The skeletal system includes bones, cartilages, joints, and ligaments. Bones are composed of inorganic hydroxyapatite and collagen fibers. The skeletal system provides structure, movement, protection, mineral storage, blood cell formation, and energy storage. Bones can be classified based on their shape (long, short, flat, irregular), structure (cortical vs spongy bone), development (membranous, cartilaginous), and location in the body (axial vs appendicular skeleton). Key bones and structures of the skeletal system are described.
At the completion of this unit, learners will be able to: 1. Define skeletal system 2. Discuss the structure, types and functions of bone 3. List the functions of the skeletal system 4. Identify the bones of axial & appendicular skeleton
27
5. Describe the various markings on the surface of bones 6. Describe the bones of: The skull Vertebral column The rib cage or chest Pectoral girdle and upper extremity Pelvic girdle and lower extremity 7. Briefly discuss the difference between male & female pelvis.
A detail account of Bones, their histological features, classification, composition, Formation, blood and nerve supply, functions, plus some interesting facts about bones.
At the completion of this unit, learners will be able to: 1. Define skeletal system 2. Discuss the structure, types and functions of bone 3. List the functions of the skeletal system 4. Identify the bones of axial & appendicular skeleton
27
5. Describe the various markings on the surface of bones 6. Describe the bones of: The skull Vertebral column The rib cage or chest Pectoral girdle and upper extremity Pelvic girdle and lower extremity 7. Briefly discuss the difference between male & female pelvis.
A detail account of Bones, their histological features, classification, composition, Formation, blood and nerve supply, functions, plus some interesting facts about bones.
Throughout history, the symbol of the skull and crossbones has served as a representation of mortality, likely owing to the fact that following death and decay, bones are the sole remnants. Many individuals perceive bones as inert, desiccated, and fragile. While these attributes accurately portray the bones of a preserved skeleton, the bones within a living human being are profoundly alive. Living bones exhibit strength and flexibility, serving as the primary components of the skeletal system.
Bones, Joints, and the Architecture of Movement: Exploring the Skeletal SystemNursing Mastery
Title: Bones, Joints, and the Architecture of Movement: Exploring the Skeletal System
Introduction:
Welcome to our engaging SlideShare presentation on the Skeletal System & Joints, where we embark on a fascinating exploration of the framework that supports our bodies and facilitates movement. Join us as we delve into the intricate world of bones, joints, and the dynamic interplay that shapes our mobility and stability.
The skeletal system serves as the foundation of our anatomy, providing structural support, protection for vital organs, and a framework for locomotion. Comprised of bones, cartilage, ligaments, and tendons, this complex system forms the structural scaffold upon which our bodies are built.
In this presentation, we'll take a closer look at the anatomy of bones, from their composition and classification to their roles in mineral storage and blood cell production. Through detailed illustrations and interactive diagrams, we'll explore the dynamic nature of bone remodeling and the factors that influence bone health and density.
But bones alone do not account for the versatility of human movement. Joints, the articulations where two or more bones meet, play a crucial role in facilitating motion and absorbing impact. From synovial joints like the knee and shoulder to fibrous and cartilaginous joints, we'll unravel the mechanics of joint structure and function.
Together, the skeletal system and joints form a complex network that enables us to walk, run, jump, and perform a myriad of daily activities. Whether you're a student studying anatomy, a fitness enthusiast seeking to optimize performance, or simply curious about the mechanics of the human body, our presentation offers valuable insights into the wonders of the skeletal system and joints.
Join us as we embark on a journey through the bony landmarks and articulations that define our physical form and discover the intricate architecture of movement hidden beneath our skin.
Throughout history, the symbol of the skull and crossbones has served as a representation of mortality, likely owing to the fact that following death and decay, bones are the sole remnants. Many individuals perceive bones as inert, desiccated, and fragile. While these attributes accurately portray the bones of a preserved skeleton, the bones within a living human being are profoundly alive. Living bones exhibit strength and flexibility, serving as the primary components of the skeletal system.
Bones, Joints, and the Architecture of Movement: Exploring the Skeletal SystemNursing Mastery
Title: Bones, Joints, and the Architecture of Movement: Exploring the Skeletal System
Introduction:
Welcome to our engaging SlideShare presentation on the Skeletal System & Joints, where we embark on a fascinating exploration of the framework that supports our bodies and facilitates movement. Join us as we delve into the intricate world of bones, joints, and the dynamic interplay that shapes our mobility and stability.
