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Classification of Living Things
- 2. Activity • 1 Whole •Make a Family tree using a graphic organizer. Tracing your origin from your grandparents to grand children.
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- 5. The Challenge • Biologistshave identified and named approximately 1.5 million species so far. • They estimate that between 2 and 100 million species have yet to be identified.
- 6. • 1. WhyClassify? – To study the diversity of life – To organize and name organisms • 2. Why give scientific names? – Common names are misleading Finding Order in Diversity Go to Section: jellyfish silverfish star fish None of these animals are fish!
- 7. • Different levelsof classification are analogous to a postal address. 1st sorted by country, then provinces, followed by municipality, and by district or barangay. The mailman then finds the street and house number until the letter reaches the recipient.
- 8. Philippines Isabela Quezon Samonte District 23 RizalSt. Bucaneg Phylum/Division Class Family Genus Kingdom Order Pedro Species
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- 10. Some organisms haveseveral common names Go to Section: This cat is commonly known as: •Florida panther •Mountain lion •Puma •Cougar Scientific name: Felis concolor Scientific name means “coat of one color” Why Scientists Assign Scientific Names to Organisms
- 11. Origin of ScientificNames • By the 18th century, scientists realized that naming organisms with common names was confusing. • Scientists during this time agreed to use a single name for each species. • They used Latin and Greek languages for scientific names.
- 12. Slide # 6 Linnaeus:The Father of Modern Taxonomy Go to Section: Carolus Linnaeus 1732: Carolus Linnaeus developed system of classification – binomial nomenclature a. Two name naming system b. Gave organisms 2 names Genus (noun) and species (adjective) Rules for naming organisms 1. Written is Latin (unchanging) 2. Genus capitalized, species lowercase 3. Both names are italicized or underlined EX: Homo sapiens: wise / thinking man
- 13. Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species Go to Section: Linnaeus’s Systemof Hierarchy Least specific Most specific 1. Which of the following contains all of the others? a. Family c. Class b. Species d. Order 2. Based on their names, you know that the baboons Papio annubis and Papio cynocephalus do not belong to the same: a. Family c. Order b. Genus d. Species
- 14. Binomial Nomenclature Example •For example, the polar bear is named Ursus maritimus. • The genus, Ursus, describes a group of closely related bear species. • In this example, the species, maritimus, describes where the polar bear lives—on pack ice floating on the sea.
- 15. Modern Classification • Linnaeusgrouped species into larger taxa, such as genus and family, based on visible similarities. • Darwin’s ideas about descent with modification evolved into the study of phylogeny, or evolutionary relationships among organisms.
- 16. Modern Classification • Modernbiologists group organisms into categories representing lines of evolutionary descent. • Species within a genus are more closely related to each other than to species in another genus. Genus: Felis Genus: Canis Felis domistica Canis familiaris
- 17. Similarities in DNAand RNA • Scientists use similarities and differences in DNA to determine classification and evolutionary relationships. • They can sequence or “read” the information coded in DNA to compare organisms.
- 18. Kingdoms and Domains •In the 18th century, Linnaeus originally proposed two kingdoms: Animalia and Plantae. • By the 1950s, scientists expanded the kingdom system to include five kingdoms.
- 19. The Five KingdomSystem Monera bacteria Protista Amoeba, slime mold Fungi mushrooms, yeasts, molds Plantae flowering plants, mosses, ferns, cone-bearing plants Animalia mammals, birds, insects, fishes, worms, sponges
- 20. • Organisms belongingto Kingdom Monera are called PROKARYOTES because they lack a true nucleus, cytoskeleton and internal membranes. • All other organisms are called EUKARYOTES because their cell nuclei and organelles are enclosed by membranes and they contain a cytoskeleton
- 21. • Living organismscan be classified as: 1.Unicellular- made up of single cell 2.Multicellular – made up of more than one cell • Most monerans and protists are unicellular organisms, while all fungi, plants and animals are multicellular
- 22. The Six KingdomSystem • In recent years, biologists have recognized that the Monera are composed of two distinct groups. • As a result, the kingdom Monera has now been separated into two kingdoms: Eubacteria and Archaebacteria, resulting in a six- kingdom system of classification.
- 23. • Kingdom Eubacteria– includes the true bacteria and cyanobacteria (phosynthetic bacteria) • Kingdom Archaea- includes bacteria-like organisms that live in extremely harsh environment such us hotsprings, volcanic vents, sewage treatment plants, ocean floor and swamp sediments.
