The document defines various linguistic terms related to code switching including code, monolingual, bilingual, and multilingual. It then discusses types of code switching such as inter-sentential, intra-sentential, and tag code switching. Finally, it outlines some common reasons for code switching such as to fulfill a need, show solidarity, reflect social status, based on topic, to express affection, and to persuade an audience.

1. CODE SWITCHING

2. TERMS TO REVISE

3. Code
• A language may be referred to as
a code.
• A code is a neutral term which can be
used to denote a language or a
variety of language.

4. Monolingual
• Monolingual is defined as a person
who only speaks one language. A
person who speaks only English is
an example of a monolingual.

5. Bilingual
• Bilingual describes a person or
community that speaks two
languages. A bilingual person might
speak Urdu and English.

6. Multilingual
• Multilingual can be defined as
the using or ability to speak
several or many languages with
same facility.

12. Point To Ponder….
• Nearly 7000 languages are spoken all over the
world.
• More than half of the world’s population is
estimated to be bilingual and engaged in code
switching across the world.
• Code switching occurs far more often in
conversation than writing.

13. Code Switching
• In many situations, a speaker may
shift from one code to another,
intentionally or unintentionally. This
shift may be from one language to
other, one dialect to another or from
one style to another due to many
reasons
Walid M Rihane

14. Code Switching
• Code-switching occurs when a speaker
alternates between two or
more languages, or language varieties, in
the context of a single conversation.
Wikipedia

15. Code Switching
• Code switching is the practice of moving
back and forth between two languages or
between two dialects or registers of the
same language at one time.
Richard Nordquist

16. Code Switching
• Code Switching is the “use of
elements from two languages in
the same utterance or in the
same stretch of conversation”

17. Code Switching
• Code Switching is “the
juxtaposition within the same
speech exchange of passages of
speech belonging to two different
grammatical systems or
subsystems”

18. TYPES OF CODE SWITCHING

19. Code Switching can be divided into
following types.
i. Inter-sentential Code Switching
ii. Intra-sentential Code Switching
iii. Tag Code Switching

20. Inter-sentential code switching
• Inter-sentential CS involves switching
at sentential boundaries where one
clause or sentence is in one language
and the next clause or sentence is in
the other.
• E.g. Main tu yahan hoon. What
happened?

21. Inter-sentential code switching
• In Inter-sentential code switching, the
language switch is done at sentence
boundaries. This is seen most often
between fluent bilingual speakers.
• E.g.

22. Inter-sentential code switching
• Eldin and MacSwan state that since
inter-sentential CS takes place within
the same sentence or between
speaker turns, it entails fluency in
both languages such that a speaker
is able to follow the rules of the two
languages.

23. Intra-sentential code switching
• In Intra-sentential code switching, the shift
is done in the middle of the sentence, with
no interruption, hesitation or pauses
indicating a shift the speaker is usually
unaware of the shift . Different types of
switch occurs within the clause level
including within the word level. Some
researchers call it code mixing.

26. Tag Code Switching
• Tag-switching involves inserting a tag or
short phrase in one language into an
utterance that is otherwise entirely in
another language. This type of CS occurs
the most easily for the reason being that
tags typically contain minimal syntactic
restrictions; thus, they do not break
syntactic rules when inserted into a
sentence that is given in the

27. Tag Code Switching
• L1Tags include interjections, fillers and
idiomatic expressions. Examples of
common English tags are “you know”, “I
mean” and “right

31. To Fulfill a Need
• . A speaker who may not be able to express
him/herself in one language might switch to
another to compensate for the deficiency. As a
result, the speaker may be triggered into
speaking in the other language for a while. This
type of code switching tends to occur when the
speaker is upset, tired, or distracted in some
manner, or when they are less fluent in one
language.

32. To show solidarity
• According to Janet Holmes 'a
speaker may switch to another
language as a signal of group
membership and shared ethnicity
within an addressee‘.
• Code-switching can be used to
express solidarity between people
from different or the same ethnic
groups.

33. To reflect social status
• Sometimes, speakers tend to use different
languages to imply a certain social status
or to distinguish themselves from other
social classes.
• 'Other reasons that have been found to
motivate Code Switching are to sound
elitist or classy‘
• Code-switching carries a hidden prestige
which is made explicit by attitudes'

34. To reflect social status
(cont. )
• Speakers may use code-switching 'to
show power over the less powerful'
• The ability of a speaker to code-switch
implies that he is a well educated person
who is competent in two languages or
even more. Thus, code-switching can be
looked upon as a way to distinguish
oneself.

35. Topic
• Topic or subject of the conversation is
considered another important reason that
leads a multilingual speaker to code-switch.
• 'people may switch code within a speech
event to discuss a particular topic'
(Holmes,2000) .
• Thus, speakers may tend to use more than
one language within one same utterance
according to the topic.

36. Topic (cont.)
• In many situations, a bilingual may tend to
talk about one certain topic in a language
rather than another.
• For example in most Arabic society
discussing emotional and sexual topics
within the community is 'easier when it is
discussed in a language that is different than
the native Arabic language

37. Affection
• Code-switching can also happens when speakers
want to express certain feelings and attitudes.
Speakers may switch codes to express
happiness, excitement, anger, sadness, and many
other feelings. We can easily realize that most
multilingual speakers use code switching to
express a sudden or surprising feeling such as
happiness or anger. I personally, and everybody
in my family experience this act in both contexts.

