Chapter 17
This document summarizes the history and development of the English language from its origins to modern times. It discusses concepts like philology, cognates, comparative reconstruction to determine language families, and sound changes that occurred from Old English to Middle English like the Great Vowel Shift. Key periods of English history mentioned are the Anglo-Saxon period, conversion to Christianity, the arrival of the Vikings, the Norman invasion, and the introduction of printing press which helped standardize the language.
Chapter 17: Language history and change
This document discusses the history and evolution of the English language from Old English to Modern English. It describes how family trees were created to show how languages are related and how words in different languages with similar meanings, spellings and pronunciations (cognates) can indicate a shared ancestral language. The document also explains comparative reconstruction, which aims to reconstruct the original forms in ancestral languages, and provides examples of how sounds and words were reconstructed across language families. Finally, it outlines the major periods of English history: Old English before 1100, Middle English from 1100-1500, Early Modern English from 1500-1700, and Modern English after 1700.
Language history and change
Sir William Jones realized that Sanskrit, ancient Indian language, shared similarities with European languages like Greek and Latin. He proposed they all descended from a common ancestor, Proto-Indo-European. Proto-Indo-European influenced languages like Germanic, Celtic, Italic, and Indo-Iranian. The document then discusses evidence for Proto-Indo-European through cognates in different languages and periods of change for the English language from Old to Modern English due to multiple influences.
Historical Linguistics
The document discusses different types of language change, including changes in vocabulary and the meanings of words. It outlines several processes by which vocabulary changes, such as coinage, compounding and affixation, conversion, clipping, blending, acronyms, and backformations. It also describes two main types of semantic change: extension and narrowing of meaning, as well as grammaticalization. Speakers adapt language over time to meet changing communicative needs, and new words can be created through various morphological and semantic processes.
Language history and change
Sir William Jones was an 18th century philologist who discovered connections between Sanskrit, Latin, Greek and other European languages. He realized they shared a common ancestral language. This document further explores the family tree of Indo-European languages and how they diverged over time through sound changes, borrowings from other languages, and syntactic shifts. It also discusses how Old English was influenced by invasions and cultural interactions with groups like the Angles, Saxons and Jutes to become Modern English.
1 language history and change
The document discusses the origins and evolution of languages over time. It describes how Proto-Indo-European is hypothesized to be the common ancestor of many European languages based on identifying common features like cognates. It then outlines some of the major influences on and changes to the English language from Old English to Middle English to Modern English, including invasions by Germanic tribes, Vikings, and Normans that introduced vocabulary. Advances like the printing press helped spread English and standardize features through books.
Language change
This document provides an overview of language change from both a historical and sociological perspective. It discusses the different types and levels of language change, including sound changes, lexical changes, semantic changes, and syntactic changes. Several theories of language change are presented, such as functional theory, random fluctuation theory, substratum theory, and the S-curve theory. The document also examines the routes language change can take, such as through language learning, contact, social differentiation, and natural usage processes. Finally, it outlines the major levels of language change - phonological, syntactic, semantic, and lexical - providing examples of sound changes like assimilation, dissimilation, and the Great Vowel Shift.
Chapter 5.sociolinguisitcs
This document discusses national and official languages, providing examples from different countries. It defines a national language as the language of a political, cultural, and social unit that symbolizes national unity, while an official language is simply used for government business. Some countries have multiple official languages but one dominant national language. Developing a national language involves selecting a variety, standardizing its structure through codification, extending its functions through elaboration, and securing its acceptance among the population through prestige planning. Linguists often play an important role in the standardization and codification of national languages.
Semantics: Meanings of Language
This document discusses semantics, or the meaning of language. It covers lexical semantics including word meanings and relationships like synonyms, antonyms, and polysemy. It also discusses sentential semantics and how meaning is constructed from larger syntactic units. Conceptual and associative meanings are described. Lexical relations like hyponymy and homophony are explained. The document concludes by discussing semantic features, roles, and references used in semantic analysis.
Formal instruction and language learning
Formal instruction can have both immediate and delayed effects on second language acquisition according to research studies. Some key findings are that instruction is most effective for linguistically simple structures where form and function are transparent, and it can improve learners' controlled performance. However, gains from instruction may not persist in spontaneous speech over time. Instruction also appears to prime learners and facilitate later acquisition by making linguistic features more salient, even if it does not directly teach the rules of the language.