- 24. The Three-Domain System •Scientists can group modern organisms by comparing ribosomal RNA to determine how long they have been evolving independently. • This type of molecular analysis has resulted in a new taxonomic category —the domain.
- 25. The Three Domains •The three domains, which are larger than the kingdoms, are the following: • Eukarya – protists, fungi, plants and animals • Bacteria – which corresponds to the kingdom Eubacteria. • Archaea – which corresponds to the kingdom Archaebacteria.
- 26. Bacteria Archaea Eukarya Prokaryotic ancestor (2 Billionyears ago) Prokaryotic ancestor (3 Billion years ago) Origin of Life Non of the three groups are ancestral or primitive to the other, and each domain shares certain features with the others as well as having unique characteristics of its own. Biologist believe that the three domains share a common prokaryotic ancestor
- 28. Classification of LivingThings The three-domain system Bacteria Archaea Eukarya Eubacteria Archae- bacteria Protista Plantae Animalia The six-kingdom system Fungi
- 29. Grizzly bear Blackbear Giant panda Red fox Abert squirrel Coral snake Sea star KINGDOM Animalia PHYLUM Chordata CLASS Mammalia ORDER Carnivora FAMILY Ursidae GENUS Ursus SPECIES Ursus arctos Hierarchical Ordering of Classification Go to Section: As we move from the kingdom level to the species level, more and more members are removed. Each level is more specific.
- 31. Assignment Notebook: 1.List down thecharacteristics of the following Kingdoms a. Kingdom Eubacteria b. Kingdom Archaea c. Kingdom Protist d.Kingdom Fungi e. Kingdom Plantae f. Kingdom Animalia
- 34. Bird’s Eyeview ofthe Living World The Six Kingdom of Classifiction
- 35. Kingdom Archaebacteria Go to Section: CellType Prokaryote Number of Cells Unicellular Nutrition Autotroph or Heterotroph Location Extreme Environments Volcanoes, Deep Sea Vents, Yellowstone Hot Springs Examples Methanogens Thermophiles
- 36. Kingdom Eubacteria Go to Section: E.coli Streptococcus Cell Type Prokaryote Number of Cells Unicellular Nutrition Autotroph or Heterotroph Examples Streptococcus, Escherichia coli (E. coli)
- 37. Kingdom Protista Go to Section: Paramecium Greenalgae Amoeba Cell Type Eukaryote Number of Cells Most Unicellular, some multicellular Nutrition Autotroph or Heterotroph Examples Amoeba, Paramecium, Euglena, The “Junk-Drawer” Kingdom
- 38. Kingdom Fungi Go to Section: Mildewon Leaf Mushroom Cell Type Eukaryote Number of Cells Most multicelluar, some unicelluar Nutrition Heterotroph Example Mushroom, yeast, mildew, mold Most Fungi are DECOMPOSERS
- 39. Kingdom Plantae Go to Section: Ferns: seedless vascular Sunflowers: seeds in flowers Douglas fir: seeds in cones Mosses growing on trees Cell Type Eukaryote Number of Cells Multicellular Nutrition Autotroph Examples Mosses, ferns, conifers, flowering plants
- 40. Kingdom Animalia Go to Section: Sagegrouse Poison dart frog Bumble bee Sponge Jellyfish Hydra Cell Type Eukaryote Number of Cells Multicellular Nutrition Heterotroph Examples Sponges, worms, insects, fish, mammals
- 41. CELL WALL 1. PEPTIDOGLYCAN:contain peptidoglycan, a complex web-like molecule; found only in the Eubacteria 2. UNCOMMON LIPIDS: nonpeptidoglycan, contains uncommon lipids, found only in Archaebacteria 3. PECTIN: contain pectin a complex polysaccharide, found in most Protista 3. CELLULOSE: contain cellulose a complex polysaccharide; found in Plantae 3. CHITIN: contain chitin, a tough material like that making up crab shells; found only in the Fungi
- 42. MODE OF NUTRITION(how obtain energy/gets food) A. AUTOTROPHIC: make own food, contain chlorophyll (photosynthetic), (some without chlorophyll are chemotrophic) B. HETEROTROPHIC: get food from other organism, no chlorophyll, ingestion or absorption (free living, parasitic, saprophytic)