The document provides an overview of biology and cells. It discusses the characteristics of living things, the structures and differences between plant and animal cells, and specialized cell types. It also describes microscopes and their uses in observing cells. The basic unit of life is the cell, which can be unicellular like bacteria or multicellular like humans. Plant cells have cell walls and chloroplasts while animal cells do not. Microscopes magnify cells in different ways to reveal their structures and organelles.

1. Biolog
y
CHP:1

2. We will learn:
1-Characteristics of a living thing
2-What is cells
3-Animal cell
4-Plant cell
5-Differences between plant and animal
cells
6-Microscopes
7-Specialized cells
8-Single cells
9-Many cells
10-Plant organs

3. CHAPTER 1: CELLS AND TISSUES
BIOLOGY : Is the study of livingthings. All livingthings are
called organisms because they have
self – sustaining life processes. How do we know if somethin
is living or non – living ?
The organism must have seven unique characteristics.
CHARACTERISTICS OF LIVING THINGS
FEEDING : Is the intake and use of nutrient .Organisms take in
food for energy.
Animals feed on plants and other animals. Plants make their
own food through the process of photosynthesis

4. RESPIRATION: Is a chemical reaction that happens within cells to
release energy from food. All livingthings respire because they
need energy. Oxygen is usually needed by the cells of the
livingthing (i.e. animals) to break down food into glucose. And
plants also take in carbon dioxide releasing oxygen as its waste
product.
MOVEMENT: An action by an organism causing changes in
position or place. All living things move in some way. This may be
obvious, such as animals that are able to walk, or less obvious,
such as plants that have parts that move to track the movement of
the sun.
Example; Animal like sheep, man, cow move by walking.
GROWTH : It is the permanent increase in body size and mass of an
organism. Plants grow at the shoot and root tips of a plant, stems

5. EXCRETION : Is the removal of waste product of metabolism and
toxic materials from the body. Animals take in food and bring
out the undigested and residue as waste called feces .
SENSITIVITY: The ability to detect changes in the surrounding
environment. And feel what is happening around it Plants are
sensitive to light and will move their leaves towards light
direction. Animals have different sense organs like the skin and
ears for detection.
REPRODUCTION: The process where an organism produces same
of its kind. Organisms produce and pass genetic information
onto their off – springs. Some animals give birth, some lay eggs
and plants produces seeds that can grow into new plant of the
same species.

6. Cells: Cells are the basic block of life which keep us standing on our legs
now and there is two types of cells the unicellular and multicellular
organisms.
Unicellular: Unicellular organisms are organisms that has one cell.(E.G:
bacteria)
Multicellular: Multicellular organisms is the opposite of unicellular
organisms so multicellular organisms they have many cells that helps
us.(E.G: humans,animals,plants…etc).

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11. Plant cell Animal cell
1-have tough cellulose cell walls
2-have chloroplasts
3-have a large permanent vacuole
containing
cell sap
4-many have a box-like shape
5-have a nucleus to the side of the cell
6-Absence of centrosomes and centrioles
1- do not have cellulose cell walls
2-do not have chloroplasts
3-sometimes they have small vacuoles
but they
never contain cell sap
4-shape varies
5- have a nucleus in the middle of the
cell
6-Present of centrosomes and centrioles
Differences between plant and animal cell

12. Microscope: Is used in observing cells which cannot be seen with the
naked eye. It magnify them about 1000 time bigger.
Light microscope: This type of microscope has two lenses, the eyepiece
and the objective lens used to magnify organisms to about 1000 times the
size. It uses light rays.

13. Electron microscope: Some cells are too small to be seen
by the light microscope, instead electron microscope is used. It
uses a beam of electrons. It gives detail structure of cells. It can
magnify up to about 500000 times the size of the organism it
can help you see also what is inside the cell.

14. SPECIALISED CELL: Are cells that carry out special
jobs in the living thing and they look different. Examples:
Red blood cell: carries oxygen
Nerve cells: carry messages around the body
Bone cells: Make bones that support the body
Root hairs: Absorb water from the soil
Xylem cells : cells that carry water up the stem

15. Red blood cell

17. Egg cell

18. Muscle cells

19. Sperm cell

20. Bone cells

21. Tissues: Is a group of similar cells working together. (Eg muscles.
Organ: Is made up of group of tissues working together.
(Eg heart ,lungs, brain.
Organ System: Is a group of organs working together.
Eg circulatory system( heart and blood vessels)
Organism: when all organ system work together, they
make an organism.

24. 1) Define tissues, organs and organ system.
2) What is the basic block of life?
3) What is unicellular and multicellular?
4) Say two or more organelles in animal cell.
5) Which plant cell absorbs nutrients from the ground?
6) What is the difference between light microscope and
electron microscope?
7) Say some differences between plant and animal cells.
8) Define electron microscope.
9) What is xylem cells?
10) What is the use of vacuole in a plant cell?
11) what is biology?

25. Group A Group B Group C Group D Group E
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