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This document discusses language contact and multilingualism. When languages come into contact, there can be language shift, where speakers adopt a majority language, or language maintenance, where minority languages are continued. Factors like status, territorial distribution, and institutional support influence whether languages are maintained. In multilingual settings, contact languages emerge and languages can converge through shared vocabulary. Code switching and multilingual discourse also occur when speakers mix linguistic elements. Language attitudes are shaped by ideologies like monoglossicism and pluralism. Diglossia describes separate high and low varieties used in different social contexts. Accommodation and audience design influence how speakers adapt their language based on their audience.
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The document discusses the development of the English language from 1900 to present day. It notes that a large number of scientific and technological words have been added to the vocabulary in a short period of time, using Greek and Latin roots. World Wars I and II helped reduce differences between regional accents. The rise of technology and the British Empire were two key factors that contributed many new words to the language.
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The document discusses the field of areal linguistics. It defines key terms like Sprachbund, which refers to a group of languages that have become similar through contact over geographical proximity despite having different origins. The document outlines the history of areal linguistics developing as a field and notes important scientists who studied linguistic geography and language contact. It provides examples of language features that have converged in the Balkan Sprachbund, a major area of study in areal linguistics, and provides a translation in several Balkan languages to illustrate these commonalities between languages from different families.
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This document discusses the causes of language change over time. There are three main causes: geographical separation, when dialects emerge as populations become isolated; borrowing, when languages adopt words and features from other languages they are exposed to; and internal change, which occurs naturally through processes like sound changes and shifts in meaning. Language also changes through social differentiation as groups adopt distinctive language varieties, and through natural processes that become conventionalized, like casual pronunciation changes.
Mutual intelligibility
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Change of language in english
The document discusses the linguistic roots and evolution of the English language from Old English to modern English. It traces the influences of Celtic, Latin, Scandinavian, French and Germanic languages over time. Key events that shaped English include the arrival of Romans in Britain in 43 AD, the Norman conquest of 1066 which introduced more French words, and the Great Vowel Shift between 1400-1700 that changed pronunciation. The printing press helped standardize spelling. Modern English incorporated many new words from other languages and places.
Diglossia
This document discusses the concept of diglossia, which refers to a situation where two varieties of the same language exist side by side within a speech community. It introduces diglossia and defines it as a stable language situation where a community uses a primary dialect as well as a divergent, codified superposed variety used for formal purposes like education, writing, and official spoken contexts. It then discusses different aspects of diglossia, including the functions of high vs low varieties, prestige and acquisition of the varieties, standardization efforts, differences in grammar, lexicon, and phonology between varieties. The document concludes that in diglossia, no one speaks the high variety as a mother tongue.
Language shift
This document discusses language maintenance and shift. It explains that language shift occurs when a minority language is displaced by the language of the dominant group over time, especially in contexts of migration or military occupation. Factors that can lead to language shift include economic and social pressures associated with the dominant language, as well as demographic factors like urbanization and intermarriage. Language shift happens more slowly when minority languages are highly valued as symbols of ethnic identity. The document also discusses language death, which occurs when no one speaks a language anymore, and language loss or erosion over time. It provides strategies for maintaining minority languages, such as institutional support through education.
Language standardization: How and why
The document discusses language standardization, including how and why languages become standardized. It notes that standardization is a prescriptive process that develops a standard variety of a language. Languages typically become standardized through resources like dictionaries, grammars, pronunciation guides from linguistic institutions, constitutional status as an official language, use in public domains like courts and schools, literary works, and popularity/acceptance in the community. Establishing a standard variety aims to promote national cohesion. The standard variety often reflects the language of higher socioeconomic groups. Examples are given of standardization processes and debates in countries like Brazil, Angola, Mozambique, and Cape Verde. Related scientific papers and books on topics like the politics of standardization and its
Language Shift and Language Maintenance
The document discusses language shift, which is a change from using one language to using another, more dominant language. This often occurs among immigrant families and communities. It provides examples of language shift occurring among Coptic speakers in Egypt and Hungarian speakers in Austria. Language shift happens for various social, economic, political and demographic reasons, and it can ultimately lead to language loss or even death if a language is no longer spoken. Maintaining positive attitudes about a minority language and frequent use of it can help prevent language shift.