38. To Persuade Audience
• Code-switching is often used in speech and
rhetoric, on purpose in order to either attract
attention and to persuade an audience. When
a speaker uses code-switching in persuasion
and rhetoric, they will be more capable of
reaching their goal and in persuading their
audience since, code-switching grabs
attention, and reflects a certain socio-economic
identity which can give the speaker more
credibility and reliability

39. To show solidarity
• According to Janet Holmes 'a
speaker may switch to another
language as a signal of group
membership and shared ethnicity
within an addressee‘.
• Code-switching can be used to
express solidarity between people
from different or the same ethnic
groups.

40. To show solidarity
• According to Janet Holmes 'a
speaker may switch to another
language as a signal of group
membership and shared ethnicity
within an addressee‘.
• Code-switching can be used to
express solidarity between people
from different or the same ethnic
groups.

41. Reasons Of Code Switching

42. Reasons Of Code Switching
Social trending
• Increase of social
distance.
• Level of formality.
• Mobile SMS
• Job Interviews
• Legal proceedings
• Use of loan words in
Urdu (code borrowing)

44. Code Switching in Pakistan

45. Code Switching in Pakistan

46. Code Switching in Pakistan

47. Advantages of

48. Advantages of code switching

49. Disadvantages of

50. Disadvantages of code switching

52. Code Switching in Classroom

53. Code Mixing

54. Code Mixing
• Code mixing occurs when conversant
use both languages together to the
extent that they change from one
language to the other in the course of
a single utterance
Wardhaugh

55. Code Mixing
• Code mixing pieces of one language
are used while a speaker is basically
using another language.
Gumperz

56. Code Mixing
• Code mixing, we can see
the borrowing elements of sentence
from one language to other language.
Suwito

57. Code Mixing
• Code mixing happens when people
mix two languages (or more)
languages in such speech act or
discourse without any force to do
mixing codes.
Nababan

58. Factors Affecting
Code Mixing

59. Bilingualism
• It cannot be avoided that the ability to
use to speak more than one language
is a basic factor of code mixing. Most
of the world’s population is bilingual
or multilingual.

60. Speaker and partner
speaking
• Communication is the process of
expressing ideas between two
participants of conversation. Speaker
needs partner speaking to
communicate and code mixing could
appear if both use and understand it
well.

61. Social community
• An individual lives and cooperates in
one community either in monolingual
or bilingual community. Now most
communities are bilingual that use two
languages in their interactions. In this
case, an individual will be influenced
by social community directly.

62. Vocabulary
• There is not appropriate word or
when there is a lack of vocabulary in
one language. The inability to find an
appropriate word or expression in
one language makes people change
the word or phrase from one to
another language and it can be
combined together.

63. Situation
• Usually code mixing occurs in relax
or informal situation. This situation is
closer with daily conversation and for
writers is also describe as their
habitual communication

64. Prestige
• Globalization era has lad people
must able to speak more than one
language, especially English. For
many young people code mixing
becomes style which is hoped to be
modern and educational one. They
mix language because of prestige.

65. Types of Code
Mixing

66. Types of Code Mixing
1. Intra Lexical Mixing (Insertion)
2. Involving The Change In A
Pronunciation (Alteration)
3. Intra-sentential (Congruent
Lexicalization)

67. Intra Lexical Mixing
(Insertion)
• Insertion of material (lexical
items or entire constituents)
from one language into a
structure of the other language.

68. Intra Lexical Mixing
(Insertion) cont.
• Insertion is the constraint in the
terms of structural properties of some
base or matrix structure. The process
of code mixing is conceived
as something skin to borrowing
and insertion of an alien lexical or
phrasal category into a given
structure.

69. Example of Intra Lexical Mixing
(Insertion)
• Yeh P h o t o bhot achi hai.
• Note: In above mention sentence
word “Photo” is taken from English
language and inserted in a Urdu
sentence.

70. Example of Intra Lexical Mixing
(Insertion)
• H u m s u b a i r p o r t j a e i n
g a e y .
• Note: In above mention sentence
word “airport” is taken from English
language and inserted in a Urdu
sentence.

71. Example of Intra Lexical Mixing
(Insertion)
• Sub batsmen acha kheltey
hain.
• Note: In above mention sentence
word “batsmen” is taken from English
language and inserted in a Urdu
sentence.

72. Example of Intra Lexical Mixing
(Insertion)
• Ab halat control main hain.
• Note: In above mention sentence
word “control” is taken from English
language and inserted in a Urdu
sentence.

73. Involving The Change In A
Pronunciation (Alteration)
• Alternation is the constraint of mixing
in terms of compatibility or
equivalence of the languages
involved at the mix point, and clause.

74. Example of Involving The Change
In A Pronunciation (Alteration)
Ali: What is your activities at home?
Salman: Activities… hmmmm bas kuch khas ni sona,
khana, peena or comfortable feel karna. Sub se
achi baat hai k no worry about studies.
Ali: Everyday?
Salman: Han yar everyday. Or tumhen pata hai
whenever I feel sleepy main bhot sari video
games khelyta hon.

75. Intra-sentential (Congruent
Lexicalization)
Congruent
lexicalization of material from different
lexical inventories into a
shared grammatical structure. It is also
the influence of dialect within language
use.
• E.g. English speaking of South Indians &
Africans.

83. Difference between code-Mixing
and Code-Switching
Code Switching
• Code Switching is nothing
but switching from one
language to another to
create a special effect.
Code mixing
• Code Mixing is mixing of
mostly words, but also
phrases, clauses or even
complete sentences of
two languages or
varieties.