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Classification and Keys
- 1. Classification LOs •Define and describethe binomial system of naming species •Classify the five main classes and describe their features •Use simple dichotomous keys based on features ClickBiology
- 2. Starter: Place thefollowing organisms into groups of your choosing. ClickBiology
- 3.
- 4. Dolphins and sharks •http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GmLYGzlPL • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QjFqO16w_ ClickBiology
- 5. Whales and sharks Whalesand sharks both live in the sea, and could be considered to look quite similar. However, they are entirely different species: whales sharks have lungs have gills warm-blooded give birth to live young cold-blooded mammal fish lay eggs Whales and sharks look similar because they have developed structures such as fins and a streamlined body to help them to live in the sea environment. ClickBiology
- 6. What is aspecies? A group of organisms that look the same A group of organisms that look different but can breed A group of organisms that can breed A group of similar organisms that are capable of interbreeding to produce fertile offspring ClickBiology
- 7. What is aspecies? A huge variety of organisms live on our planet. Scientists have put living things into groups to make them easier to identify. This is called classification. Organisms can be classified into different species. A species is a group of similar organisms that are capable of interbreeding to produce fertile offspring. So far, scientists have identified around 290,000 species of plants, 1,250,000 species of animals and 5 million species of bacteria living on our planet. ClickBiology
- 8. The grouping togetherof animals is called classification. A group of similar organisms is called a taxon. The study of classification is called taxonomy. ClickBiology
- 9. The importance ofhabitat Sometimes organisms with a recent common ancestor live in different environments. They may evolve quite differently, even though their DNA is similar. The Galapagos Islands are home to many species of finch that all evolved from a recent common ancestor. However, today the finch species have different features to help them survive on their particular islands. Some finches have beaks that are best for eating fruit, while others have beaks adapted to eating seed or insects. This varies according to what the main source of food is on the island where they live. ClickBiology
- 10. Living in similarhabitats • Organisms that are not closely related may share several features • They have to solve the same environmental problems Belong to the phylum Cnidaria Belong to the phylum Mollusca ClickBiology
- 11. Closely related speciescan look very different • The share certain characteristics and are classified close together but live in very different habitats. • Habitats determine their features Arctic fox lives in the arctic Fennec fox lives in the desert ClickBiology
- 12. Problems with classifyingspecies Sometimes it is not easy to classify organisms into species. Bacteria usually reproduce asexually. However, our definition of ‘species’ is based on organisms that can breed together. This definition therefore does not work for bacteria. Many common duck species can breed together to produce hybrids. There have been over 400 types of duck hybrid recorded. These are often fertile, and can breed with each other or the native ducks, producing ducks with a variety of characteristics. ClickBiology
- 13. Problems with classifyingspecies Mules are hybrids, made by breeding a donkey with a horse. + = Most are infertile, but occasionally female mules do mate with donkeys or horses to produce offspring. This does not fit with our definition of species, and makes it hard to classify the animals. ClickBiology
- 14. 62 chromosomes 44 chromosomes 53chromosomes ClickBiology
- 15.
- 16. Binomial classification The classificationsystem that scientists use today was developed by Carl Linnaeus in the 18th century. This system is known as binomial classification. It uses Latin names, so scientists around the world can use the same names without confusion. The first part of an organism’s scientific name is its genus, and the second part is the species. e.g. Tyrannosaurus rex Genus species ClickBiology
- 17. Evolution and classification Classificationenables us to explore the evolutionary origins of an organism. Two organisms in the same genus are generally very similar, and are therefore likely to share an ancestor in the recent past. For example, the genus Canis includes dogs, jackals and wolves. Two organisms in the same kingdom (e.g. dogs and spiders) share some characteristics, but are different in many ways. Consequently, their common ancestor is likely to be in the distant past. ClickBiology
- 18. Evolutionary trees An evolutionarytree represents the evolutionary relationship between organisms. Organisms with recent common ancestors are closer together on the tree. Scientists use the following evidence to construct evolutionary trees: genetics and DNA fossil records the structures of organisms patterns of embryonic development. ClickBiology
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- 21. Prokaryotes • Unicellular • Microscopic •No nuclear membrane ClickBiology
- 22. Protoctista • Eukaryotes • Mainlysingle cells. ClickBiology
- 23. Plantae • Multicellular eukaryotes •Photosynthetic • Cellulose cell wall. ClickBiology
- 24. Fungi • Heterotrophic eukaryotes •Rigid cell wall of chitin • Reproduce by spores ClickBiology
- 25. Animalia • • • • Heterotropic Multicellular eukaryotes No cellwall Nervous coordination ClickBiology
- 26.