Language maintenance and shift.
Reference :
" http://nongnia.blogspot.com/2013/04/sociolinguistic-language-maintenance.html "
" and other sources "
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This document discusses two major approaches to language universals proposed by Noam Chomsky and Joseph Greenberg. Chomsky's approach claims that language universals are innate properties of human language that allow humans to acquire language. Greenberg examined 30 languages and found general principles that govern all human languages, like morphologic and syntactic patterns. The two approaches differ in their data sources - Chomsky focuses on one language's abstract structures while Greenberg compares surface structures across many languages. They also propose different explanations for why language universals exist, like innate properties versus reflecting human cognition and social interaction.
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This document provides an overview of sociolinguistics, defining it as the study of language in relation to society. It discusses key concepts like speech communities, prestige varieties, and language contact. The main representatives discussed are William Labov and Basil Bernstein. Methodologies introduced by Labov are also summarized, including the use of minimal pairs, word lists, and interviews to study language variation. The document emphasizes the importance of sociolinguistics for understanding language variations and its relevance for teaching foreign languages.
Pidgin and creole
Pidgin languages develop as a simplified means of communication between groups that do not share a common language. They have limited vocabulary and simplified grammar drawn from the parent languages. Creole languages evolve from pidgins and become the native language of communities over time. Unlike pidgins, creoles have expanded vocabularies and fully developed grammar systems, and are acquired natively by children. The document provides examples of how pidgins can form between languages like English, Spanish, and Korean, and how a creole language may develop from a pidgin over a long period of time through expansion and becoming the standard language.
Generative grammar
This document provides an overview of generative grammar as established by Noam Chomsky. It discusses how generative grammar aims to describe the infinite number of well-formed sentences in a language using phrase structure rules and a lexicon. The two key components of generative grammar are the phrase structure component, which generates sentences using rules, and the lexicon, which provides lexical information. Together these components can account for language creativity, recursion, and native speaker competence or judgements about grammaticality.
Language maintenance
The document discusses factors that influence language maintenance or loss. It summarizes Giles, Bourhis and Taylor's model which identifies three main factors: 1) Status - including economic, social, and language status, 2) Demographic factors like population size and distribution, and 3) Institutional support through representation of the minority language in various institutions. Additional linguistic factors like standardization and cultural factors like emphasis on ethnic identity and community also influence whether a language is maintained or lost.
Types of language change
This document summarizes different aspects of language change, including lexical, semantic, phonological, and syntactic changes. It provides examples of how languages borrow words from other languages and coin new words through processes like compounding, derivation, clipping, blending, and acronyms. Semantic change can occur through broadening or narrowing word meanings and shifts in meaning. Phonological changes happen through processes like loss or addition of phonemes and metathesis. Syntactic changes involve modifications to word order, reanalysis of grammatical structures, and grammaticalization where words evolve into grammatical elements.
Language history and change
Linguists in the 19th century proposed the existence of a Proto-Indo-European language from which many modern European languages descended. Comparative reconstruction analyzes cognates (similar words) across languages to find commonalities and determine relationships to ancestral languages. English language history spans Old English (5th-11th centuries CE), influenced by Germanic invasions, Middle English (11th-15th centuries CE), influenced by French following the Norman invasion, and Modern English (15th century CE-present), which underwent phonological and syntactic changes. Languages evolve gradually over long periods through borrowing, new word creation, meaning changes, and other processes.
Chapter 17 language history and change
The document discusses the history and evolution of languages over time. It describes how Proto-Indo-European was identified as the common ancestor of many European and Indian languages based on similarities between their vocabularies and grammars. It also discusses methods of reconstructing earlier forms of words by comparing cognates across related languages and identifying common sound changes. As an example, it summarizes the major periods in the history of English from Old English to Modern English and some of the phonetic changes that occurred between each period like the loss of the letters þ and ð.
