Taxonomy is the science of classifying organisms into groups based on their characteristics. Scientists have developed a hierarchical classification system with seven main categories - kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, and species. This system allows organisms to be grouped from the broad kingdom level down to the specific species level. DNA analysis has furthered taxonomy by revealing evolutionary relationships between organisms that may not appear closely related physically.
The Classification Of Living Organisms Ed205guest89f8df
This is the powerpoint I created for students to be able to interact with the icons on the project, to gain more knowledge about the classification of living organisms.
The Classification Of Living Organisms Ed205guest89f8df
This is the powerpoint I created for students to be able to interact with the icons on the project, to gain more knowledge about the classification of living organisms.
Biology 1108L – Laboratory Exercises
Phylogenetics
Kennesaw State University
Departments of Ecology, Evolution, and Organismal Biology
&
Molecular & Cell Biology
Lab modified from Gendron, R. P. 2000. The classification and evolution of Caminalcules.
The American Biology Teacher 62: 570-576.
Edits made by Joe Dirnberger, Sigurdur Griepsson, Paula Jackson, Thomas McElroy, Joel McNeal, and Heather Sutton.
CLASSIFICATION AND EVOLUTION
Humans classify almost everything, including each other. This habit can be quite useful.
For example, when talking about a car someone might describe it as a 4-door sedan with a
fuel injected V-8 engine. A knowledgeable listener who has not seen the car will still have
a good idea of what it is like because of certain characteristics it shares with other familiar
cars. Humans have been classifying plants and animals for a lot longer than they have
been classifying cars, but the principle is much the same. In fact, one of the central
problems in biology is the classification of organisms on the basis of shared
characteristics. As an example, biologists classify all organisms with a backbone as
"vertebrates." In this case the backbone is a characteristic that defines the group. If, in
addition to a backbone, an organism has mammary glands and hair it is a mammal, a
subcategory of the vertebrates. This mammal can be further assigned to smaller and
smaller categories down to the level of the species. The classification of organisms in this
way aids the biologist by bringing order to what would otherwise be a bewildering diversity
of species. The field devoted to the classification of organisms is called taxonomy [Greek.
taxis, to arrange, put in order + nomos, law].
The modern taxonomic system was devised by Carolus Linnaeus (1707-1778). It is a
hierarchical system because organisms are grouped into ever more inclusive categories
from species up to kingdom. Figure 1 illustrates how four species are classified using this
taxonomic system. (Note that it is standard practice to italicize the genus and species
names.)
Figure 1
Keep in mind that Linnaeus’ system of classification does not imply inherited relationships
between different taxa. Indeed Linneaus, like most other scientists of his time, considered
species to be fixed entities that had been created in their present form. According to this
view, Linnaeus' system of classification was simply a useful means of cataloging the
diversity of life.
This static view of taxonomy began to change at the 1859 publication of Charles Darwin’s
On The Origin of Species. As a consequence of Darwin's work it is now recognized that
taxonomic classifications are actually reflections of evolutionary history. For example,
Linnaeus put humans and wolves in the class Mammalia within the phylum Chordata
KINGDOM Animalia Plantae
PHYLUM Chordata Arthropoda Angiospermophyta ...
Here is slideshare on the topic classification aims and principles.here the topic of taxonomic hararchy is also discussed.So the topic is important for students searching topic of classification or taxonomic hararchy
Exam 2 Study Guide. All questions will be over these concepts, voc.docxSANSKAR20
Exam 2 Study Guide. All questions will be over these concepts, vocabulary, and facts
Chp 10:
Cell Cycle
Genome
Mitosis
Chp11:
Meiosis
Gamete
Haploid & Diploid cell
Sexual reproduction
Chp12:
Gregor Mendel
Traits
Genotype & Phenotype
Allele
Dominant Trait & Recessive trait
Homozygous & Heterozygous
Punnet Square (concept. You will not do one on the exam)
Predictable Genetic frequencies (pedigree, farming genetic disorders)
Wild Type
Law of Segregation
Law of Independent assortment
Chp14:
DNA
Backbone
Nucleic Acid
Nucleotides
Base
Base Pair
Codon
Gene
Chromosome
DNA Polymerase (concept, vocab word)
Helicase (concept, vocab word)
Okazaki Fragment (concept, vocab word)
Proof Reading
Telomeres
DNA bases (4) and which bind
RNA: Uracil
Steps of DNA Replication (just listing the steps: min 5 max 10, depending on word choice)
Chp 15:
The Central Dogma of Biology
Transcription (steps, concepts)
Translation (steps, concepts)
tRNA
Mutation
Biotechnology
Chp 18:
Evolution
Natural Selection
Charles Darwin & Alfred R. Wallace
“Survival of the fittest” is incorrect.
