This document provides an overview of steel, including:
- Steel is an alloy of iron and carbon, along with other metals like nickel and chromium.
- There are many types of steel classified by their composition, including high-carbon steel, mild steel, stainless steel, and high speed steel.
- Steel is widely used in architecture for its strength, durability, and ability to be shaped into various structures. Iconic steel buildings like the Eiffel Tower and Empire State Building are discussed.
STEEL - As a Building material:
A 20-minute brief presentation on STEEL for a seminar session.
This presentation covers the areas of :
Origin of Steel, Discovery of STEEL, History of steel making, Classification of STEEL , Properties of steel, Mild Steel , Characteristic tension test curve, Medium Carbon Steel, High Carbon Steel, TOR Steel, Manufacturing processes.
Why STEEL is preferred to concrete?
Disadvantages of STEEL
Some Important Steel Structures
the power point presentation is all about steel and its all information, its basic introduction, manufacture, types, advantages, disadvantages, market forms, defects and its market rate.
STEEL - As a Building material:
A 20-minute brief presentation on STEEL for a seminar session.
This presentation covers the areas of :
Origin of Steel, Discovery of STEEL, History of steel making, Classification of STEEL , Properties of steel, Mild Steel , Characteristic tension test curve, Medium Carbon Steel, High Carbon Steel, TOR Steel, Manufacturing processes.
Why STEEL is preferred to concrete?
Disadvantages of STEEL
Some Important Steel Structures
the power point presentation is all about steel and its all information, its basic introduction, manufacture, types, advantages, disadvantages, market forms, defects and its market rate.
Steel - used as a building material. What is steel - history, manufacturing, production, basic oxygen process, steel companies , cost, type of steel, heat treatment, grades of steel and examples
It is most typically used as transparent glazing material in the building envelope, including windows in the external walls. Glass is also used for internal partitions and as an architectural feature. When used in buildings, glass is often of a safety type, which include reinforced, toughened and laminated glasses.
Non Ferrous Metals (BUILDING MATERIALS AND CONSTRUCTION)Andhra University
Non-Ferrous Metals
Non-ferrous metals include aluminum, copper, lead, zinc and tin, as well as precious metals like gold and silver. Their main advantage over ferrous materials is their malleability. They also have no iron content, giving them a higher resistance to rust and corrosion, and making them ideal for gutters, liquid pipes, roofing and outdoor signs. Lastly they are non-magnetic, which is important for many electronic and wiring applications.
Aluminum
Aluminum is lightweight, soft and low strength. Aluminum is easily cast, forged, machined and welded. It’s not suitable for high-temperature environments. Because aluminum is lightweight, it is a good choice for the manufacturing of aircraft and food cans. Aluminum is also used in castings, pistons, railways, cars, and kitchen utensils.
Steel - used as a building material. What is steel - history, manufacturing, production, basic oxygen process, steel companies , cost, type of steel, heat treatment, grades of steel and examples
It is most typically used as transparent glazing material in the building envelope, including windows in the external walls. Glass is also used for internal partitions and as an architectural feature. When used in buildings, glass is often of a safety type, which include reinforced, toughened and laminated glasses.
Non Ferrous Metals (BUILDING MATERIALS AND CONSTRUCTION)Andhra University
Non-Ferrous Metals
Non-ferrous metals include aluminum, copper, lead, zinc and tin, as well as precious metals like gold and silver. Their main advantage over ferrous materials is their malleability. They also have no iron content, giving them a higher resistance to rust and corrosion, and making them ideal for gutters, liquid pipes, roofing and outdoor signs. Lastly they are non-magnetic, which is important for many electronic and wiring applications.
Aluminum
Aluminum is lightweight, soft and low strength. Aluminum is easily cast, forged, machined and welded. It’s not suitable for high-temperature environments. Because aluminum is lightweight, it is a good choice for the manufacturing of aircraft and food cans. Aluminum is also used in castings, pistons, railways, cars, and kitchen utensils.