The skeletal system serves as the foundation of our anatomy, providing structural support, protection for vital organs, and a framework for locomotion. Comprised of bones, cartilage, ligaments, and tendons, this complex system forms the structural scaffold upon which our bodies are built.
In this presentation, we'll take a closer look at the anatomy of bones, from their composition and classification to their roles in mineral storage and blood cell production. Through detailed illustrations and interactive diagrams, we'll explore the dynamic nature of bone remodeling and the factors that influence bone health and density.
But bones alone do not account for the versatility of human movement. Joints, the articulations where two or more bones meet, play a crucial role in facilitating motion and absorbing impact. From synovial joints like the knee and shoulder to fibrous and cartilaginous joints, we'll unravel the mechanics of joint structure and function.
Together, the skeletal system and joints form a complex network that enables us to walk, run, jump, and perform a myriad of daily activities. Whether you're a student studying anatomy, a fitness enthusiast seeking to optimize performance, or simply curious about the mechanics of the human body, our presentation offers valuable insights into the wonders of the skeletal system and joints.
Join us as we embark on a journey through the bony landmarks and articulations that define our physical form and discover the intricate architecture of movement hidden beneath our skin.
CRISPR-Cas9, a revolutionary gene-editing tool, holds immense potential to reshape medicine, agriculture, and our understanding of life. But like any powerful tool, it comes with ethical considerations.
Unveiling CRISPR: This naturally occurring bacterial defense system (crRNA & Cas9 protein) fights viruses. Scientists repurposed it for precise gene editing (correction, deletion, insertion) by targeting specific DNA sequences.
The Promise: CRISPR offers exciting possibilities:
Gene Therapy: Correcting genetic diseases like cystic fibrosis.
Agriculture: Engineering crops resistant to pests and harsh environments.
Research: Studying gene function to unlock new knowledge.
The Peril: Ethical concerns demand attention:
Off-target Effects: Unintended DNA edits can have unforeseen consequences.
Eugenics: Misusing CRISPR for designer babies raises social and ethical questions.
Equity: High costs could limit access to this potentially life-saving technology.
The Path Forward: Responsible development is crucial:
International Collaboration: Clear guidelines are needed for research and human trials.
Public Education: Open discussions ensure informed decisions about CRISPR.
Prioritize Safety and Ethics: Safety and ethical principles must be paramount.
CRISPR offers a powerful tool for a better future, but responsible development and addressing ethical concerns are essential. By prioritizing safety, fostering open dialogue, and ensuring equitable access, we can harness CRISPR's power for the benefit of all. (2998 characters)
The Importance of Community Nursing Care.pdfAD Healthcare
NDIS and Community 24/7 Nursing Care is a specific type of support that may be provided under the NDIS for individuals with complex medical needs who require ongoing nursing care in a community setting, such as their home or a supported accommodation facility.
CHAPTER 1 SEMESTER V - ROLE OF PEADIATRIC NURSE.pdfSachin Sharma
Pediatric nurses play a vital role in the health and well-being of children. Their responsibilities are wide-ranging, and their objectives can be categorized into several key areas:
1. Direct Patient Care:
Objective: Provide comprehensive and compassionate care to infants, children, and adolescents in various healthcare settings (hospitals, clinics, etc.).
This includes tasks like:
Monitoring vital signs and physical condition.
Administering medications and treatments.
Performing procedures as directed by doctors.
Assisting with daily living activities (bathing, feeding).
Providing emotional support and pain management.
2. Health Promotion and Education:
Objective: Promote healthy behaviors and educate children, families, and communities about preventive healthcare.
This includes tasks like:
Administering vaccinations.
Providing education on nutrition, hygiene, and development.
Offering breastfeeding and childbirth support.
Counseling families on safety and injury prevention.
3. Collaboration and Advocacy:
Objective: Collaborate effectively with doctors, social workers, therapists, and other healthcare professionals to ensure coordinated care for children.
Objective: Advocate for the rights and best interests of their patients, especially when children cannot speak for themselves.
This includes tasks like:
Communicating effectively with healthcare teams.
Identifying and addressing potential risks to child welfare.
Educating families about their child's condition and treatment options.
4. Professional Development and Research:
Objective: Stay up-to-date on the latest advancements in pediatric healthcare through continuing education and research.
Objective: Contribute to improving the quality of care for children by participating in research initiatives.
