This document provides information about iron as a building material, including its various types and uses. It discusses the following:
- Iron is the second most common metal on Earth and is very strong and cheap, making it widely used. It exists in four forms and is the main ingredient in steel.
- The main types of iron used in building are wrought iron, cast iron, and steel. Wrought iron is strong and malleable while cast iron is strong in compression.
- Iron has many applications in construction such as beams, columns, and architectural details. It is also used in machinery due to its strength. Cast iron specifically has been used historically for architectural elements and is inexpensive to cast
the power point presentation is all about steel and its all information, its basic introduction, manufacture, types, advantages, disadvantages, market forms, defects and its market rate.
the power point presentation is all about steel and its all information, its basic introduction, manufacture, types, advantages, disadvantages, market forms, defects and its market rate.
STEEL - As a Building material:
A 20-minute brief presentation on STEEL for a seminar session.
This presentation covers the areas of :
Origin of Steel, Discovery of STEEL, History of steel making, Classification of STEEL , Properties of steel, Mild Steel , Characteristic tension test curve, Medium Carbon Steel, High Carbon Steel, TOR Steel, Manufacturing processes.
Why STEEL is preferred to concrete?
Disadvantages of STEEL
Some Important Steel Structures
It is most typically used as transparent glazing material in the building envelope, including windows in the external walls. Glass is also used for internal partitions and as an architectural feature. When used in buildings, glass is often of a safety type, which include reinforced, toughened and laminated glasses.
STEEL - As a Building material:
A 20-minute brief presentation on STEEL for a seminar session.
This presentation covers the areas of :
Origin of Steel, Discovery of STEEL, History of steel making, Classification of STEEL , Properties of steel, Mild Steel , Characteristic tension test curve, Medium Carbon Steel, High Carbon Steel, TOR Steel, Manufacturing processes.
Why STEEL is preferred to concrete?
Disadvantages of STEEL
Some Important Steel Structures
It is most typically used as transparent glazing material in the building envelope, including windows in the external walls. Glass is also used for internal partitions and as an architectural feature. When used in buildings, glass is often of a safety type, which include reinforced, toughened and laminated glasses.
COMPARATIVE STUDY OF EXPERIMENTAL AND ANALYTICAL RESULTS OF GEO POLYMER CON...IAEME Publication
Geo polymer concrete is a recently developed construction material which is environment friendly and perhaps best alternative to conventional concrete. In the present scenario, where global warming is a big issue due to Co2 emissions, no cement concrete like Geo Polymer Concrete is the big boon for construction industry. The research work carried out on Geo Polymer Concrete and documented in the present paper is a step forward in the direction to encourage the development of Geo Polymer Concrete for its wide application in construction industry. The present paper describes experimental work and analytical work pertaining to Finite Element Analysis using ANSYS software to simulate the flexural behavior of Reinforced Geo Polymer Concrete Beams. The alkaline solution used for present study was the combination of sodium silicate and sodium hydroxide solution with the varying ratio of 2.50. NaoH solids with 97 - 98% purity is purchased from commercial source and mixed with water to make solution with a concentration of 16 molarity.
All of Imperial windows and doors are manufactured in Melbourne to Australian Standards. We source from only the best material. As result our product provides well quality and style. Customers can choose from many different designs ,colors, shapes to find sliding windows and doors to best suit their requirements, whatever project they might have in mind as well as according to their architecture.
'Iron seemeth a simple metal but in its nature are many mysteries’. Many, but not all,of these mysteries have been solved over the past three hundred years using the combined skill of the foundryman and the knowledge of the scientist to provide today's design engineer with a family of casting alloys that offer a virtually unique combination of low cost and engineering versatility.
The various combinations of low cost with castability , strength,
Machinability , hardness, wear resistance ,corrosion resistance, thermal conductivity and damping are unequalled among all casting alloys and It makes Cast Iron most widely used metal in engineering purpose .
its about iron metal used in architect used and its advantage and disadvantage ,fire proofing floor, samples, history and discovery of iron metal from earth crust,introduction, physical properties and chemical proerties.
Cast iron is a group of iron-carbon alloys with a carbon content more than 2%. Its usefulness derives from its relatively low melting temperature. The alloy constituents affect its colour when fractured: white cast iron has carbide impurities.