Adaptation
Species
Hybrid (species): Postzygotic & Prezygotic
Speciation
Allopatric Speciation
Sympatric Speciation
Adaptive Radiation
Gradual Speciation & Punctuated Equilibrium
Chp 19:
Evolution
Evolution cumulative functions of: (know each)
Mutation, Genetic Drift, Migration, Natural Selection
Chance (involved with Evolution): Fixation, Founder Effect, Population Bottleneck
Natural Selection: 3 conditions for occurrence; what it looks like; what it does/does not do
Convergent Evolution
Evolution’s influence over, but not its “purpose”
Species are the basic unit of Biodiversity
Chp 20:
Phylogeny
Phylogenetic Trees/models
Concept of “shared ancestry”
Taxonomy: concept, define, & list 8 hierarchical categories
Convergent Evolution
Molecular Systematics & DNA Homology
Compare Phylogeny verse the “species concept”
Chp 21-29:
Biodiversity
Flora, Fauna, Biota
Virus (concept, importance to Evolution by Natural Selection)
Importance of “Domain”
Prokaryotes: Define, importance/role in Nature
Stromatolites as evidence
Biofilms
Protists: define, importance/role in Nature
Fungi: Define, importance/role in Nature
3 descriptors of Fungi
Fungal DNA
Hyphae & Mycelium
Decomposer
Mycorrhizae
Plants:
Ancestry (phylogeny)
Plants: Define, importance/role in nature
3 defining descriptors of Plants
Specific adaptations for evolution to land
3 problems all plants (as a phylogenetic group) face
Non-vascular Plant
Vascular Plant
Vascular Seed Plant
Vascular Tissue: Xylem & Phloem
Roots, True leaves
Waxy Cuticle
Important role of Ecological Succession of Plants to Life
Seed Plants:
Seed: define, role/importance of to a plant, water & reproduction
Spermatophytes
Gymnosperm
Angiosperm,
Flower & Fruit
Flower: Stamen, Carpel, Petal, Ovary)
Herbivory
Pollination & Pollinators: Trickery, Bribery, coevolution of
Importance of Plants to Humans
Humans and Plants coevolution
The life of a bee is very different f ...
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold MethodCeline George
Odoo provides an option for creating a module by using a single line command. By using this command the user can make a whole structure of a module. It is very easy for a beginner to make a module. There is no need to make each file manually. This slide will show how to create a module using the scaffold method.
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP ModuleCeline George
In Odoo, the chatter is like a chat tool that helps you work together on records. You can leave notes and track things, making it easier to talk with your team and partners. Inside chatter, all communication history, activity, and changes will be displayed.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
2. Once scientists agreed on the characteristics of life, they realized life existed in millions of different forms. In fact, although less than 2 million different types of organisms have been identified, there are an estimated 10 million more that are yet to be located and named.
3. Clearly, in order for us to talk about different types of organisms, we need to name them. But a name isn’t enough. We humans also like to simplify our lives by creating order. So we look for patterns we can use for grouping things together.
4. So, scientists started a new branch of science called taxonomy. Taxonomy is the science of organizing, or classifying organisms with similar characteristics into groups.
5. As was just stated, taxonomists organize or classify life forms into groups based on the characteristics they share in common. Organisms that are very similar, that can mate with each other and produce offspring that are also able to reproduce are organized into a group also known as a species .
6. History of Taxonomy Initially, organisms were divided into two groups. What were these two groups? Animals Plants
7. The organisms in each of these groups then needed to be organized into smaller subgroups, once again based on shared characteristics.
8. The earliest documented taxonomists were Greeks alive in 400 B.C. Aristotle was noted for his classification of animals. He grouped organisms according to where they lived, such as in the air, on land or in water.
9. Theophrastus, who lived during the same era, focused on plants. He organized plants based on their stem structure, creating three separate groups. They were: herbs (soft stems) shrubs (multiple woody stems) trees (single woody stem)
10. However, as more and more organisms were discovered, more groupings were needed. In the 1600s, two Europeans, John Ray and Carolus Linnaeus, developed more thorough classification systems.
11. But it was Linnaeus who came up with the seven name classification system we still use in classifying organisms today. Ray was responsible for developing the groupings called the genus and species. Therefore, Linnaeus is known as the father of taxonomy .
12. The first most general level taxonomists use to categorize all life forms is the Kingdom level. The two domains of bacteria are usually listed as kingdoms. The domain Eukarya is divided into four distinct kingdoms of its own. LEVELS OF CLASSIFICATION
13. The 6 Kingdoms of Life Animal Plant Fungi Protista Archaebacteria Eubacteria
14. the type of cell structure of an organism how it gets the energy needed to live and how it moves how it reproduces Classification by kingdom depends largely on:
15. 1) Prokaryotic cells have DNA that isn’t stored in a nucleus. They also lack specialized structures within the cell. Organisms belonging to the Archaebacteria and Eubacteria have prokaryotic cells. The prokaryotic cell is believed to be the first cell type to evolve. Two types of cellular structure are present in the six kingdoms.
16. 2) Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus containing DNA They also have organelles, the “organs” of the cell (e.g. chloroplasts, mitochondria). Organisms belonging to the Protista , Fungi , Plantae and Animalia kingdoms have eukaryotic cells. Organelles are specialized structures that perform specific functions.