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This document discusses semantics, or the meaning of language. It covers lexical semantics including word meanings and relationships like synonyms, antonyms, and polysemy. It also discusses sentential semantics and how meaning is constructed from larger syntactic units. Conceptual and associative meanings are described. Lexical relations like hyponymy and homophony are explained. The document concludes by discussing semantic features, roles, and references used in semantic analysis.
Formal instruction and language learning
Formal instruction can have both immediate and delayed effects on second language acquisition according to research studies. Some key findings are that instruction is most effective for linguistically simple structures where form and function are transparent, and it can improve learners' controlled performance. However, gains from instruction may not persist in spontaneous speech over time. Instruction also appears to prime learners and facilitate later acquisition by making linguistic features more salient, even if it does not directly teach the rules of the language.
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This document discusses language contact and multilingualism. When languages come into contact, there can be language shift, where speakers adopt a majority language, or language maintenance, where minority languages are continued. Factors like status, territorial distribution, and institutional support influence whether languages are maintained. In multilingual settings, contact languages emerge and languages can converge through shared vocabulary. Code switching and multilingual discourse also occur when speakers mix linguistic elements. Language attitudes are shaped by ideologies like monoglossicism and pluralism. Diglossia describes separate high and low varieties used in different social contexts. Accommodation and audience design influence how speakers adapt their language based on their audience.
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Late modern english
The document discusses the development of the English language from 1900 to present day. It notes that a large number of scientific and technological words have been added to the vocabulary in a short period of time, using Greek and Latin roots. World Wars I and II helped reduce differences between regional accents. The rise of technology and the British Empire were two key factors that contributed many new words to the language.
Areal linguistics
The document discusses the field of areal linguistics. It defines key terms like Sprachbund, which refers to a group of languages that have become similar through contact over geographical proximity despite having different origins. The document outlines the history of areal linguistics developing as a field and notes important scientists who studied linguistic geography and language contact. It provides examples of language features that have converged in the Balkan Sprachbund, a major area of study in areal linguistics, and provides a translation in several Balkan languages to illustrate these commonalities between languages from different families.
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This document discusses the causes of language change over time. There are three main causes: geographical separation, when dialects emerge as populations become isolated; borrowing, when languages adopt words and features from other languages they are exposed to; and internal change, which occurs naturally through processes like sound changes and shifts in meaning. Language also changes through social differentiation as groups adopt distinctive language varieties, and through natural processes that become conventionalized, like casual pronunciation changes.
Mutual intelligibility
Mutual intelligibility refers to the extent that speakers of related languages or dialects can understand each other without special training. It is sometimes used as a criterion to distinguish languages from dialects, with dialects being mutually intelligible and languages not. However, this characterization is problematic, as some languages like Scandinavian tongues are mutually intelligible while some dialects of languages like German are not. Degree of mutual intelligibility and non-linguistic political/historical factors can also influence whether related varieties are considered languages or dialects. Mutual intelligibility is not an absolute criterion.
Change of language in english
The document discusses the linguistic roots and evolution of the English language from Old English to modern English. It traces the influences of Celtic, Latin, Scandinavian, French and Germanic languages over time. Key events that shaped English include the arrival of Romans in Britain in 43 AD, the Norman conquest of 1066 which introduced more French words, and the Great Vowel Shift between 1400-1700 that changed pronunciation. The printing press helped standardize spelling. Modern English incorporated many new words from other languages and places.
Diglossia
This document discusses the concept of diglossia, which refers to a situation where two varieties of the same language exist side by side within a speech community. It introduces diglossia and defines it as a stable language situation where a community uses a primary dialect as well as a divergent, codified superposed variety used for formal purposes like education, writing, and official spoken contexts. It then discusses different aspects of diglossia, including the functions of high vs low varieties, prestige and acquisition of the varieties, standardization efforts, differences in grammar, lexicon, and phonology between varieties. The document concludes that in diglossia, no one speaks the high variety as a mother tongue.
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This document discusses language maintenance and shift. It explains that language shift occurs when a minority language is displaced by the language of the dominant group over time, especially in contexts of migration or military occupation. Factors that can lead to language shift include economic and social pressures associated with the dominant language, as well as demographic factors like urbanization and intermarriage. Language shift happens more slowly when minority languages are highly valued as symbols of ethnic identity. The document also discusses language death, which occurs when no one speaks a language anymore, and language loss or erosion over time. It provides strategies for maintaining minority languages, such as institutional support through education.