This includes tasks like:
Attending workshops and conferences on pediatric nursing.
Participating in clinical trials related to child health.
Implementing evidence-based practices into their daily routines.
By fulfilling these objectives, pediatric nurses play a crucial role in ensuring the optimal health and well-being of children throughout all stages of their development.
CHAPTER 1 SEMESTER V PREVENTIVE-PEDIATRICS.pdfSachin Sharma
This content provides an overview of preventive pediatrics. It defines preventive pediatrics as preventing disease and promoting children's physical, mental, and social well-being to achieve positive health. It discusses antenatal, postnatal, and social preventive pediatrics. It also covers various child health programs like immunization, breastfeeding, ICDS, and the roles of organizations like WHO, UNICEF, and nurses in preventive pediatrics.
Deep Leg Vein Thrombosis (DVT): Meaning, Causes, Symptoms, Treatment, and Mor...The Lifesciences Magazine
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Antibiotic Stewardship by Anushri Srivastava.pptxAnushriSrivastav
Stewardship is the act of taking good care of something.
Antimicrobial stewardship is a coordinated program that promotes the appropriate use of antimicrobials (including antibiotics), improves patient outcomes, reduces microbial resistance, and decreases the spread of infections caused by multidrug-resistant organisms.
WHO launched the Global Antimicrobial Resistance and Use Surveillance System (GLASS) in 2015 to fill knowledge gaps and inform strategies at all levels.
ACCORDING TO apic.org,
Antimicrobial stewardship is a coordinated program that promotes the appropriate use of antimicrobials (including antibiotics), improves patient outcomes, reduces microbial resistance, and decreases the spread of infections caused by multidrug-resistant organisms.
ACCORDING TO pewtrusts.org,
Antibiotic stewardship refers to efforts in doctors’ offices, hospitals, long term care facilities, and other health care settings to ensure that antibiotics are used only when necessary and appropriate
According to WHO,
Antimicrobial stewardship is a systematic approach to educate and support health care professionals to follow evidence-based guidelines for prescribing and administering antimicrobials
In 1996, John McGowan and Dale Gerding first applied the term antimicrobial stewardship, where they suggested a causal association between antimicrobial agent use and resistance. They also focused on the urgency of large-scale controlled trials of antimicrobial-use regulation employing sophisticated epidemiologic methods, molecular typing, and precise resistance mechanism analysis.
Antimicrobial Stewardship(AMS) refers to the optimal selection, dosing, and duration of antimicrobial treatment resulting in the best clinical outcome with minimal side effects to the patients and minimal impact on subsequent resistance.
According to the 2019 report, in the US, more than 2.8 million antibiotic-resistant infections occur each year, and more than 35000 people die. In addition to this, it also mentioned that 223,900 cases of Clostridoides difficile occurred in 2017, of which 12800 people died. The report did not include viruses or parasites
VISION
Being proactive
Supporting optimal animal and human health
Exploring ways to reduce overall use of antimicrobials
Using the drugs that prevent and treat disease by killing microscopic organisms in a responsible way
GOAL
to prevent the generation and spread of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Doing so will preserve the effectiveness of these drugs in animals and humans for years to come.
being to preserve human and animal health and the effectiveness of antimicrobial medications.
to implement a multidisciplinary approach in assembling a stewardship team to include an infectious disease physician, a clinical pharmacist with infectious diseases training, infection preventionist, and a close collaboration with the staff in the clinical microbiology laboratory
to prevent antimicrobial overuse, misuse and abuse.
to minimize the developme
Empowering ACOs: Leveraging Quality Management Tools for MIPS and BeyondHealth Catalyst
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One of the most developed cities of India, the city of Chennai is the capital of Tamilnadu and many people from different parts of India come here to earn their bread and butter. Being a metropolitan, the city is filled with towering building and beaches but the sad part as with almost every Indian city
Medical Technology Tackles New Health Care Demand - Research Report - March 2...pchutichetpong
M Capital Group (“MCG”) predicts that with, against, despite, and even without the global pandemic, the medical technology (MedTech) industry shows signs of continuous healthy growth, driven by smaller, faster, and cheaper devices, growing demand for home-based applications, technological innovation, strategic acquisitions, investments, and SPAC listings. MCG predicts that this should reflects itself in annual growth of over 6%, well beyond 2028.
According to Chris Mouchabhani, Managing Partner at M Capital Group, “Despite all economic scenarios that one may consider, beyond overall economic shocks, medical technology should remain one of the most promising and robust sectors over the short to medium term and well beyond 2028.”
