1. The document discusses the functions and components of bones in the human body. It describes how bones provide structure, protection, movement, mineral storage, blood cell production, and triglyceride storage.
2. The main components of bones are described including the skull, vertebral column, ribs, sternum, and bones of the upper and lower limbs.
3. The types of bones - long, short, flat, irregular, and sesamoid - are defined along with examples of each type.
• Osseous tissue, a specialised form of dense connective tissue consisting of bone cells (osteocytes)• Embedded in a matrix of calcified intercelluarsubstance• Bone matrix contains collagen fibres and the minerals calcium phosphate and calcium carbonate
The musculoskeletal system Anatomy and physiologykajal chandel
The musculoskeletal system is made up of bones, cartilage, ligaments, tendons and muscles, which form a framework for the body. Tendons, ligaments and fibrous tissue bind the structures together to create stability, with ligaments connecting bone to bone, and tendons connecting muscle to bone.
• Osseous tissue, a specialised form of dense connective tissue consisting of bone cells (osteocytes)• Embedded in a matrix of calcified intercelluarsubstance• Bone matrix contains collagen fibres and the minerals calcium phosphate and calcium carbonate
The musculoskeletal system Anatomy and physiologykajal chandel
The musculoskeletal system is made up of bones, cartilage, ligaments, tendons and muscles, which form a framework for the body. Tendons, ligaments and fibrous tissue bind the structures together to create stability, with ligaments connecting bone to bone, and tendons connecting muscle to bone.
young bone , blood supply , types of epiphysis, parts of young bone, traction epiphysis, atavastic epiphysis, aberant epiphysis, pressure epiphysis, diaphysis, metaphysis, part of long bone, internal structure of shaft, periosteum, cortex of bone, medullary cavity, epiphysial artery, metaphysial artery, periosteal artery, nutrient artery, arterial supply of short boneperi
BONE – AN INTRODUCTION
A bone is a rigid organ that constitutes part of the vertebrate skeleton.
There are around 270 to 300+ bones in Infants which gets reduced to 206 bones in adults.
Bones are dynamic structures that are undergoing constant change and remodelling in
response to the ever-changing environment.
Bones support and protect the various organs of the body, produce red and white blood cells,
store minerals, provide structure and support for the body, and enable mobility.
It has a honeycomb-like matrix internally, which helps to give the bone rigidity.
The largest bone in the body is the femur or thigh-bone, and the smallest is the stapes in
the middle ear.
a brief ppt description about cartilage which may be usefull for teaching for first year mbbs, bds and paramedical students, hope it is helpfull to everyone
all the stages of bone formation described in easiest way possible for better understanding including graphical representation for better understanding. description of each and very thing.
young bone , blood supply , types of epiphysis, parts of young bone, traction epiphysis, atavastic epiphysis, aberant epiphysis, pressure epiphysis, diaphysis, metaphysis, part of long bone, internal structure of shaft, periosteum, cortex of bone, medullary cavity, epiphysial artery, metaphysial artery, periosteal artery, nutrient artery, arterial supply of short boneperi
BONE – AN INTRODUCTION
A bone is a rigid organ that constitutes part of the vertebrate skeleton.
There are around 270 to 300+ bones in Infants which gets reduced to 206 bones in adults.
Bones are dynamic structures that are undergoing constant change and remodelling in
response to the ever-changing environment.
Bones support and protect the various organs of the body, produce red and white blood cells,
store minerals, provide structure and support for the body, and enable mobility.
It has a honeycomb-like matrix internally, which helps to give the bone rigidity.
The largest bone in the body is the femur or thigh-bone, and the smallest is the stapes in
the middle ear.
a brief ppt description about cartilage which may be usefull for teaching for first year mbbs, bds and paramedical students, hope it is helpfull to everyone
all the stages of bone formation described in easiest way possible for better understanding including graphical representation for better understanding. description of each and very thing.
Bones, Joints, and the Architecture of Movement: Exploring the Skeletal SystemNursing Mastery
Title: Bones, Joints, and the Architecture of Movement: Exploring the Skeletal System
Introduction:
Welcome to our engaging SlideShare presentation on the Skeletal System & Joints, where we embark on a fascinating exploration of the framework that supports our bodies and facilitates movement. Join us as we delve into the intricate world of bones, joints, and the dynamic interplay that shapes our mobility and stability.
The skeletal system serves as the foundation of our anatomy, providing structural support, protection for vital organs, and a framework for locomotion. Comprised of bones, cartilage, ligaments, and tendons, this complex system forms the structural scaffold upon which our bodies are built.
In this presentation, we'll take a closer look at the anatomy of bones, from their composition and classification to their roles in mineral storage and blood cell production. Through detailed illustrations and interactive diagrams, we'll explore the dynamic nature of bone remodeling and the factors that influence bone health and density.