- 27. Hierarchical classification system Kingdom: Animalia Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species ClickBiology
- 28.
- 29. Hierarchical classification system Kingdom: Animalia Phylum : Chordata (vertebrates) Class Order Family Genus Species ClickBiology
- 30.
- 31. Hierarchical classification system Kingdom: Animalia Phylum : Chordata (vertebrates) Class : Mammals Order Family Genus Species ClickBiology
- 32.
- 33. Hierarchical classification system Kingdom: Animalia Phylum : Chordata (vertebrates) Class : Mammals Order: Primates Family Genus Species ClickBiology
- 34.
- 35. Hierarchical classification system Kingdom: Animalia Phylum : Chordata (vertebrates) Class : Mammals Order: Primates Family : Hominidae Genus Species ClickBiology
- 36.
- 37. Hierarchical classification system Kingdom: Animalia Phylum : Chordata (vertebrates) Class : Mammals Order: Primates Family : Hominidae Genus : Homo Species ClickBiology
- 38.
- 39. Hierarchical classification system Kingdom: Animalia Phylum : Chordata (vertebrates) Class : Mammals Order: Primates Family : Hominidae Genus : Homo Species: Homo sapiens ClickBiology
- 40. Evolutionary tree –mammals This evolutionary tree shows some examples of mammals. platypus opossum cow human chimp monkey mouse rat horse Which animal is most closely related to the human? Which animal is most closely related to the horse? Which animal branched out from the others furthest back in evolutionary time? dog ClickBiology
- 41. Mnemonics to helpyou remember the taxons King penguins Climb Over Frozen Grassy Slopes ClickBiology
- 42. Mnemonics to helpyou remember the taxons King Prawn Curry Or Fat Greasy Sausages ClickBiology
- 43. Plantae • Multicellular eukaryotes •Photosynthetic • Cellulose cell wall. ClickBiology
- 44. Flowering plants areclassified into two groups: Monocotyledonous plants 1 cotyledon strap like leaves parallel veins flower parts divisible by 3 example: kaffir lily ClickBiology
- 45. Flowering plants areclassified into two groups: Dicotyledonous plants 2 cotyledons broad leaves branching veins flower parts divisible by 4 or 5 ClickBiology
- 46. Which plant isa monocotyledon and which is a dicotyledon? dicotyledon monocotyledon ClickBiology
- 47.
- 48. Bacteria are singlecelled organisms • Bacteria cells are about 1/1000th the size of animal or plant cells. cell membrane cytoplasm DNA no nucleus, DNA is one long strand kept in the cytoplasm cell wall made of peptidoglycans slime capsule ClickBiology
- 49. Prokaryotes • Unicellular • Microscopic •No nuclear membrane ClickBiology
- 50. The main bodyof a fungus is the mycelium, which is made of hyphae • Fungal cells have cell walls made of substances such as chitin mushroom sporangium containing spores spores produced here hyphae of mushroom mycelium Mucor growing on moist bread hyphae of Mucor mycelium: Secrete digestive enzymes ClickBiology
- 51. Viruses are notclassified as living things as they are not made of cells • Viruses are very small, approximately 100nm across (1nm = 1/1000 000 of a mm) 10nm proteins of the virus coat RNA cross section of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) ClickBiology
- 52. Viruses reproduce byinvading other cells White blood cell (lymphocyte) 6. New viruses leave the cell 5. Virus cores are made in the cytoplasm 1. Virus attaches to cell membrane 2. Virus RNA enters cell 3. DNA copy of the RNA is made 4. Nucleus makes copies of the virus RNA ClickBiology
- 53. Using the book(Pg 5, 6 ,7)… Practice at Classifying different Invertebrates… EXT: Make a Key to identify unknown organisms…? ClickBiology
- 54.