Language standardization: How and why
The document discusses language standardization, including how and why languages become standardized. It notes that standardization is a prescriptive process that develops a standard variety of a language. Languages typically become standardized through resources like dictionaries, grammars, pronunciation guides from linguistic institutions, constitutional status as an official language, use in public domains like courts and schools, literary works, and popularity/acceptance in the community. Establishing a standard variety aims to promote national cohesion. The standard variety often reflects the language of higher socioeconomic groups. Examples are given of standardization processes and debates in countries like Brazil, Angola, Mozambique, and Cape Verde. Related scientific papers and books on topics like the politics of standardization and its
Language Shift and Language Maintenance
The document discusses language shift, which is a change from using one language to using another, more dominant language. This often occurs among immigrant families and communities. It provides examples of language shift occurring among Coptic speakers in Egypt and Hungarian speakers in Austria. Language shift happens for various social, economic, political and demographic reasons, and it can ultimately lead to language loss or even death if a language is no longer spoken. Maintaining positive attitudes about a minority language and frequent use of it can help prevent language shift.
Language maintenance and shift.
Reference :
" http://nongnia.blogspot.com/2013/04/sociolinguistic-language-maintenance.html "
" and other sources "
Language universals
This document discusses two major approaches to language universals proposed by Noam Chomsky and Joseph Greenberg. Chomsky's approach claims that language universals are innate properties of human language that allow humans to acquire language. Greenberg examined 30 languages and found general principles that govern all human languages, like morphologic and syntactic patterns. The two approaches differ in their data sources - Chomsky focuses on one language's abstract structures while Greenberg compares surface structures across many languages. They also propose different explanations for why language universals exist, like innate properties versus reflecting human cognition and social interaction.
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This document provides an overview of sociolinguistics, defining it as the study of language in relation to society. It discusses key concepts like speech communities, prestige varieties, and language contact. The main representatives discussed are William Labov and Basil Bernstein. Methodologies introduced by Labov are also summarized, including the use of minimal pairs, word lists, and interviews to study language variation. The document emphasizes the importance of sociolinguistics for understanding language variations and its relevance for teaching foreign languages.
Pidgin and creole
Pidgin languages develop as a simplified means of communication between groups that do not share a common language. They have limited vocabulary and simplified grammar drawn from the parent languages. Creole languages evolve from pidgins and become the native language of communities over time. Unlike pidgins, creoles have expanded vocabularies and fully developed grammar systems, and are acquired natively by children. The document provides examples of how pidgins can form between languages like English, Spanish, and Korean, and how a creole language may develop from a pidgin over a long period of time through expansion and becoming the standard language.
Generative grammar
This document provides an overview of generative grammar as established by Noam Chomsky. It discusses how generative grammar aims to describe the infinite number of well-formed sentences in a language using phrase structure rules and a lexicon. The two key components of generative grammar are the phrase structure component, which generates sentences using rules, and the lexicon, which provides lexical information. Together these components can account for language creativity, recursion, and native speaker competence or judgements about grammaticality.
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The document discusses factors that influence language maintenance or loss. It summarizes Giles, Bourhis and Taylor's model which identifies three main factors: 1) Status - including economic, social, and language status, 2) Demographic factors like population size and distribution, and 3) Institutional support through representation of the minority language in various institutions. Additional linguistic factors like standardization and cultural factors like emphasis on ethnic identity and community also influence whether a language is maintained or lost.
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This document summarizes different aspects of language change, including lexical, semantic, phonological, and syntactic changes. It provides examples of how languages borrow words from other languages and coin new words through processes like compounding, derivation, clipping, blending, and acronyms. Semantic change can occur through broadening or narrowing word meanings and shifts in meaning. Phonological changes happen through processes like loss or addition of phonemes and metathesis. Syntactic changes involve modifications to word order, reanalysis of grammatical structures, and grammaticalization where words evolve into grammatical elements.