But bones alone do not account for the versatility of human movement. Joints, the articulations where two or more bones meet, play a crucial role in facilitating motion and absorbing impact. From synovial joints like the knee and shoulder to fibrous and cartilaginous joints, we'll unravel the mechanics of joint structure and function.
Together, the skeletal system and joints form a complex network that enables us to walk, run, jump, and perform a myriad of daily activities. Whether you're a student studying anatomy, a fitness enthusiast seeking to optimize performance, or simply curious about the mechanics of the human body, our presentation offers valuable insights into the wonders of the skeletal system and joints.
Join us as we embark on a journey through the bony landmarks and articulations that define our physical form and discover the intricate architecture of movement hidden beneath our skin.
Description :
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
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Bones and its structure in detail with two different form of bone formationbhartisharma175
It consist of detail content about different types of bone cells, two different type of bone formation and structure of long bone. easy to understand for students. language is simple.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Bone development and morphology / dental crown & bridge coursesIndian dental academy
Description :
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
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These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Anti ulcer drugs and their Advance pharmacology ||
Anti-ulcer drugs are medications used to prevent and treat ulcers in the stomach and upper part of the small intestine (duodenal ulcers). These ulcers are often caused by an imbalance between stomach acid and the mucosal lining, which protects the stomach lining.
||Scope: Overview of various classes of anti-ulcer drugs, their mechanisms of action, indications, side effects, and clinical considerations.
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
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Skeletal system dr. noura
1. By
Dr. Noura El Tahawy
http://www.slideshare.net/nmohmed
2. Functions
Support
Protection
Assistance in movement
Mineral homeostasis
Blood cell production
Triglycerides storage
3. Functions of bones
1. Bones form the skeleton which is the framework of the body.
2. The skeleton supports the softer tissues and provides points of attachment
for most skeletal muscles.
3. The skeleton provides mechanical protection for many of the body's
internal organs, reducing risk of injury to them. It forms boundaries of
cranial, thoracic and pelvic cavities. Thus it protects the brain, lungs, heart
etc.
4. Bones permit movement of the body as a whole or part of the body, by
formation of joints, which are moved by muscles.
5. Bone tissues store several minerals, including calcium and phosphorus.
When required, bone releases minerals into the blood facilitating and
maintaining the balance of minerals in the body.
6. Bone contains red bone marrow in which blood cells develop.
7. Bone acts as an important chemical reserve. With advancing age, some
bone marrow changes from red bone marrow to yellow bone marrow
which consists mainly of adipose cells and a few blood cells.
16. Short bones
Cube shaped
Equal lenghth and width
Mostly spongy, except on surface it is compact
Includes:
carpal bone (except pisiform)
tarsal bones (except calcaneus)
17. Flat bones
Thin
2 layers of compact surrounding a spongy layer
Large areas for muscle attachment
Includes:
Cranial bones
Sternum
Ribs
Scapulae
18. Irregular bones
Complex shape
Amount of spongy and compact varies
Includes:
Vertebrae
Hip bone
Certain facial bones
Calcaneus
19. Sesamoid bones
Develop in certain muscles tendons
Protect the tendons from excessive wear
20.
21.
22. Structure of bone
Diaphysis
Epiphysis
Metaphysis
Articular cartilage
Periosteum
Medullary cavity
Endosteum
29. Bone Growth & Remodeling
Growth
Appositional Growth = widening of bone
Bone tissue added on surface by osteoblasts of the periosteum
Medullary cavity maintained by osteoclasts
Lengthening of Bone
Epiphyseal plates enlarge by chondroblasts
Matrix calcifies (chondrocytes die and disintegrate)
Bone tissue replaces cartilage on diaphysis side
31. Endochondral ossification
Endochondral ossification is the gradual replacement of
cartilage by bone during development. This is responsible
for formation of most of the skeleton. Osteoblasts arise in
regions of cartilage called ossification centers. They
develop into osteocytes, which are mature bone cells,
embedded in the calcified (hardened) part of the bone
known as the matrix.
32. Intramembranous ossification
Intramembranous ossification is the transformation of the
mesenchyme, embryonic cells, into bone. During early
development, the embryo consists of three primary cell layers,
ectoderm on the outside, mesoderm in the middle and
endoderm on the inside. Mesenchyme cells constitute part of
the embryo's mesoderm and develop into connective tissue
such as bone and blood. The bones of the skull derive directly
from mesenchyme cells by intramembranous ossification.
33. Most bones arise from a combination of intramembranous
and endochondral ossification. Mesenchyme cells develop
into chondroblasts and increase in number by cell division.
Chondroblasts enlarge and excrete a matrix which hardens due
to presence of inorganic minerals. Chambers form within the
matrix and osteoblasts and blood-forming cells enter these
chambers. The osteoblasts then secret minerals to form the
bone matrix.