History:
Cast iron was invented in China in the 5th century BC and poured into molds to make ploughshares and pots as well as weapons and pagodas. Although steel was more desirable, cast iron was cheaper and thus was more commonly used for implements in ancient China, while wrought iron or steel was used for weapons.
The cast-iron is manufactured by re-melting pig-iron with coke and limestone. This re-melting is done in a furnace known as the cupola furnace. It is more or less same as the blast furnace, but it is smaller in size. Its shape is cylindrical with diameter of about 1 m and height of about 5 m.
The working of cupola furnace is also similar to that of blast furnace. The raw materials are fed from top. The cupola furnace is worked intermittently and it is open at top. After the raw materials are placed, the furnace is fired and blast of air is forced through tuyeres. The blast of air is cold as the impurities in pig-iron are removed by the oxidation
#design #architecture #interior #homedesign #house #interiors #construction #deco #interiordesigner #designinspiration #interiorstyling #interiordecor #arquitectura #architecturephotography #kitchendesign #modern #building #architecturelovers #homestyle #bedroom #archilovers #instahome #homestyling #lighting #project #architecturedesign #villa #archdaily #moderndesign #housedesign
CONTENTS
Ferrous metal
Type of ferrous metal
Pig iron
Cast iron
Working of cupola furance
Wrought iron
Steel
Stainless steel
Tools steel
Application of ferrous metal in automotive
Merits and Demerits of ferrous metal materials in automotive
This slide show accompanies the learner guide "Mechanical Technology Grade 10" by Charles Goodwin, Andre Lategan & Daniel Meyer, published by Future Managers Pty Ltd. For more information visit our website www.futuremanagers.net
HOSPITAL
A hospital is a health care institution providing patient treatment by specialized staff and equipment..
Hospitals are usually funded by the public sector, by health organizations (for profit or nonprofit), health insurance companies, or charities, including direct charitable donations.
Historically, hospitals were often founded and funded by religious orders or charitable individuals and leaders.
Today, hospitals are largely staffed by professional physicians, surgeons, and nurses, whereas in the past, this work was usually performed by the founding religious orders or by volunteers.
Hospitals vary widely in the services they offer and therefore, in the departments (or "wards") they have. They may have acute services such as an emergency department or specialist trauma centre, burn unit, surgery, or urgent care. These may then be backed up by more specialist units such as:
Emergency department
Cardiology
Intensive care unit
Pediatric intensive care unit
Neonatal intensive care unit
Cardiovascular intensive care unit
Neurology
Oncology
Obstetrics and gynecology
Adolescent medicine Allergy/Immunology Anesthesia
Cardiac Surgery
Center for Communication Enhancement Critical Care medicine
Dentistry
Dermatology
Division of Developmental medicine Division of Developmental medicine Emergency medicine
Endocrinology Gastroenterology/Nutrition.
General Pediatrics
Genetics
Gynecology
Infectious Diseases
Nephrology
Neurology
Neurosurgery
Newborn medicine
Ophthalmology
Otolaryngology and Communication Enhancement Plastic and Oral Surgery Psychiatry
Pulmonary and Respiratory Diseases
Radiology
Rheumatology
Ophthalmology
Surgery
Urology
Some hospitals will have outpatient departments and some will have chronic treatment units such as behavioral health services, dentistry, dermatology, ward, rehabilitation, and physical therapy.
Common support units include a dispensary or pharmacy, pathology, and radiology, and on the non-medical side, there often are medical records departments, release of information departments, Information Management (IM)(aka IT or IS), Clinical Engineering (aka Biomed), Facilities Management, Plant Ops (aka Maintenance), Dining Services, and Security departments
Housing is a basic human requirement of any civilised society. With the growth of urbanisation, cities have been expanding alarmingly in the last few decades, which has resulted in haphazard growth of urban areas as well as acute housing shortage.
Housing and Urban Planning Department was established to ensure planned development of urban areas and create an enabling environment to provide affordable housing.
UAPVP launched many schemes available for different segments of the society including EWS, LIG, MIG, BPL and HIG categories.
UPAVP the development agency of Uttar Pradesh know as Uttar Pradesh Awas Vikas Parishad is going to implement the government housing mission, Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana.
About 20,000 houses will be constructed in the state.