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Sociolinguistics chapter 4 introduction to sociolinguistics
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The document discusses the history and evolution of languages over time. It describes how Proto-Indo-European was identified as the common ancestor of many European and Indian languages based on similarities between their vocabularies and grammars. It also discusses methods of reconstructing earlier forms of words by comparing cognates across related languages and identifying common sound changes. As an example, it summarizes the major periods in the history of English from Old English to Modern English and some of the phonetic changes that occurred between each period like the loss of the letters þ and ð.
Language history and change
1) In the late 18th century, Sir William Jones suggested that languages from different geographical areas may have a common ancestor, launching the field of linguistic investigation into language families.
2) The Proto-Indo-European language is reconstructed as the common ancestor of languages like Sanskrit, Latin, and Greek, based on comparative methods analyzing cognates across these languages.
3) English has undergone significant changes over time, from Old English (7th-11th century CE) to Middle English (1100-1500 CE) to Modern English (1500-present), with influences from Latin, French, and other languages introducing changes in vocabulary, sounds, syntax and other features.
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The document discusses the evolution and changes in the English language over time from Old English to Middle English to Modern English. It describes how English has been influenced by other languages like Old Norse, French, Latin, and Greek through events like the Anglo-Saxon, Viking, and Norman invasions of Britain. Key changes discussed include shifts in pronunciation, syntax, vocabulary, and the meanings of words. The document emphasizes that language change is a gradual, continuous process shaped by various social and historical factors.
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This slide explains the history and origins of the English language and also some basic tems in linguistics.
Language History and Change
This document discusses the history and evolution of the English language from Old English to Modern English. It describes how family trees were created to show how languages are related and how words in different languages with similar meanings, spellings and pronunciations (cognates) can indicate a shared ancestral language. The document also explains comparative reconstruction, which aims to reconstruct the original forms and sounds in ancestral languages, and divides the history of English into four periods: Old English before 1100, Middle English from 1100-1500, Early Modern English from 1500-1700, and Modern English after 1700.
The Study of Language and Change
The document discusses the history and evolution of language through three main points:
1. All languages originate from a common ancestral language, and comparative reconstruction allows linguists to trace the lineage of modern languages back through their sound and word changes over time.
2. The history of the English language can be divided into four periods - Old English, Middle English, Early Modern English, and Modern English - each characterized by external influences like the Norman conquest that introduced French words and an influx of Latin terms with Christianity, as well as internal sound changes like the Great Vowel Shift.
3. As languages evolve over time, they undergo semantic and syntactic changes in addition to sound changes, such as borrowed vocabulary, lost meanings
Hstorical linguistics
A brief research about linguistics and its development across the time. Also, it explains the different periods of English
The english language
The document discusses the origins and history of the English language. It can be categorized into the origins of English, a comparison of Modern English to Old English and other languages, and reasons for language change. English has been influenced by other languages over time, incorporating vocabulary from Latin, French, and Germanic languages. Both internal linguistic changes and external political, social, and geographic factors have contributed to how English has evolved into the widely-spoken language it is today.
Lit 303 chapter two sounds
This document provides an overview of the topics that will be covered in Week Two of LIT 303, which focuses on phonology, the study of sounds. It begins with reviewing key concepts from Chapter One such as linguistic systems, signs, and the vocal nature of language. Chapter Two will cover sounds, including the 44 sounds and over 200,000 words in English. Additional details are provided on consonants and their place and manner of articulation. Vowels are also introduced based on tongue position. Context is given on language statistics worldwide.
Language history and change
1) In 1786, Sir William Jones suggested that languages from different geographical areas had a common ancestor, launching the field of linguistic investigation into language history and change.
2) The Proto-Indo-European language is reconstructed as the common ancestor of Indo-European languages based on comparative methods analyzing cognates across languages.
3) English history is usually divided into Old English, Middle English, and Modern English periods, with each experiencing changes in sounds, syntax, borrowing, and meanings due to various influences over time.
Language history and change
1) In the late 18th century, Sir William Jones suggested that languages from different geographical areas may have a common ancestor language. Linguistic investigation into language families has been ongoing for over two centuries since then.
2) The Proto-Indo-European language is reconstructed as the common ancestor of the Indo-European language family, which originally formed in Europe and spread into the Indian subcontinent.
