This document summarizes heredity and variation. It discusses genes and chromosomes, which carry genetic information from parents to offspring. It describes two types of cell division: mitosis, which produces identical body cells, and meiosis, which produces gametes with half the number of chromosomes. Meiosis allows for genetic variation between offspring. The document also covers sex determination, dominant and recessive traits, and mutations that can cause genetic disorders like Down syndrome, hemophilia, and albinism.
Examples of Codominance. The best example, in this case, is the codominance blood type. ABO group is considered to be a codominant blood group where both father’s and mother’s blood group is expressed. It means that the properties of the blood groups exist in the ABO type.
Codominance is a relationship between two versions of a gene. Individuals receive one version of a gene, called an allele, from each parent. If the alleles are different, the dominant allele usually will be expressed, while the effect of the other allele, called recessive, is masked.
Examples of Codominance. The best example, in this case, is the codominance blood type. ABO group is considered to be a codominant blood group where both father’s and mother’s blood group is expressed. It means that the properties of the blood groups exist in the ABO type.
Codominance is a relationship between two versions of a gene. Individuals receive one version of a gene, called an allele, from each parent. If the alleles are different, the dominant allele usually will be expressed, while the effect of the other allele, called recessive, is masked.
classify organisms using the hierarchical taxonomic system
create mnemonic device on biological taxonomic system
3.discuss the quotation “Where there is unity there is victory”-Publilius Syrus
It is a powerpoint presentation that discusses about the lesson or topic: Non-Mendelian Inheritance. It also talks about the definition, history and the laws included in the Non-Mendelian Inheritance or Non-Mendelian Genetics.
FEATURING THE SUMMARY OF SCIENCE 10 UNIT 3 MODULE 2.
INCLUDING RNA AND DNA
GENETIC ENGINEERING
HUMAN KARYOTYPING
DOWNS SYNDROME
CRI DU CHAT
EDWARDS SYNDROME
CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITIES
TRAITS INHERITED
It is a powerpoint presentation that discusses about the lesson or topic: Punnett Square. It also talks about the definition, history and the process that are included in the field of Punnett Square.
classify organisms using the hierarchical taxonomic system
create mnemonic device on biological taxonomic system
3.discuss the quotation “Where there is unity there is victory”-Publilius Syrus
It is a powerpoint presentation that discusses about the lesson or topic: Non-Mendelian Inheritance. It also talks about the definition, history and the laws included in the Non-Mendelian Inheritance or Non-Mendelian Genetics.
FEATURING THE SUMMARY OF SCIENCE 10 UNIT 3 MODULE 2.
INCLUDING RNA AND DNA
GENETIC ENGINEERING
HUMAN KARYOTYPING
DOWNS SYNDROME
CRI DU CHAT
EDWARDS SYNDROME
CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITIES
TRAITS INHERITED
It is a powerpoint presentation that discusses about the lesson or topic: Punnett Square. It also talks about the definition, history and the process that are included in the field of Punnett Square.
Chapter 3 The New GeneticsAlma Villanueva, MACalifornia S.docxwalterl4
Chapter 3:
The New Genetics
Alma Villanueva, MA
California State University, Los Angeles
Overview
Genetic Code
The Beginning of Life
Male & Female
Twins
Genotype & Phenotype
Disorders
Genetic Counseling
Genetic Code
Cells
Basic unit of life
Trillions!