On the construction of housing units, the UPAVP will spend about Rs. 3,000 Crore and the implementation work will be started once it get the approval from the government.
The comprehensive plan for Fiscal year 2017-18 has been prepared by the agency and the houses units in these projects will be constructed under UP government Vrindavan & Awadh Vihar Yojana.
Under PMAY UP, about 2,000 houses have been registered by the government and creating further plan for the scheme, the UPAVP is planning to open the registrations for additional 3,000 houses.
UAPVP launched many schemes available for different segments of the society including EWS, LIG, MIG, BPL and HIG categories.
UPAVP the development agency of Uttar Pradesh know as Uttar Pradesh Awas Vikas Parishad is going to implement the government housing mission, Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana.
About 20,000 houses will be constructed in the state.
On the construction of housing units, the UPAVP will spend about Rs. 3,000 Crore and the implementation work will be started once it get the approval from the government.
The comprehensive plan for Fiscal year 2017-18 has been prepared by the agency and the houses units in these projects will be constructed under UP government Vrindavan & Awadh Vihar Yojana.
Under PMAY UP, about 2,000 houses have been registered by the government and creating further plan for the scheme, the UPAVP is planning to open the registrations for additional 3,000 houses.
UAPVP launched many schemes available for different segments of the society including EWS, LIG, MIG, BPL and HIG categories.
UPAVP the development agency of Uttar Pradesh know as Uttar Pradesh Awas Vikas Parishad is going to implement the government housing mission, Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana.
About 20,000 houses will be constructed in the state.
On the construction of housing units, the UPAVP will spend about Rs. 3,000 Crore and the implementation work will be started once it get the approval from the government.
The comprehensive plan for Fiscal year 2017-18 has been prepared by the agency and the houses units in these projects will be constructed under UP government Vrindavan & Awadh Vihar Yojana.
Under PMAY UP, about 2,000 houses have been registered by the government and creating further plan for the scheme, the UPAVP is planning to open the registrations for additional 3,000 houses.
UAPVP launched many schemes available for different segments of the society including EWS, LIG, MIG, BPL and HIG categories.
UPAVP the development agency of Uttar Pradesh know as Uttar Pradesh Awas Vikas Parishad is going to implement the government housing mission, Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana.
About 20,000 houses will be constructed in the state.
On the construction of housing units, the UPAVP will spend about Rs. 3,000 Crore and the implementation work will be started once it get the approval from the government.
The comprehensive plan for Fiscal year 2017-18 has been prepared by the agency and the houses units in these projects will be constructed under UP government Vrindavan & Awadh Vihar Yojana.
Under PMAY UP, about 2,000 houses have been registered by the government and creating further plan for the scheme, the UPAVP is planning to open the registrations for additional 3,000 houses.
Housing is one of the basic necessities of life and the right to housing and adequate shelter is guaranteed in the Directive Principles of State Policy enshrined in the Constitution of India.
The rapid pace of urbanisation in India has resulted in severe shortage of housing and basic services like potable water, well laid out drainage system, sewerage network, sanitation facilities, electricity, roads and appropriate disposal of solid waste.
AREA OF SCHEME MINIMUM 5 ACRE, MAXIMUM 100 ACRES.
MINIMUM 60% AREA SHALL BE USED FOR AFFORDABLE HOUSING & CARPET AREA OF DWELLING UNIT SHALL NOT EXCEED 75 SQM.
40% AREA MAY BE UTILIZED FOR HIG, COMMERCIAL, INSTITUTIONAL,
RECREATIONAL & COMMUNITY FACILITIES.
MINIMUM 20% HOUSES SHALL BE PROVIDED FOR EWS & UG AGAINST HIG UNITS BUT NOT COMPULSARY IN AN EXCLUSIVE AFFORDABLE HOUSING SCHEME.
CEILING COST OF AFFORDABLE HOUSE IN NCR-RS.3000 PER SQ. FT., METRO CITIES-RS.2800 PER SQ.FT. & TOWNS-RS.2500 PER SQ.FT. ON SUPER BUILD UP AREA (TO BE REVISED BASED ON COST INDEX)
Green architecture defines an understanding of environment-friendly architecture under all classifications, and contains some universal consent, It may have many of these characteristics:
x Ventilation systems designed for efficient heating and cooling
x Energy-efficient lighting and appliances
x Water-saving plumbing fixtures
x Landscapes planned to maximize passive solar energy
x Minimal harm to the natural habitat
x Alternate power sources such as solar power or wind power
x Non-synthetic, non-toxic materials
x Locally-obtained woods and stone
x Responsibly-harvested woods
x Adaptive reuse of older buildings
x Use of recycled architectural salvage
x Efficient use of space1.Interaction
The relationships between construction site and architecture, green space and architecture, and also with people and form are emphasized here.