3) Language change occurs through sound changes, borrowing words from other languages, broadening and narrowing of word meanings over time, and syntactic changes to word order and inflection. The historical development of English can be divided into Old, Middle, and Modern English periods marked by external influences and internal sound changes
Language history and change
1) In the late 18th century, Sir William Jones suggested that languages from different geographical areas may have a common ancestor, launching the field of linguistic investigation into language families.
2) The Proto-Indo-European language is reconstructed as the common ancestor of languages like Sanskrit, Latin, and Greek, based on comparative analysis of cognates using principles like the majority principle.
3) English history is usually divided into Old English (7th-11th century), Middle English (1100-1500), and Modern English (1500-present), with each period showing changes in sounds, syntax, borrowing, and meanings due to various influences.
Language history and change
1) In the late 18th century, Sir William Jones suggested that languages from different geographical areas may have a common ancestor language. Linguistic investigation into language families has been ongoing for over two centuries since then.
2) The Proto-Indo-European language is reconstructed as the common ancestor of the Indo-European language family, which originally formed in Europe and spread into the Indian subcontinent.
3) Language change occurs through sound changes, borrowing words from other languages, broadening and narrowing of word meanings over time, and syntactic changes to word order and inflection. The historical development of English can be divided into Old, Middle, and Modern English periods marked by external influences and internal sound changes
English is French Slideshow.pdf
The intricate tapestry of the English language has been debated by linguists for ages. While its Germanic roots (shared with languages like Swedish, Dutch, and German) are evident, the undeniable impact of the Romance languages, especially French, begs investigation.
The Norman conquest in 1066 and the subsequent influence of Norman French reshaped English in unprecedented ways. Some linguists suggest that the vast Romance additions to English vocabulary make it a Germanic-Romance hybrid. However, it's essential to note that the backbone of English - its core vocabulary - remains rooted in Old English.
But how French is the English language, really? With limited recent research on the topic, I took the plunge into the depths of English vocabulary using Python.
LINGUISTICS 101.pptx
This document provides an overview of the history and development of the English language. It discusses how English originated from earlier Germanic dialects and was influenced by Latin, Old Norse, and Norman French. It describes some key events that transformed English, including the Great Vowel Shift between 1400-1700, the publication of the King James Bible in 1611, and the works of William Shakespeare in the late 1500s and early 1600s. The document also addresses linguistic concepts like dialects, loanwords, and how languages borrow and influence each other over time.
English as an indo european language essay
The document discusses English as a member of the Indo-European language family. It explains that English originated from a prehistoric ancestor language called Proto-Indo-European. Over thousands of years, Proto-Indo-European split into various dialects that evolved into the modern Indo-European languages. While English retains the basic structure of its Germanic origins, it has borrowed extensively from other Indo-European languages like Latin, Greek, and its Germanic neighbors. As a result, over half of the basic roots found in the reconstructed Proto-Indo-European language are now represented in Modern English vocabulary through borrowing.
Module1 historical linguistics-part2
The document provides an overview of the history and development of historical linguistics and compares traditional and modern approaches. It discusses how early studies of language origin and relationships were limited but led to realizations of connections between languages like Latin, Greek and Sanskrit. Modern historical linguistics dates to the late 18th century and uses comparative methods to reconstruct proto-languages and establish language families. The history of the English language is explored as reflecting cultural influences over 1500 years through events like the Roman invasion and Norman Conquest, with English evolving differently in various global contexts today.
Companion to english linguistics
This document provides an overview of phonetics and phonology, the two linguistic disciplines concerned with speech sounds. Phonetics describes the physical properties of sounds, including their articulation, acoustics, and perception. Phonology examines the functional role of sounds in a language's system. The text outlines the basic units of phonetics, phones, and describes how sounds are classified into consonants and vowels based on their manner and place of articulation. It provides examples of the different consonant types found in English, such as plosives, fricatives, nasals, and affricates.
presentation Historical Linguistics 2021.pdf
Historical linguistics studies language change over time by examining how languages have evolved from earlier stages to their modern forms. Languages are constantly changing in their phonology, morphology, syntax, and lexicon. Historical linguists use the comparative method and reconstruct ancestral proto-languages to show genetic relationships between languages and trace their development from a common ancestor. Sound changes from one language stage to another usually follow regular phonetic processes.