Can you write a report about steel.In your report you need to includ.pdfAmansupan
Can you write a report about steel.In your report you need to include the types of steel,the
manufacturing process of steel,the application of steel in construction and also the advantages
and disadvantages of steel.You need to write your answer neatly so that I can see and understand
it easily.
Solution
INTRODUCTION
Steel is an alloy of iron and other elements, primarily carbon, that is widely used in construction
and other applications because of its high tensile strength and low cost. Steel\'s base metal is
iron, which is able to take on two crystalline forms (allotropic forms), body centered cubic
(BCC) and face centered cubic (FCC), depending on its temperature. , it’s one of the most
popular metals in fabrication shops.
TYPES OF STEEL
1) Carbon Steels:
Carbon steels contain trace amounts of alloying elements and account for 90% of total steel
production. Carbon steels can be further categorized into three groups depending on their carbon
content:
2) Alloy Steels:
Alloy steels contain alloying elements (e.g. manganese, silicon, nickel, titanium, copper,
chromium and aluminum) in varying proportions in order to manipulate the steel\'s properties,
such as its hardenability, corrosion resistance, strength, formability, weldability or ductility.
Applications for alloys steel include pipelines, auto parts, transformers, power generators and
electric motors.
3) Stainless Steels:
Stainless steels generally contain between 10-20% chromium as the main alloying element and
are valued for high corrosion resistance. With over 11% chromium, steel is about 200 times more
resistant to corrosion than mild steel. These steels can be divided into three groups based on their
crystalline structure:
4) Tool Steels:
Tool steels contain tungsten, molybdenum, cobalt and vanadium in varying quantities to
increase heat resistance and durability, making them ideal for cutting and drilling equipment.
2) Deformed steel bars
Mild steel bars are used for tensile stress of RCC (Reinforced cement concrete) slab beams etc.
in reinforced cement concrete work. These steel bars are plain in surface and are round sections
of diameter from 6 to 50 mm. These rods are manufactured in long lengths and can be cut
quickly and be bent easily without damage.
As deformed bars are rods of steels provided with lugs, ribs or deformation on the surface of bar,
these bars minimize slippage in concrete and increases the bond between the two materials.
Deformed bars have more tensile stresses than that of mild steel plain bars. These bars can be
used without end hooks. The deformation should be spaced along the bar at substantially uniform
distances.
To limit cracks that may develop in reinforced concrete around mild steel bars due to stretching
of bars and some lose of bond under load it is common to use deformed bars that have projecting
ribs or are twisted to improve the bond with concrete. These bars are produced in sections from 6
mm to 50 mm dia.
In addition the strength of bonds of d.
Carbon steel seamless pipes will encourage be a less expensive various to the nickel alloys, that square measure terribly expensive.
Website: www.sinobasemetal.com
composition of steel?
why Steel??
types of steel
composition of steel?
advantages of steel
disadvantages of steel
Uses of steel
limitation of steel
thermal properties of steel
MOOi is a leading architecture practice based in Cambridge. Our approach is influenced by the principles of Dutch design and our name, pronounced ‘moy’, connects with our Dutch roots (the meaning is ‘all things beautiful’ – a positive endorsement of our philosophy!)
Visit the following link to know more : http://www.mooiarchitecture.co.uk/
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
The increased availability of biomedical data, particularly in the public domain, offers the opportunity to better understand human health and to develop effective therapeutics for a wide range of unmet medical needs. However, data scientists remain stymied by the fact that data remain hard to find and to productively reuse because data and their metadata i) are wholly inaccessible, ii) are in non-standard or incompatible representations, iii) do not conform to community standards, and iv) have unclear or highly restricted terms and conditions that preclude legitimate reuse. These limitations require a rethink on data can be made machine and AI-ready - the key motivation behind the FAIR Guiding Principles. Concurrently, while recent efforts have explored the use of deep learning to fuse disparate data into predictive models for a wide range of biomedical applications, these models often fail even when the correct answer is already known, and fail to explain individual predictions in terms that data scientists can appreciate. These limitations suggest that new methods to produce practical artificial intelligence are still needed.