Nucleus
Chromosomes
Thread– like structures made up of DNA & protein
23 pairs
DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid)
2 strands twisted in a double helix
Chemical composition of molecules that contain the genes
Contains all of the information required to build/maintain the cell
3
Genes
Small section of the chromosome
18,000 – 23,000 genes
Each gene provides a unique recipe to make a protein
4 bases
Code for your traits
A - adenine
T - thymine
C - cytosine
G – guanine
Only 4 possible pairs
A-T; T-A; C-G; G-C
http://mybrainnotes.com/brain-dna-behavior.html
4
Allele
A variation of a gene
Example: the gene for eye color has several variations (alleles); an allele for blue eye color or an allele for brown eyes
Everyone inherits alleles from sperm & ovum
Genetic diversity
Distinguishes each person
Allows the human species to adapt to pressures of the environment
Genome
Full set of genes with instructions to make a living organism
Genomes exist for each species
Video about Genes
5
The Beginning of Life
Two Parents, Millions of Gametes
Gamete
Reproductive cell
Sperm or Ovum
Each contains 23 pairs
Zygote
Cell formed with union of Sperm & Ovum
Produce a new individual with 23 chromosomes from each parent
Conception
http://predictingbabygender.info/tag/intercourse-timing/
Matching genes
Genotype
Organism’s entire genetic inheritance, or genetic potential.
Homozygous (same zygote)
Two genes of one pair that are exactly the same in every letter of their code
Heterozygous
Two genes of one pair that differ in some way
Usually not an issue
Male of Female?
Humans usually possess
46 chromosomes
44 autosomes and 2 sex chromosomes
SEX chromosome = 23rd pair
Female – XX
Male – XY
Mother’s contain X
Father’s may have X or Y
X chrom. Is larger & more genes
Y contain SRY,
making male hormones & organs
It's a girl!
Uncertain Sex
“ambiguous genitals,” = child's sex is not abundantly clear
a quick analysis of the chromosomes is needed, to make sure there are exactly 46 and to see whether the 23rd pair is XY or XX
shown here a baby boy (left) and girl (right).
Too Many Boys?
Is sex selection the parents’ right or a social wrong?
Preference for boys in many areas of world
Ways to prevent female birth
Inactivating X sperm before conception
In vitro fertilization (IVF)
Aborting XX fetuses
My Strength, My Daughter
slogan these girls in New Delhi are shouting at a demonstration against abortion of female fetuses in India
The current sex ratio of children in India suggests that this campaign has not convinced every couple.
New Cells
Within hours of conception
23 pairs of chromosomes carrying all the genes duplicate, forming two complete sets of the genome
Two sets.
Chapter 3 The New GeneticsAlma Villanueva, MACalifornia S.docxketurahhazelhurst
Chapter 3:
The New Genetics
Alma Villanueva, MA
California State University, Los Angeles
Overview
Genetic Code
The Beginning of Life
Male & Female
Twins
Genotype & Phenotype
Disorders
Genetic Counseling
Genetic Code
Cells
Basic unit of life
Trillions!
Nucleus
Chromosomes
Thread– like structures made up of DNA & protein
23 pairs
DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid)
2 strands twisted in a double helix
Chemical composition of molecules that contain the genes
Contains all of the information required to build/maintain the cell
3
Genes
Small section of the chromosome
18,000 – 23,000 genes
Each gene provides a unique recipe to make a protein
4 bases
Code for your traits
A - adenine
T - thymine
C - cytosine
G – guanine
Only 4 possible pairs
A-T; T-A; C-G; G-C
http://mybrainnotes.com/brain-dna-behavior.html
4
Allele
A variation of a gene
Example: the gene for eye color has several variations (alleles); an allele for blue eye color or an allele for brown eyes
Everyone inherits alleles from sperm & ovum
Genetic diversity
Distinguishes each person
Allows the human species to adapt to pressures of the environment
Genome
Full set of genes with instructions to make a living organism
Genomes exist for each species
Video about Genes
5
The Beginning of Life
Two Parents, Millions of Gametes
Gamete
Reproductive cell
Sperm or Ovum
Each contains 23 pairs
Zygote
Cell formed with union of Sperm & Ovum
Produce a new individual with 23 chromosomes from each parent
Conception
http://predictingbabygender.info/tag/intercourse-timing/
Matching genes
Genotype
Organism’s entire genetic inheritance, or genetic potential.
Homozygous (same zygote)
Two genes of one pair that are exactly the same in every letter of their code
Heterozygous
Two genes of one pair that differ in some way
Usually not an issue
Male of Female?