There is a movement towards home-based care for the elderly, next generation scanning and MRI devices, wearable technology, artificial intelligence incorporation, and online connectivity. Experts also see a focus on predictive, preventive, personalized, participatory, and precision medicine, with rising levels of integration of home care and technological innovation.
The average cost of treatment has been rising across the board, creating additional financial burdens to governments, healthcare providers and insurance companies. According to MCG, cost-per-inpatient-stay in the United States alone rose on average annually by over 13% between 2014 to 2021, leading MedTech to focus research efforts on optimized medical equipment at lower price points, whilst emphasizing portability and ease of use. Namely, 46% of the 1,008 medical technology companies in the 2021 MedTech Innovator (“MTI”) database are focusing on prevention, wellness, detection, or diagnosis, signaling a clear push for preventive care to also tackle costs.
In addition, there has also been a lasting impact on consumer and medical demand for home care, supported by the pandemic. Lockdowns, closure of care facilities, and healthcare systems subjected to capacity pressure, accelerated demand away from traditional inpatient care. Now, outpatient care solutions are driving industry production, with nearly 70% of recent diagnostics start-up companies producing products in areas such as ambulatory clinics, at-home care, and self-administered diagnostics.
2. INTRODUCTION
The skeletal system includes:
Bones
Cartilages
Joints
Ligaments
Other connective tissues
3. Composition of Bone (Extracellular) Matrix
Inorganic components
hydroxyapatites
calcium and phosphate deposits
65% of bone by mass
responsible for bone hardness
Fibers
collagen
provides an ability of bone to flex slightly without
fracturing
4. FUNCTIONS
Support
Movement: muscles attach by tendons and use bones as levers
to move body
Protection
Skull – brain
Vertebrae – spinal cord
Rib cage – thoracic organs
Mineral storage
Calcium and phosphorus
Released as ions into blood as needed
Blood cell formation and energy storage
Bone marrow: red makes blood, yellow stores fat
9. Vertebral Column
Sacrum (mid-line region of buttocks)
Coccyx (4 or 5 fused vertebrae of the tail bone)
7 Cervical Vertebrae (of the neck)
12 Thoracic Vertebrae (of the chest)
5 Lumbar Vertebrae (of the lower back)
Lumbar vertebra,
lateral view
Lumbar vertebra,
superior view
12. Sternum
Mid-line breast bone
The clavicles and ribs one to seven articulate with
the sternum
Sternum – comprised of
the manubrium, sternal
body and xiphoid process
13. Consists of:
1. The pectoral gridle (chest)
2. Pelvic girdle (hip)
3. The upper limbs
4. The lower limbs
Appendicular skeleton
14. 1.Pectoral Girdle
Consists of:
Scapula (shoulder blade)
Clavicle (collar bone)
Allows the upper limb great mobility
The sternoclavicular joint is the only point of
attachment between the axial skeleton and the
pectoral girdle
Scapula
Clavicle
15. 2. Pelvic Girdle
Formed by pair of os coxae (hip
bones)
supports the bladder and
abdominal contents
Attachment:
Posteriorly – join with the sacrum
Anteriorly - join to each other
anteriorly
Laterally – join to the head of thigh
bone through a cup-shaped
acetabulum
16. 3. Upper Limb
Humerus
The arm bone
shoulder to elbow
Radius and Ulna
The forearm bones
elbow to wrist
Humerus
Ulna
Radius
18. Upper Extremities
Humerus: upper arm
Radius: thumb side of forearm
Ulna: little finger side of forearm
Carpals (8): wrist bones
Metacarpals (5): hand bones
Phalanges (14): finger bones
19. 4. Lower Limb
Femur
thigh bone
from hip to knee
Patella
knee cap
sesamoid bone in the
tendon of the
quadriceps muscles
(thigh)
Femur
Patella
20. Lower Limb Cont’d
Tibia and Fibula
leg bones
From knee to ankle
Tibia is medial and fibula is
lateral
Medial malleolus and Lateral
malleolus
The distal ends of the tibia and
fibula, respectively
commonly referred to as the
"ankle bones"
can be easily palpated
Fibula
Tibia
Lat. malleolus
Med. malleolus
21. Lower Limb Cont’d
Tarsals
ankle bones
calcaneus or the heel bone
talus
Metatarsals
5 bones of the foot
unite with the toes
Phalanges
toe bones
three per toe except the big
toe - proximal, middle and
distal
Calcaneus
Talus
Phalanges
Metatarsals
Tarsals
22. Lower Extremities
Femur: thigh bone
Patella: kneecap
Tibia: shin bone
Fibula: lateral bone of lower leg
Tarsals (7): ankle bones; talus and calcaneus
Metatarsals (5): foot bones
Phalanges (14): toe bones; great toe = halux
31. 5.Pneumatic Bones
have air spaces within
them which makes
them lighter than more
solid bone. They are
only found in the skull.