17. Now, within each kingdom, the life forms are broken into other categories based on their similarities. These categories are called Phylums . Two examples of animal phylums are: chordates (animals with backbones), arthropods (animals with jointed appendages and an exoskeleton
18. And within a phylum, organisms are grouped into Classes … … and organisms within classes are grouped into Orders . … and then into Families … … Genuses … … and finally, each type of organism has its own grouping called the Species .
19. Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species Most general category Most specific category The Classification Scheme of Carolus Linnaeus
20. So each organism has a name with 7 different parts. Notice that the last two groups, the genus and species are italicized (the genus is capitalized). This is because these two groups make up an organism’s Scientific Name . For example, we humans are grouped like this: sapiens Animalia Chordata Mammalia Primates Hominidae Homo Kingdom : Phylum : Class : Order : Family : Genus : Species :
21. In reality, there are 100 different types of pine trees. Somehow, scientists need a better way to distinguish which type they are talking about. Why bother with the scientific name for an organism, rather than its common name? Well, for example, how many of us know what a pine tree looks like? For example, there’s Pinus banksiana , Pinus strobus , Pinus resinosa …
22. The current study of taxonomy relies not only on the structural similarities between organisms. More importantly, it focuses on the evolutionary relationships of organisms. The theory of evolution states that new species develop from significant changes in existing species, to the point where they are no longer able to interbreed with each other. CLUES TO THE PAST
23. Therefore, we can infer how closely related two organisms are by comparing the groupings they have in common. The more names in common, the closer the relationship. Animalia Arthropoda Insecta Lepidoptera Danaidae Danaus pleccipus Animalia Chordata Mammalia Carnivora Ursidae Ursus maritimus Plantae Angiospermae Dicotyledones Fabales Fabaceae Phaseolus vulgaris Kingdom : Animalia Phylum : Chordata Class : Mammalia Order : Primates Family : Hominidae Genus : Homo Species : sapiens Compare the names below. Which two organisms are most closely related?
24. When we begin to look closely at other organisms, we will notice that we have more in common than we originally thought.
25. So, even though we may seem very different because of a few seemingly major differences, we actually are very similar to one another. For example, we humans have a head, a torso, and appendages (arms, legs). But so do lions, tigers, bears, and many other types of animals. Plus, we all have eyes, ears, a mouth, teeth, etc. Also, we all have to eat other organisms in order to stay alive. And there are so many more similarities between us.
26. The Tools of Taxonomy In their search for evolutionary relationships, taxonomists use a variety of research methods. 1) Comparative Anatomy Comparing the structural characteristics (e.g. skeletal structure) of organisms has been the common method of grouping organisms.
27. 2) Comparative Embryology As an organism develops after the fertilization of an egg, the embryo undergoes a variety of stages of development. The more closely related two organisms are, the more embryonic stages they share in common.
28. With advances in technology, scientists can also now compare the DNA of organisms. DNA is an amazing type of molecule found in every cell of every organism. DNA molecules contain the chemical code that give the instructions for making every structure in our bodies. 3) Biochemical Information
29. As a result, we have now found that organisms which may not look similar to us are actually more closely related to us than we thought. By comparing the code in different organisms’ DNA, scientists can now identify more accurately the relationships between organisms. Chimpanzees and humans have 99% of their DNA that is identical! Bananas and humans have 50% of their DNA that is identical!!
30. 4) Cytological (cellular) Information Scientists also compare the cell structures of different organisms. For example, organisms that have prokaryotic cells are grouped into one of the two bacterial kingdoms.
31. 5) Behavioral Information Even behavioral differences can play a role in the grouping of organisms. For example, the mating behaviors of two seemingly similar beetles may be different enough that it prevents the two groups from interbreeding.
32. IDENTIFYING ORGANISMS In order to make it easier for us to identify organisms, scientists have created guides known as taxonomic keys that are based on the physical characteristics of organisms. A taxonomic key consist of a series of paired statements about a group of organisms. 1a. Leaves are evergreen…2 b. Leaves are deciduous…4 2a. Leaves are needle-like…3 b. Leaves are scaley… Arbovitae alba 3a. Needles in bundles of 2… Pinus resinosa b. Needles in bundles of 5… Pinus strobus 4a. Leaves arranged opposite of each other on stem…5 b. Leaves alternate along stem…8
33. You read the first two statements and select the most appropriate one. You then go to the next numbered set that the statement leads to. 1a. Leaves are evergreen…2 b. Leaves are deciduous…4 2a. Leaves are needle-like…3 b. Leaves are scaley… Arbovitae alba 3a. Needles in bundles of 2… Pinus strobus b. Needles in bundles of 5… Pinus alba 4a. Leaves arranged opposite of each other on stem…5 b. Leaves alternate along stem…8 Let’s say you have a tree you want to identify. Taking a branch in hand (see diagram below), you start at the beginning of a plant taxonomic key. You continue doing this until you get to the scientific name of the plant.
34. You will be using the skills necessary to read a taxonomic key as we begin to identify certain types of organism. Keys like this aren’t limited to biology. In fact, you will find similar techniques used in instruction and repair manuals, as well as other areas in your life.