Taxonomy, Classification of living things for grade 8

2. Activity
• 1 Whole
• Make a Family tree using a graphic
organizer. Tracing your origin from your
grandparents to grand children.

3. Go to
Section:

4. ClassificatiClassificati
onon
Go to
Section:

5. The Challenge
• Biologists have identified and
named approximately 1.5 million
species so far.
• They estimate that between 2 and
100 million species have yet to be
identified.

6. • 1. Why Classify?
– To study the diversity of life
– To organize and name organisms
• 2. Why give scientific names?
– Common names are misleading
Finding Order in Diversity
Go to
Section:
jellyfish silverfish star fish
None of these animals are fish!

7. • Different levels of classification are
analogous to a postal address. 1st
sorted by
country, then provinces, followed by
municipality, and by district or barangay.
The mailman then finds the street and house
number until the letter reaches the recipient.

8. Philippines
Isabela
Quezon
Samonte District
23 Rizal St.
Bucaneg
Phylum/Division
Class
Family
Genus
Kingdom
Order
Pedro Species

9. Chordata
Mammalia
Hominidae
Homo
Animalia
Primata
Phylum/Division
Class
Family
Genus
Kingdom
Order
Species Sapiens

10. Some organisms have several common
names
Go to
Section:
This cat is commonly
known as:
•Florida panther
•Mountain lion
•Puma
•Cougar
Scientific name: Felis concolor
Scientific name means “coat of one color”
Why Scientists Assign Scientific Names to Organisms

11. Origin of Scientific Names
• By the 18th
century, scientists realized that
naming organisms with common names was
confusing.
• Scientists during this time agreed to use a
single name for each species.
• They used Latin and Greek languages for
scientific names.

12. Slide # 6
Linnaeus: The Father of Modern Taxonomy
Go to
Section:
Carolus
Linnaeus
1732: Carolus Linnaeus developed
system of classification – binomial
nomenclature
a. Two name naming system
b. Gave organisms 2 names
Genus (noun) and species (adjective)
Rules for naming organisms
1. Written is Latin (unchanging)
2. Genus capitalized, species lowercase
3. Both names are italicized or underlined
EX: Homo sapiens: wise / thinking man

13. Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
Go to
Section:
Linnaeus’s System of Hierarchy
Least
specific
Most
specific
1. Which of the following contains all of the
others?
a. Family c. Class
b. Species d. Order
2. Based on their names, you know that
the baboons Papio annubis and Papio
cynocephalus do not belong to the
same:
a. Family c. Order
b. Genus d. Species

14. Binomial Nomenclature Example
• For example, the polar bear is named
Ursus maritimus.
• The genus, Ursus, describes a group of
closely related bear species.
• In this example, the species, maritimus,
describes where the polar bear lives—on
pack ice floating on the sea.

15. Modern Classification
• Linnaeus grouped species into
larger taxa, such as genus and
family, based on visible
similarities.
• Darwin’s ideas about descent
with modification evolved into
the study of phylogeny, or
evolutionary relationships
among organisms.

16. Modern Classification
• Modern biologists group organisms into categories
representing lines of evolutionary descent.
• Species within a genus are more closely related to
each other than to species in another genus.
Genus: Felis Genus: Canis
Felis domistica Canis familiaris

17. Similarities in DNA and RNA
• Scientists use similarities and differences in
DNA to determine classification and
evolutionary relationships.
• They can sequence or “read” the
information coded in DNA to compare
organisms.

18. Kingdoms and Domains
• In the 18th
century, Linnaeus originally
proposed two kingdoms: Animalia and
Plantae.
• By the 1950s, scientists expanded the
kingdom system to include five
kingdoms.

19. The Five Kingdom System
Monera bacteria
Protista Amoeba, slime mold
Fungi
mushrooms, yeasts, molds
Plantae
flowering plants, mosses, ferns,
cone-bearing plants
Animalia
mammals, birds, insects, fishes,
worms, sponges

20. • Organisms belonging to Kingdom Monera
are called PROKARYOTES because they
lack a true nucleus, cytoskeleton and
internal membranes.
• All other organisms are called
EUKARYOTES because their cell nuclei
and organelles are enclosed by membranes
and they contain a cytoskeleton

21. • Living organisms can be classified as:
1.Unicellular- made up of single cell
2.Multicellular – made up of more than one
cell
• Most monerans and protists are unicellular
organisms, while all fungi, plants and
animals are multicellular

22. The Six Kingdom System
• In recent years, biologists have
recognized that the Monera are
composed of two distinct groups.
• As a result, the kingdom Monera has
now been separated into two
kingdoms: Eubacteria and
Archaebacteria, resulting in a six-
kingdom system of classification.