2.Form
With the new design thinking and process, concern for sustainable needs and computer aided technology, the form of architecture, or the use of building envelops may be redefined in the digital-green environment.
3.Construction:
With the aid of computer technology and 3D modelling techniques
Housing is a basic human requirement of any civilised society. With the growth of urbanisation, cities have been expanding alarmingly in the last few decades, which has resulted in haphazard growth of urban areas as well as acute housing shortage.
Housing and Urban Planning Department was established to ensure planned development of urban areas and create an enabling environment to provide affordable housing.
India needs about 19 million low-cost homes - roughly defined as costing a million rupees ($16,700) and below - to shelter an urban population expected to nearly double to 600 million by 2030 from 2011.
Samajwadi Awas Yojana is one the most popular and affordable government scheme which is launched for urban areas for full filling the needs of Houses in very affordable price for different categories of Uttar pradesh.
Uttar pradesh government initiated this samajwadi avas yojana by the help of Public private partnership. Chief Minister of uttar pradesh has already given there approval regarding the Samajwadi Avas Vikas Yojana.
Environment has positive
effects on human behaviour.
The Environment we live in
provides us all the natural
resources necessary for human
survival for instance-food,
minerals, water, land ,air etc.
amount of energy used is equal to amount of renewable energy created on the site
reduce carbon emissions & reduce dependence on fossil fuels
Buildings that produce a surplus of energy over the year are called “Energy Surplus Buildings”
During the last 20 years more than 200 reputable projects claiming net zero energy balance have been realized all over the world.
NZEB buildings consequently contribute less overall greenhouse gas to the atmosphere than similar non-ZNE buildings. They do at times consume non-renewable energy and produce greenhouse gases, but at other times reduce energy consumption and greenhouse gas production elsewhere by the same amount. Traditional buildings consume 40% of the total fossil fuel energy in all over the world and are significant contributors of greenhouse gases.
More from Hamzah Meraj, Faculty of Architecture, Jamia Millia Islamia, New delhi (20)
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
How to Split Bills in the Odoo 17 POS ModuleCeline George
Bills have a main role in point of sale procedure. It will help to track sales, handling payments and giving receipts to customers. Bill splitting also has an important role in POS. For example, If some friends come together for dinner and if they want to divide the bill then it is possible by POS bill splitting. This slide will show how to split bills in odoo 17 POS.
The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
Ethnobotany in herbal drug evaluation,
Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
New development in herbals,
Bio-prospecting tools for drug discovery,
Role of Ethnopharmacology in drug evaluation,
Reverse Pharmacology.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
1. IRON AS A
BUILDING MATERIAL
(TYPES, USES,etc.)
Presented by-
• Aiman
• Sundus
• M.Raghib
• Bilal
• Hamzah
2. • Iron(Fe) is the second most common metal on Earth,
and the most widely-used metal.
• It is element26, a transition metal in Group 8.
• Its symbol is Fe, from the Latin word for iron, ferrum.
• Atomic number: 26
• Mass number:55.85
• It is used a lot because it is very strong and cheap.
• Iron is the main ingredient used to make steel.
INTRODUCTION
3. •Iron is a lustrous, ductile, malleable, silver-gray metal.
•It is known to exist in four distinct crystalline forms.
•Iron rusts in damp air, but not in dry air and dissolves readily in dilute acids.
•It has a very high tensile strength.
•Boiling point : 3000 °C(5,400 °F)
•Melting point : 1,536 °C (2,797 °F)
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF IRON
4. • Iron is the most widely used of all the metals,
accounting for 95%of worldwide metal production.
• Its low cost and high strength make it indispensable in
Engineering applications such as -
• The construction of machinery and machine tools,
automobiles, the hulls of large ships, and
structural components for buildings.
• Since pure iron is quite soft, it is most commonly
Combined with alloying elements to make steel.
