02_skeletal_system.pdf
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The skeletal system consists of bones, joints, and cartilage that work together to support the body, allow for movement, protect organs, store minerals, and produce blood cells. The skeletal system is divided into the axial skeleton which includes the skull, vertebral column, and rib cage, and the appendicular skeleton which includes the limbs and their attachments. Bones come in various shapes classified as long, short, flat, or irregular, and are made up of compact or spongy bone tissue. Common diseases of the skeletal system include osteoporosis, scoliosis, kyphosis, rickets, acromegaly, spina bifida, clubfoot, bone cancers like osteosarcoma and myeloma, and blood
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- 1. The Skeletal System: Dr. J. N. Patel RHMC
- 2. The Skeletal System • Parts of the skeletal system • Bones (skeleton) • Joints • Cartilages • Ligaments (bone to bone)(tendon=bone to muscle)
- 3. The Skeletal System • Divided into two divisions • Axial skeleton • Appendicular skeleton – limbs and girdle
- 4. Functions of Bones • Support of the body • Protection of soft organs • Movement due to attached skeletal muscles • Storage of minerals and fats • Blood cell formation
- 5. Bones of the Human Body • The skeleton has 206 bones
- 6. Bones of the Human Body • Two basic types of bone tissue •Compact bone • Homogeneous •Spongy bone • Small needle-like pieces of bone • Many open spaces
- 7. Microscopic Anatomy of Bone
- 8. Bones are classified by their shape: • long • short • flat • Irregular • Sesamoid
- 9. Classification of Bones on the Basis of Shape
- 10. Classification of Bones • Long bones •Typically longer than wide •Have a shaft with heads at both ends •Contain mostly compact bone • Examples: Femur, humerus
- 11. Gross Anatomy of a Long Bone • Diaphysis •Shaft •Composed of compact bone • Epiphysis •Ends of the bone •Composed mostly of spongy bone
- 12. Structures of a Long Bone • Periosteum • Outside covering of the diaphysis • Fibrous connective tissue membrane • Sharpey’s fibers • Secure periosteum to underlying bone • Arteries • Supply bone cells with nutrients
- 14. Classification of Bones • Short bones •Generally cube-shape •Contain mostly spongy bone •Examples: Carpals, tarsals
- 15. Classification of Bones • Flat bones •Thin and flattened •Usually curved •Thin layers of compact bone around a layer of spongy bone •Examples: Skull, ribs, sternum
- 16. Classification of Bones • Irregular bones •Irregular shape •Do not fit into other bone classification categories •Example: Vertebrae and hip
- 17. Types of Bone Cells • Osteocytes • Mature bone cells • Osteoblasts • Bone-forming cells • Osteoclasts • Bone-destroying cells • Break down bone matrix for remodeling and release of calcium • Bone remodeling is a process by both osteoblasts and osteoclasts
- 18. Changes in the Human Skeleton • In embryos, the skeleton is primarily hyaline cartilage • During development, much of this cartilage is replaced by bone • Cartilage remains in isolated areas • Bridge of the nose • Parts of ribs • Joints
- 19. Bone Growth • Epiphyseal plates allow for growth of long bone during childhood •New cartilage is continuously formed •Older cartilage becomes ossified •Cartilage is broken down •Bone replaces cartilage
- 21. Bone Fractures • A break in a bone • Types of bone fractures • Closed (simple) fracture – break that does not penetrate the skin • Open (compound) fracture – broken bone penetrates through the skin • Bone fractures are treated by reduction and immobilization • Realignment of the bone
- 22. Common Types of Fractures
- 23. Stages in the Healing of a Bone Fracture
- 24. The Axial Skeleton • Forms the longitudinal part of the body • Divided into three parts •Skull •Vertebral column •Bony thorax
- 26. The skull 8 sutured bones in cranium Facial bones: 13 sutured bones, 1 mandible Cranium encases brain attachments for muscles sinuses
- 28. Bones of the Skull
- 30. Human Skull, Superior View
- 31. Human Skull, Inferior View Figure 5.9
- 32. Paranasal Sinuses • Hollow portions of bones surrounding the nasal cavity
- 33. The Hyoid Bone • The only bone that does not articulate with another bone • Serves as a moveable base for the tongue
- 34. The Vertebral Column • Vertebrae separated by intervertebral discs • The spine has a normal curvature • Each vertebrae is given a name according to its location
- 35. Vertebral column 7 cervical vertebrae 12 thoracic 5 lumbar 1 sacrum (5 fused 1 coccyx (4 fused) Vertebrae vary in size and morphology
- 37. Structure of a Typical Vertebrae
- 38. Thoracic cage ribs thoracic vertebrae sternum costal cartilages True ribs are directly attached to the sternum (first seven pairs) Three false ribs are joined to the 7th rib Two pairs of floating ribs
- 40. Feeling Sleepy? – Let us awaken brain
- 41. Diseases and Conditions of the Skeletal System
- 42. Osteoporosis • means "porous bones." • bones have lost minerals (especially calcium) making them weak, brittle, and susceptible to fractures • most common places where fractures occur are the back, hips, and wrists.
- 46. Scoliosis • abnormal curvature of the spine. • one or more abnormal • More girls than boys have severe scoliosis.
- 51. Kyphosis • spine may develop a hump. • can occur as a result of developmental problems or degenerative diseases
- 54. Lordosis • A curvature of the vertebrae in the lower back area, giving a "swayback" appearance.
- 57. Rickets • softening and weakening of bones in children • usually because of an extreme and prolonged vitamin D deficiency.
- 61. Acromegaly • occurs when the body produces too much of the hormones that control growth. • tissues grow larger than normal. • excessive growth can cause serious disease and even premature death.
- 66. Spina Bifida • birth defect that involves the incomplete development of the spinal cord or its coverings. • spina bifida literally means "split" or "open" spine. • The condition usually is detected before a baby is born and treated right away.
- 70. Talipes Equinovarus- “Clubfoot” • deformity of the whole foot that is present at birth. • the child is born with the foot pointing down and twisted inwards at the ankle.
- 74. Sarcoma • Osteosarcoma • most common type of bone cancer. most commonly found in children and adolescents
- 79. Myeloma • cancer in which abnormal cells collect in the bone marrow and form tumors
- 82. Leukemia • cancer of the blood cells • starts in the bone marrow where blood cells are • the bone marrow starts to make a lot of abnormal white blood cells, called leukemia cells. • leukemia cells don't do the work of normal WBC’s and they don't stop growing when they should.
- 86. Thanks