An example of a
pneumatic bone is the
Sphenoid bone.
Maxilla
32. 6.Sesamoid bones
• Sesamoid bones are small
more or less rounded masses
embedded in certain tendons
and usually related to joint
surfaces.
• Their functions probably are to
modify pressure
• to diminish friction, and
• occasionally to alter the
direction of a muscle pull
• Example:patella,pisiform.fabella
33. 7.Accessory bones.
• They are not always
present.
• These may occur as
ununited epiphyses
developed from extra
centres of ossification.
• Example:sutural bone,os
trigonum,os vesalianum
34. 8.Heterotopic bones
irregular nodules of bone
may appear as the result
of intermittent pressure
in certain regions, e.g.,
the “rider’s bone,” which
is occasionally developed
in the Adductor muscles
of the thigh.
35.
36. Bone Classification(structural)
According to the degree of porosity,
bone can be classified into two general
categories:MACROSCOPICALLY
Cortical bone (low porosity)
Spongy or cancellous bone (high
porosity)
37. Bone is very strong for its
relatively light weight
The major components of
bone are:
Calcium carbonate
Calcium phosphate
Collagen
Water
Bone Composition Cortical Bone
Spongy Bone
Medullary (marrow) cavity
39. Developmental Classification
Membranous(dermal): ossify in
membrane(intramembranous or
mesenchymal
ossification)e.g.,facial bones.
Cartilaginous: ossify in
cartilage(intracartilaginous or
endochondral
ossification)e.g.,vertibral column
Membrano Cartilaginous: ossify
partly in membrane and partly in
cartilage.e.g.,clavicle,madible,occi
pital,temporal,sphenoid.
MOCST
Somatic bone
Visceral bone: They develop
from pharengeal
arches,example:Hyoid
bone,ear ossicles.
42. Diaphysis
It is the elongated
shaft of a long
bone which
ossifies from a
primary centre.
43. TYPES OF EPIPHYSIS
There are four types of epiphysis:
1.Pressure epiphysis:
Pressure epiphyses assist
in transmitting the weight
of the human body and
are the regions of the
bone that are under
pressure during
movement or locomotion.
Another example of a
pressure epiphysis is the
head of the humerus
which is part of the
shoulder complex
44. 2.Traction epiphysis:
the regions of the long bone which are
non-articular, i.e. not involved in joint
formation.
the supporting ligaments and tendons
attach to these areas of the bone.
Traction epiphyses ossify later than
pressure epiphyses.
Examples of traction epiphyses are
tubercles of the humerus (greater
tubercle and lesser tubercle), and
trochanters of the femur (greater and
lesser).
45. 3Atavistic epiphysis:
These types of fused
bones are called
atavistic;
e.g. the coracoid
process of the
scapula which has
been fused in
humans but is
separate in four-
legged animals.
47. METAPHYSIS
Epiphysis end of
diaphysis is called
metaphysis.
Hair pin bend
formed by end
arteries.
Common site for
osteomyelitis in
childrean
Adult no more end
arteries
51. Epiphysial plate of cartilage
It separates epiphysis
from metaphysis.
Proliferation of cell in
cartilage growth
plate is responsible
for growth of bones.
56. Osteoporosis- bone reabsorption
outpaces bone deposit; bones become
lighter and fracture easier
Factors:
• age, gender (more in women)
• estrogen and testosterone decrease
• insufficient exercise (or too much)
• diet poor in Ca++ and protein
• abnormal vitamin D receptors
• smoking
59. Bone grafts and artificial bone
Widely used cutting-edge technologies
Bone cells highly regenerative and move into any
suitable matrix
Use bone pieces from same body—fibula
Use crushed bone from cadavers
Use bone substitutes—coral, synthetics—
”nanotechnology”
Applications are numerous
Jaw bone filler for dental work
Birth defects
Osteoporosis
Bone repair