• Iron is also used for protection from ionizing radiation
Cast iron has been used for centuries and was used in
architecture in the pre-modern period.
APPLICATION AND USES OF IRON
5. • The main disadvantage of iron is
that pure iron, and most of its alloys,
suffer badly from rust if not
protected in some way.
• Painting, galvanization, passivation,
plastic coating and bluing are all
used to protect iron from rust by
Excluding water and oxygen or
By cathodic protection.
DISADVANTAGES
6. TYPES OF IRON
IRON IS AN IMPORTANT BUILDING COMPONENT
HAS BEEN USED IN MANY FORMS:
1. WROUGHT IRON
2. CAST IRON
8. 8
Iron Ore
Blast Furnace
Pig Iron
Smelted, Hammered, Re-
heated, Rolled
Smelted (separate the metallic
constituent)
,Alloyed, Rolled
Wrought Iron Cast Iron Mild Iron(Steel)
Re- melted,
Poured into sand
molds
9. PROPERTIES
• Cast iron.: 2.0 – 4.5% Carbon content
• Carbon (C) and silicon (Si) are the main alloying elements.
• Great for the environment. Can be recycled more easily than
PVC.
• It is strong in compression, but weak in tension and bending.
• Prefabrication enabled portability—entire buildings could be
constructed in one place and shipped all over the world.
• Its strength and stiffness deteriorate when subjected to high
heat.
• Its structure is crystalline and relatively brittle.
• They don't echo when water moves through as compared to
PVC, because of dense material.
• It does not rust.
10. ARCHITECTURAL USES
• Its use gradually spread from architectural elements like shutter
and door frames to facades because it is relatively
1. inexpensive,
2. durable &
3. easily cast into a variety of shapes.
• As balusters, columns & Arches
• For transporting water, storm drains and sewage.
• Ornate facades.
Columns
Spandrel panels
11. Fire proof floor- mid 19th century Cast iron is strong in compression weak in bending.
Wrought iron High in elasticity and tensile strength.
12. Cast iron beams
Thin webs could easily crack. Sharp
angles where web joins flanges were also
vulnerable.
This is slightly thicker web and rounded
internal angles, which is less prone to
cracking during casting.
15. General uses
• Construction of machines and structures
(High Tensile Strength)
For a garbage disposal because it is highly resistant to the
grinding and abrasions. (The process of wearing down away by
means of friction)
Machines
16. Design made on column Gate design Decorative pieces
Arches in bridgeUse of cast iron in facade
17. FAILURE
Oxidation or rusting occurs rapidly when cast iron is exposed to
moisture or air.
Common problems encountered with cast iron construction include
Badly rusted or missing elements.
Impact damage
Structural failures
Broken joints
Damage to connections
Loss of anchorage in masonry
18. CLASSIFICATIONS OF CAST IRON
1. WHITE CAST IRON
2. GREY CAST IRON
3. DUCTILE (NODULAR) CAST IRON
4. MALLEABLE CAST IRON
19. 1/04. WHITE CAST IRON
• These are iron-carbon alloys having more than 2.11%
carbon.
• All the carbon is present in the combined cementite
form.
Properties
• Hard and wear resistant.
• Tensile strength 20000 to 70000 psi.(per square inch)
• Compressive strength 200000 to 250000 psi.
Microstructure of White
Cast Iron
20. LIMITATIONS
Because of extreme brittleness and lack of machinability, white irons find limited
engineering applications.
APPLICATIONS
• Liners For Cement Mixers,
• Ball Mills,
• Certain Types Of Drawing Dies
• Extrusion Nozzles
Liners For Cement Mixers
Ball Mills
Nozzles
Decorated furniture
21. 2/04. Grey cast iron
Iron-carbon alloys containing flakes of graphite
embedded in steel matrix, which show a grey-blackish
coloured fracture due to graphite’—the free foam of
carbon, are called grey cast irons.
The strength of grey iron depends on the strength of steel
matrix and the size and character of graphite flakes in it.
Microstructure of Gray Cast Iron
Microstructure of Gray Cast Iron
22. PROPERTIES OF GREY CAST IRON
1. Low cost of production.
2. Low melting point: (1150°—1250°C)
3. Cast irons have excellent fluidity and take good mould-impressions easily.
4. High compressive strength.
5. High thermal conductivity, and have ability to withstand thermal shocks.
6. Good resistance to atmospheric corrosion due to high silicon and perhaps other
factors, than mild steels.