Humans usually possess
46 chromosomes
44 autosomes and 2 sex chromosomes
SEX chromosome = 23rd pair
Female – XX
Male – XY
Mother’s contain X
Father’s may have X or Y
X chrom. Is larger & more genes
Y contain SRY,
making male hormones & organs
It's a girl!
Uncertain Sex
“ambiguous genitals,” = child's sex is not abundantly clear
a quick analysis of the chromosomes is needed, to make sure there are exactly 46 and to see whether the 23rd pair is XY or XX
shown here a baby boy (left) and girl (right).
Too Many Boys?
Is sex selection the parents’ right or a social wrong?
Preference for boys in many areas of world
Ways to prevent female birth
Inactivating X sperm before conception
In vitro fertilization (IVF)
Aborting XX fetuses
My Strength, My Daughter
slogan these girls in New Delhi are shouting at a demonstration against abortion of female fetuses in India
The current sex ratio of children in India suggests that this campaign has not convinced every couple.
New Cells
Within hours of conception
23 pairs of chromosomes carrying all the genes duplicate, forming two complete sets of the genome
Two sets ...
How to Split Bills in the Odoo 17 POS ModuleCeline George
Bills have a main role in point of sale procedure. It will help to track sales, handling payments and giving receipts to customers. Bill splitting also has an important role in POS. For example, If some friends come together for dinner and if they want to divide the bill then it is possible by POS bill splitting. This slide will show how to split bills in odoo 17 POS.
Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptxEduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher presents at the OECD webinar ‘Digital devices in schools: detrimental distraction or secret to success?’ on 27 May 2024. The presentation was based on findings from PISA 2022 results and the webinar helped launch the PISA in Focus ‘Managing screen time: How to protect and equip students against distraction’ https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/managing-screen-time_7c225af4-en and the OECD Education Policy Perspective ‘Students, digital devices and success’ can be found here - https://oe.cd/il/5yV
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
How to Create Map Views in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
The map views are useful for providing a geographical representation of data. They allow users to visualize and analyze the data in a more intuitive manner.
The Art Pastor's Guide to Sabbath | Steve ThomasonSteve Thomason
What is the purpose of the Sabbath Law in the Torah. It is interesting to compare how the context of the law shifts from Exodus to Deuteronomy. Who gets to rest, and why?
3. Genes
Genes are the basic units of
inheritance that determine the
characteristics of the individual.
Genes carry genetic information
from one generation to another.
Genes are located in long
molecules known as
deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
4.
5. CHROMOSOMES
Are located in the nucleus
Carrying information that
determines our characteristic
Each chromosome is made up
from DNA
8. Type of Cell Division.
the processes of reproduction
and growth of any organism
involve cell division
there are two types, which is :
mitosis
meiosis
11. Is a type of cell division
which occurs in somatic cell.
Each cell divides into two part
identical daughter cells
Only occurs in somatic cell
but not in reproductive cells
12. Genetic content of the new
cells is the same as that the
parent cell.
The new cells have the same
number of chromosomes as
the parent cell
13. the importance of mitosis :
Increases the number of cells
during growth
Replace dead or damaged cells
Repairs injured cells
17. the process of cell division
to produce gametes
Contain half of the number
of chromosomes of the
parent cell.
occurs only in the
reproductive organs.
18. occurs in the testis of a
male and the ovary of
female who have attained
sexual maturity.
meiosis also occurs in the
anther and ovary of
plants.
19. the importance of meiosis :
The daughter cell have the same
number of chromosomes as parent cell
after fertilization has taken place
Genetic variation between the offspring
increases because of crossing-over
between the chromatids
The offspring produces will have
different characteristic because of
variation
20. Comparison between meiosis and
mitosis
Similarities
chromosome
replication
takes place
call division
occurs
new cells
are
produced
24. are genes which show the
characteristics that they control
when paired with a dominant gene
or a recessive gene.
the characteristics determined
by this genes are called
dominant traits.
dominant traits are shown if
one or both dominant genes
which control the particular
characteristics are present.