23. • Kingdom Eubacteria – includes the true
bacteria and cyanobacteria (phosynthetic
bacteria)
• Kingdom Archaea- includes bacteria-like
organisms that live in extremely harsh
environment such us hotsprings, volcanic
vents, sewage treatment plants, ocean floor
and swamp sediments.

24. The Three-Domain System
• Scientists can group modern organisms
by comparing ribosomal RNA to
determine how long they have been
evolving independently.
• This type of molecular analysis has
resulted in a new taxonomic category
—the domain.

25. The Three Domains
• The three domains, which are larger than
the kingdoms, are the following:
• Eukarya – protists, fungi, plants and
animals
• Bacteria – which corresponds to the
kingdom Eubacteria.
• Archaea – which corresponds to the
kingdom Archaebacteria.

26. Bacteria
Archaea Eukarya
Prokaryotic
ancestor (2
Billion years ago)
Prokaryotic
ancestor (3
Billion years ago)
Origin of Life
Non of the three groups are
ancestral or primitive to the
other, and each domain shares
certain features with the
others as well as having
unique characteristics of its
own. Biologist believe that
the three domains share a
common prokaryotic ancestor

28. Classification of Living Things
The three-domain system
Bacteria Archaea Eukarya
Eubacteria
Archae-
bacteria
Protista Plantae Animalia
The six-kingdom system
Fungi

29. Grizzly bear Black bear Giant
panda
Red fox Abert
squirrel
Coral
snake
Sea star
KINGDOM Animalia
PHYLUM Chordata
CLASS Mammalia
ORDER Carnivora
FAMILY Ursidae
GENUS Ursus
SPECIES Ursus arctos
Hierarchical Ordering of Classification
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Section:
As we move from
the kingdom level
to the species level,
more and more
members are
removed.
Each level is more
specific.

31. Assignment
Notebook:
1.List down the characteristics of the
following Kingdoms
a. Kingdom Eubacteria
b. Kingdom Archaea
c. Kingdom Protist
d.Kingdom Fungi
e. Kingdom Plantae
f. Kingdom Animalia

34. Bird’s Eyeview of the Living
World
The Six Kingdom of Classifiction

35. Kingdom Archaebacteria
Go to
Section:
Cell Type Prokaryote
Number of Cells Unicellular
Nutrition Autotroph or Heterotroph
Location Extreme Environments Volcanoes,
Deep Sea Vents, Yellowstone Hot
Springs
Examples Methanogens
Thermophiles

36. Kingdom Eubacteria
Go to
Section:
E. coli
Streptococcus
Cell Type Prokaryote
Number of Cells Unicellular
Nutrition Autotroph or
Heterotroph
Examples Streptococcus,
Escherichia coli
(E. coli)

37. Kingdom Protista
Go to
Section:
Paramecium
Green algae
Amoeba
Cell Type Eukaryote
Number of Cells Most Unicellular,
some multicellular
Nutrition Autotroph or
Heterotroph
Examples Amoeba,
Paramecium,
Euglena,
The “Junk-Drawer”
Kingdom

38. Kingdom Fungi
Go to
Section:
Mildew on Leaf
Mushroom
Cell Type Eukaryote
Number of Cells Most multicelluar,
some unicelluar
Nutrition Heterotroph
Example Mushroom, yeast,
mildew, mold
Most Fungi are
DECOMPOSERS

39. Kingdom Plantae
Go to
Section:
Ferns :
seedless
vascular
Sunflowers:
seeds in
flowers
Douglas fir:
seeds in cones
Mosses growing
on trees
Cell Type Eukaryote
Number of Cells Multicellular
Nutrition Autotroph
Examples Mosses, ferns,
conifers,
flowering plants

40. Kingdom Animalia
Go to
Section:
Sage grouse
Poison dart frog
Bumble bee
Sponge
Jellyfish
Hydra
Cell Type Eukaryote
Number of Cells Multicellular
Nutrition Heterotroph
Examples Sponges,
worms, insects,
fish, mammals

41. CELL WALL
1. PEPTIDOGLYCAN: contain peptidoglycan, a
complex web-like molecule; found only in the Eubacteria
2. UNCOMMON LIPIDS: nonpeptidoglycan, contains
uncommon lipids, found only in Archaebacteria
3. PECTIN: contain pectin a complex polysaccharide,
found in most Protista
3. CELLULOSE: contain cellulose a complex
polysaccharide; found in Plantae
3. CHITIN: contain chitin, a tough material like that
making up crab shells; found only in the Fungi

42. MODE OF NUTRITION (how obtain
energy/gets food)
A. AUTOTROPHIC: make own food,
contain chlorophyll (photosynthetic), (some
without chlorophyll are chemotrophic)
B. HETEROTROPHIC: get food from
other organism, no chlorophyll, ingestion or
absorption (free living, parasitic,
saprophytic)