7. High damping capacity -due to the graphite flakes, which breaks the continuity of the
metallic matrix, and thus, vibrations are not allowed to transfer from one side of flake
to other.
24. 3/04. Malleable cast iron
24
Malleable iron is produced by heat treatment of cast iron.
The properties of malleable cast iron are more like mild steel.
Microstructure of Malleable Iron
• Graphite in module(knot/lump) form.
• Produced by heat treatment of white cast iron
• Graphite nodules are irregular clusters
Properties
• Similar to ductile iron
• Good shock resistance
• Good ductility
25. applications
• Malleable iron is better for thinner castings
• Vehicle components
1. Power trains, frames, suspensions and wheels
2. Steering components, transmission and differential parts,
3. connecting rods
• Railway components
• Pipe fittings
• Electrical fittings
Rail tracks Pipe fittings
wheels
26. 4/04. Ductile (nodule ) cast iron
In ductile irons, the graphite is in the form
of spherical nodules thus prevent the creation of cracks
and providing ductility.
PROPERTIES
• Strength higher than grey cast iron.
• Low cost
Microstructure of Ductile Iron
27. APPLICATIONS
Pipe and pipe fittings
Major industrial applications include
Highway diesel trucks,
Agricultural tractors,
Oil well pumps.
– Crankshafts,
– Front wheel spindle supports,
– Steering knuckles,
– Disc brake callipers
used for water and sewer lines. Pipes
Machinery products:
oil well pumps
Crankshafts in motor engineDisc brake callipers
29. Wrought Iron Is A form of Iron With A Very Low Carbon Content (0.25%) In Contrast
To Cast iron (2.1% to 4%).
"Grain" Resembling Wood, Is Visible When It Is Bent To The Point Of Failure.
Wrought Iron Is Tough, Malleable, Ductile And Easily Welded.
Purest form of iron in which the total impurities do not exceed 0.5%.
Wrought iron is much more expensive to produce than cast.
Most wrought iron work are joined by riveting.
MAJOR EXAMPLE ARE-
1. Iron pillar at Delhi, India, containing 98% wrought iron.
2. The Eiffel tower
30. PROPERTIES
•It can be used to form temporary magnets but cannot be magnetised permanently.
•It fuses with difficulty.
• high elasticity and tensile strength
•Unaffected by saline water.
• If pulled apart, the fracture shows a fibrous break.
• Capable of bearing 24 tons per square inch ultimate
tensile strain, & 20 tons of compression and shearing.
.
31. In fencing In main entrance gates
In railings As balusters
USES
• Used for rivets, chains, ornamental
iron work, railway couplings,
bridges, water and steam pipes.
• Roofing sheets, corrugated sheets.
• It is manufactured for bolts and
nuts, horse shoe bars, handrails,
straps for timer roof trusses, boiler
tubes, roofing sheets, etc.
32. 1. 3 I beams used. The inner beam is
riveted through it flanges to the
webs of the outer beams by four
lines of rivets. (permanent
mechanical fastener.)
2. 2.channels are used outside in
place of I beams, the flanges
being turned inward gives the
column a better finished
appearance.
3. 3. composed of two channels and
plates riveted to the flanges of
channels with four lines of rivets.
4. The rolled segment is composed
of 4 segments riveted together
through the projecting
flanges, and made from 4-18”
outside dia.---3 to 24 inches deep (75mm to 600mm) and
with flanges about 200mm wide
Fig-4
34. Jubilee Bridge (1887) in Derbyshire.
• It's a good example of a structure made from different wrought iron
sections riveted together.
• The bridge spans 85 feet, about 26 metres.
35. COMPARISON BETWEEN WROUGHT IRON ,CAST IRON& STEEL
Wrought iron Cast Iron Steel
Composition Purest Contains up to
0.25% C
Crude form
containing 2-4% C
Midway
Melting point 1500 degree Celsius 1200 degree Celsius 1300-1400 degree
Celsius
Hardness Cannot be hardened or
tempered
Hard, hardened by
heating & sudden
cooling
Can be hardened &
tempered
Strength compressive strength is
2.0 tonnes/sq cm
ultimate tensile
strength 3.15 tonnes/sq
cm
Comp. strength 6.3-
7.1 tonnes/sq cm
Ultimate tensile
strength 1.26 to
1.57tonnes/sq cm.