25. human traits controlled
by this genes
tall, curly hair, free ear lobe,
black hair, able to roll the tongue,
dimples, long eye lashes, right-
handed, pigments in skin, black
or brown iris, normal eyesight
27. are genes which only
show the characteristics
that they control when
these genes are paired
with another recessive
gene.
the characteristics
determined by this
genes are called
recessive traits.
recessive traits are only
shown if the recessive
genes are not paired
with dominant genes.
short, straight hair,
attached ear lobe, blond
hair, unable to roll the
tongue, no dimples,
short eye lashes, left-
handed, albino, blue iris,
colour-blindness
28. The dominant and recessive characteristic in
human
Dominant traits Recessive traits
Black hair Brown hair
Curly hair Straight hair
Free ear lobes Attached ear lobes
Able to roll the tongue Unable to roll the tongue
Tall Short
Black/ brown eyes Blue eyes
Cheeks with dimples No dimples on the cheeks
29. The mechanism of trait inheritance
Gregor Mendel (1822-1884)
was an Austrian scientist known
as the father of genetics
because he discovered the
principle of inheritance.
30. Genotype refers to the genetic
information found in the genes of
an organism
Phenotype refers to the physical
properties which can be seen in
organism.
The genotype of an organism
determines the phenotype of the
organism
32. combination of gametes at the first filial
generation, F1, can be shown in the
Punnett Square.
Gen T t
T TT Tt
t Tt tt
33.
34. 3.3 Sex Determination and the
occurrences of twins in human being
*a human somatic cell has 23
pairs of chromosomes (46
chromosomes).
*from the 23 pairs of
chromosomes, 22 pairs are
autosomes and one pair is sex
chromosomes.
*sex chromosome determine
the sex of a person
SexChromosomes
35. • male sex chromosomes
are XY
• male somatic cell contains
22 pairs of autosomes
with one X chromosome
and one Y chromosome.
44 + XY
• in meiosis, a male
produces two types of
gamete which :
carries 22 autosomes and
one X chromosome. 22+X
carries 22 autosomes and
one Y chromosome. 22+Y
Male sex
chromosome
36. Female sex
chromosome
female sex chromosome is XX
female somatic cell contains
22 pairs of autosomes and
two X chromosomes. 44 + XX
in meiosis, a female gamete
only carries 22 autosomes
and one X chromosome. 22+X
37. Sex Determination.
the sex of child is determined by the
father according to the type of sperm
that fertilises the ovum.
if a sperm that carries
the x chromosomes fertilises an ovum, a
baby girl is born.
the y chromosomes fertilises an ovum, a
baby boy is born.
the probability of having a male child or
female child is the same> 50 : 50
38.
39. Occurrence of twins
in humans, normally one ovum fertilised
by one sperm to form one zygote which
will develop to form an embryo.
sometimes more than one embryo is
produced in a pregnancy.
twins - two babies born to a mother in a
pregnancy and generally at the
same time.
there are two types of twins identical
twins non-identical twins
41. Differences Identical Twins Non-identical twins
Formation
Formed when an
ovum fertilised by
a sperm divides
into two to form
two similar
embryos.
Formed when two
ova are released
by the ovary at the
same time and
fertilised
separately by two
sperms to form
two different
embryos.
Placenta
The two embryos
formed will grow in
one shared
placenta in the
mother’s uterus.
The two embryos
formed when grow
in separate
placentas in the
mother’s uterus
42. Genetic
make-up
Same genetic
make-up.
Therefore,
identical twins
have the same
appearance and
the same sex.
Different
genetic make-
up since they
originate from
two different
ova and sperms.
Therefore, non-
identical twins
have different
appearances.
Sex
The sex of
identical twins
are the same.