Honors geo. ch 10 p.p
The document discusses the history and development of Esperanto, an artificial language created in the late 19th century to foster international harmony. It was invented by Dr. Ludovic Zamenhof, a Polish ophthalmologist, who hoped it would become the first or second language of all people. Esperanto incorporated elements from major European languages and had simpler grammar rules than natural languages. The first World Congress of Esperanto speakers was held in 1905 in France but the language initiative ultimately failed to gain widespread adoption. The document also examines the emergence of lingua francas throughout history to enable trade between groups speaking different languages, using Swahili in East Africa as a modern example.
What is english; what is language (online new)
This document provides an overview of language and English language topics that could be covered in a summer school course. It includes questions about what language is, the different kinds of languages, and the origins and development of English as a global language. Students are assigned an essay on whether animals can use language or whether English will lose its status as a global language. The document outlines essay structure and finding sources, and encourages students to write a 1000-word essay on their chosen topic before the next class.
Historical linguistics
The document discusses how languages change over time through natural processes. It notes that after 1,000 years, languages diverge to the point of no longer being mutually intelligible, and after 10,000 years the relationship becomes indistinguishable from unrelated languages. The rate of change varies, but systematic sound changes and borrowing are the main drivers of divergence. The comparative method is used to reconstruct ancestral languages and classify languages into families based on regular sound correspondences.
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Varieties of English Language
People's language use is influenced by their social group, region, field of discourse, medium of communication, and attitude. Variations in dialects developed over time due to regional separation and the British conquest, with educated speakers using standard English and non-educated speakers using nonstandard English. While there are global, American, and British standards of English, other English-speaking regions also developed their own standards that distinguish based on field of discourse, medium, and speaker attitude.
Origins of the English Language
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Language History and Change
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みなさんこんにちはこれ何文字まで入るの？40文字以下不可とか本当に意味わからないけどこれ限界文字数書いてないからマジでやばい文字数いけるんじゃないの？えこ...
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Language, History and Change
- 2. Different languages from different places must have a common ancestor
- 3. During the 19th century, PHILOLOGY came out with a term to describe this
- 4. Proto: Original form Indo: Modern languages in the Indian subcontinent European: Modern languages in Europe Proto-Indo-European is only one of the “great-grandmothers” of languages , but there are about 30, with the result of over 4.000 languages. Between these, Chinese has the most native speakers (around 1 billion), while English is more widely spoken around the world
- 5. Most Spoken Languages in the world (In millions) 170 170 Chinese Spanish 182 885 English Arabic 189 Bengali Hindi 235 Portuguese 332 Russian 322
- 7. Too see how modern languages are related, we must take a look at older languages
- 8. Cognates: Within groups of related languages we found similarities in particular sets of terms Comparative reconstruction: The process of comparation between modern languages to get to the original (proto) form.
- 9. Comparative Reconstruction Most natural Majority development Principle Principle
- 10. Majority Principle: In a set of cognates, the majority of them have retained the original sound Most natural development principle: Some types of sound changes are common, and some are very unlikely Reconstruction is used to determine how a language was, before written records began
- 11. Old English Period: 7th Century – 11th Century Middle English Period: 1100 – 1500 Modern English Period: 1500 – present
- 12. Englisc (Anglosaxons) Germanic Fused with Latin Languages (Christianity) Old Norse (Vikings)
- 13. Nobility, Gobernment, law, civilized who became Begins with the arrival of Normans people Who were French Speakers
- 14. Change of vowel sounds Methatesis: Change in the position of joining sounds Epenthesis: Addition of sounds in the middle of words Prothesis: Addition of a sound to the beginning of a word
- 15. Syntactic changes: Word order, such as subject after the verb, object before the verb or at the beginning of a sentence Lexcial changes: Differences Modern English from Old English in the number of borrowed words, and also many of them have ceased to be used
- 16. Processes Broadenning Narrowing (Generalization of (especification of words) words) Processes, of course, were gradual. Most of them as a result of cultural transmition