Comp strength 4.75
-25.2 tonnes/ sq cm
Ultimate tensile
strength is 5.51 to
11.02 t /sq m
36. Wrought iron Cast Iron Steel
Malleability
Ductility
Tough, malleable,
ductile & moderately
elastic
Brittle & cannot
be welded or
rolled into sheets
Tough, malleable &
Ductile
Reaction to
sudden shock
Cannot stand heavy
shocks
Does not absorb
shocks
Absorbs shocks
Welding Easily welded Brittle and cannot
be welded or
rolled into sheets
Can be welded
38. Comparison disadvantages
Galvanized corrodes; produces discolored
water; has a short life;
Ductile deteriorates in some soils
Cast Iron no longer manufactured;
deteriorates in some soils
39. CAST IRON PIPE
1.Cast iron pipe
CHARACTERISTICS
Versatile
Adaptable for use in all types of building
Low-Cost Installation.
Cast iron soil pipe can be preassembled
Product readily available
SIZE AVAILABILITY
11/2” to 12” diameter
5’ AND 10’ length
USES
transporting water,
storm drains and sewage
chosen over options like PVC, especially in high rise projects like draining from the roof
garbage disposal because it is highly resistant to the grinding and abrasions
40. FEATURES
Cast Iron flanged pipe and fittings are usually cast in the larger diameters. Smaller sizes
have loose flanges screwed on the ends of double spigot spun pipe.
Pipes are supplied in 3.7 m to 5.5 meters lengths and a variety of joints is available
including socket and spigot and flanged joints.
The pipes have been classified as LA,A and B according to their thicknesses. Class LA
pipes have been taken as the basis for evolving the series of pipes.
· Class A allows a 10% increase in thickness over Class LA.
· Class B allows a 20% increase in thickness over Class LA.
42. Advantages
they don't echo when water moves through
good lasting qualities..
Disadvantages
heavy weight,
consequent high transport costs,
short length, leading to higher laying and jointing cost,
low tensile strength,
liability to defect of inner surface
43. 2.Ductile pipes
. Nominal pipe sizes vary from 3 inches up to
64 inches
The ductile iron used to manufacture the pipe is
characterized
by the spheroidal or nodular nature of the graphite
within the iron
pipe is manufactured using centrifugal casting in
metal or resin lined molds
44. joints.
Individual lengths of ductile iron pipe are
joined
either by flanges, couplings, or some form of
spigot and socket arrangement
Flanges are flat rings around the end of
pipes which mate with
an equivalent flange from another pipe, the two
being held
together by bolts usually passed through holes
drilled through the flanges.
Spigot and sockets involve a normal pipe
end, the spigot, being inserted
into the socket or bell of another pipe or fitting
with a seal being made
between the two within the socket. Normal
spigot and socket joints do not
allow direct metal to metal contact with all
forces being transmitted
through the elastomeric seal
45. The most popular, quickest, and easiest-to
assemble joint for Ductile Iron pipe and
fittings in underground applications is
the push-on joint. This joint consists of a
single rubber gasket placed in a groove
inside the socket at the bell end of the pipe.
There are two types of push-on joints: the
FASTITE®1 and TYTON®2 joints,which
are shown in Figure
46. Advantages
Ductile iron pipe is made from 100% recycled ferritic scrap—and
is itself a 100% recyclable material.
. Ductile iron saves money.
It requires very little maintenance once it’s installed and
It is resistant to corrosion in most soils, and typically requires only
effective, economical polyethylene
It is strong enough to withstand the most severe conditions,
Ductile iron pipe is rugged and resists damage during handling and installation
Disadvantages
Similar rate of corrosion to grey iron and steel
Prone to external and internal corrosion
Internal and external protection systems required
Polyethylene wrappings can be damaged
47. 3. GALVANISED IRON
PIPES(FEATURES)
Physically, galvanized steel pipes are
slightly
darker than steel pipes because of zinc's
darker color
Economically, galvanized steel pipes
are inexpensive and recyclable.
USES
These pipes are widely used for
conveying raw water & distribution of
treated
water in majority of rural water supply
schemes