The sex of non-
identical twins
may be the
same or
different.
43. sometimes the division of the embryo is
not complete, therefore Siamese twins
are formed.
Siamese twins may share certain organs
like brain, stomach, or heart and maybe
joined to one another at the head,
abdomen, breast, or buttocks.
they can be separated by surgery if they
do not share important organs like
brain, heart, kidneys, or lungs.
44. 3.4 Mutation
is the spontaneous change to the
structure of genes or chromosomes of an
organism.
causes change of characteristics in a child.
occurs in somatic cells or in gametes.
the effect of mutation will be inherited by
one generation to another.
there are two types of mutation
gene mutations
chromosome mutations
45. Gene Mutations
involve changes in the structure of
gene.
gene mutations change or produce
the new genes to replace normal
genes.
genes that have undergone
mutation are called mutants.
46. Heredity disease
caused by gene
mutation
Brief explanation
Albinism albinisms is caused by the change in
the gene that controls skin colour.
the newly produced genes are unable
to produce skin pigment.
the skin and hair of albinos are white
and their eyes are pink.
48. Sickle cell
anaemia
sickle cell anaemia is a type of disease
caused by the change in the genes
that produce haemoglobin.
haemoglobin that has undergone
mutation is not efficient in
transporting oxygen.
50. Colour-blindness is a sex-linked disease determined by
a recessive gene on the X
chromosome.
a colour-blind person cannot see or
differentiate the colours red and
green.
52. Haemophilia caused by the deficiency if a type of
protein in the blood required for blood
clotting.
haemophilia is caused by the
deficiency of a type of protein in the
blood required for blood clotting.
haemophilia is a sex-linked disease
determined by a recessive gene on the
X chromosome.
a patient who has wound will
experience continuous bleeding or will
take a long time for the blood to clot
thus this condition way lead to death.
54. Chromosome Mutations
involve changes in the number of chromosomes or
arrangement of genes in chromosomes.
sometimes, a portion of a chromosome may break
away and go missing, or become attached itself to
other chromosomes.
this causes the arrangement of a chromosome to
change and differ from normal.
the number of chromosomes can be increased or
decreased
chromosome mutations can cause hereditary
diseases like Down’s syndrome, Klinefelter’s
syndrome, and Turner’s syndrome
55. Down’s syndrome
this heredity disease is caused by
the presence of one extra
chromosome at chromosomes 21 in
the somatic cells.
incomplete separation of
chromosomes during meiosis
causes the zygote to have an extra
chromosome : 47 in total.
56.
57. characteristics of a down’s
syndrome patient :
slanting eyes
metal retardation
short fingers
wide distance between eyes
small mouth but big tongue
protruding tongue causing the
mouth to remain partially open
59. Turner’s syndrome
a person who suffers from this
hereditary lacks one X chromosome.
people with Turner;s syndrome have
only one sex chromosome which is XO.
60. Factors that cause mutation.
mutation can occur naturally, caused by
substances found in food or
environment.
agents causes mutations are called
mutagens.
chemical substances like pesticides,
nicotine in cigarettes, drugs, nitrous acid
and some preservatives, colouring and
artificial sweetener can cause mutation.
61. radiation
radioactive radiation can cause
mutation
gamma ray can affect growth and cell
division
ultraviolet rays and X-ray rays can
cause skin cells to mutate and this may
cause cancer
temperatures which are too high or
too low can also cause mutation.
62. Advantages and disadvantages
of mutation.
not all occurrences of mutation bring
adverse effects to organisms.
advantages of mutation
mutation causes variations in organisms which
allow them to adapt to the environment.
species that are more resistant to disease,
weather, and polluted environment can be
produced.
63. disadvantages of mutation
some mutations cause diseases like
colour-blindness and haemophilia
cannot be cured.
sometimes, disease like haemophilia
and sickle cell anaemia can cause
death.
Klinefelter’s syndrome causes
infertility.
mutation causes physical, mental, or
foestus retardation.