- 55. The binomial systemgives organisms a two word name showing the genus and species Genus species Genus Panthera leo species Panthera tigris Genus species Panthera pardus ClickBiology
- 56. There are otherclassification systems: • Cladistics: Based on similarity and differences between DNA and RNA sequences AAAA Extended AGAA AACA AGTA AGGA ClickBiology
- 57. You will needto be able to: • Define and describe the binomial system of naming species • Use a dichotomous key to identify an unknown organism ClickBiology
- 58. Keys use aseries of questions to identify unknown organisms cap Identify the fungus 1. Stalk does not have a frill Stalk has a frill 2. Stem is brown Stem is yellow frill go to 2 go to 3 Fungus A Fungus B 3. Cap has spots Cap does not have spots go to 4 Fungus C 4. Cap is red Cap is brown Fungus D Fungus E ClickBiology
- 59. Now you shouldbe able to • Define and describe the binomial system of naming species • Use a dichotomous key to identify an unknown organism ClickBiology
Editor's Notes
- #8 Teacher notes Taxonomy is the science of studying classification.
- #9 There are millions of species in world and only a small percentage has been identified. Half a million beetle species alone people job identifying species. Consistent in how we classify. For hundreds of years used system based on a swedish biologist called Carl linnaeus.
- #13 This content is higher tier for OCR Gateway GCSE Science.
- #15 Zebra & donkey -/ zebronkey.
- #16 Current classification system based on his system. Work topwards down you have 5 kingdoms. There are some 10 million species of living organisms (mostly insects), and many more extinct ones, so they need to be classified in a systematic way. In 1753 the Swede Carolus Linnaeus introduced the binomial nomenclature for naming organisms. This consists of two parts: a generic name (with a capital letter) and a specific name (with a small letter), e.g. Panthera leo (lion) and Panthera tigris (tiger). This system replaced non-standard common names, and is still in use today.
- #17 Teacher notes The genus is usually given a capital letter and the species a lowercase letter. The name should be written in italics or underlined. Image credit: Painting by J.H. Scheffel. This work of art is in the public domain.
- #18 Teacher notes You may wish to ask students to list the characteristics shared by the dog, jackal and wolf, and then those shared by the dog, spider and fish. Discuss the idea that animals which are more similar are classified more closely together, and have a common ancestor in the recent past. You might like to ask students to research the characteristics of animals in the Phylum Chordata, Class Mammalia and Order Carnivora to illustrate this further.
- #20 nly need kno 3.
- #22 See variety within kingdoms.
- #23 Forams, spirogyra, giardia – backpackers nightmare (diarrhoeaa)
- #26 Heterotrophic obtain carbon by eating others things. Some organism take carbon directly from environment e.g plants. (autotrophic)
- #27 nly need kno 3.
- #41 Teacher notes It might be worth pointing out that the tree shows examples of mammals, and not every mammal is included. More able pupils could research a more complete tree. The answers to the questions posed on the slide, in order, are: chimp, dog, platypus. Further questions for discussion include: Which would you expect to share more characteristics, a dog and a horse or a mouse and a monkey? Why? Which pair of animals do you think had the most recent ancestor? Why? Which pair of animals do you think had the most distant ancestor? Why?
- #50 See variety within kingdoms.