In this talk, I will discuss our work in (1) building an integrative knowledge infrastructure to prepare FAIR and "AI-ready" data and services along with (2) neurosymbolic AI methods to improve the quality of predictions and to generate plausible explanations. Attention is given to standards, platforms, and methods to wrangle knowledge into simple, but effective semantic and latent representations, and to make these available into standards-compliant and discoverable interfaces that can be used in model building, validation, and explanation. Our work, and those of others in the field, creates a baseline for building trustworthy and easy to deploy AI models in biomedicine.
Bio
Dr. Michel Dumontier is the Distinguished Professor of Data Science at Maastricht University, founder and executive director of the Institute of Data Science, and co-founder of the FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable and Reusable) data principles. His research explores socio-technological approaches for responsible discovery science, which includes collaborative multi-modal knowledge graphs, privacy-preserving distributed data mining, and AI methods for drug discovery and personalized medicine. His work is supported through the Dutch National Research Agenda, the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research, Horizon Europe, the European Open Science Cloud, the US National Institutes of Health, and a Marie-Curie Innovative Training Network. He is the editor-in-chief for the journal Data Science and is internationally recognized for his contributions in bioinformatics, biomedical informatics, and semantic technologies including ontologies and linked data.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
Thanks...!
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
2. INTRODUCTION TO STEEL
Steel is basically an alloy of iron and carbon with a small percentage of other metals
such as nickel, chromium, aluminium, cobalt, molybdenum, tungsten etc.
Steel is a hard ductile and malleable solid and is probably the most solid material
after plastic and iron.
If we draw a comparison between iron and steel, we find steel in many ways even
better than iron. Steel may not be as strong as iron is but it far more resistant and
does not corrode and does not get rusted like iron does.
There are many different types of steel classified on the basis of the type of metal used
and the percentage content of the metal in the particular type of steel.
3. TYPES OF STEEL
Below given are some commonly used types of steel:
High-Carbon Steel
Carbon steel is simply composed of iron and carbon with a more percentage of carbon
in it than the iron. It is probably the most commonly
Mild Steel
It is composed of iron and carbon but it has a very low content of carbon.
Medium Carbon Steel
The medium carbon steels has a normal content of carbon that means that they are not
as hard as the high carbon and neither are they as strong the Mild carbon steel.
Stainless Steel
Stain less steel is the most resistant and commonly used steel of all the types. It apart
from carbon contains 11% chromium and some amount of nickel. It is probably the
most resistant steel of all the types. The stainless steel in particular is resistant to any
sort of external attack. Even a scratch cannot stay on the surface of stainless steel.
4. High Speed Steel
High speed steel is an alloy of steel which may consists of either of the
following metals: tungsten, cobalt, molybdenum or chromium.
High speed steel is probably the toughest of all the types. The term high speed
is given to it due to the fact that it has the ability to cut the metals.
Cobalt Steel
Cobalt is much like the high speed steel with an excess of cobalt present in it.
Nickel Chromium Steel
Nickel chromium steel is has is a special type of steel which apart from being
strong s also shock resistant
Aluminium Steel
Aluminium steel is smooth steel with a high content of aluminium. Because of its
strong and smooth surface it is used in the making of furniture.
Chromium Steel
Chromium steels have a high content of chromium and are resistant to corrosion.
They are very strong, tensile and elastic in nature.
8. Steel Making Plant
Electric Arc Furnace Ladle Furnace Continuous Casting Machine
9. ARCHITECTURAL USES OF STEEL :
Metal Buildings: Metal buildings are non-combustible and can be built out of
a combination of rigid and braced steel frames comprised of both hot- and cold-formed
steel shapes, plates, sheets, roof decks and panels. Each part can be
custom-designed and manufactured as per needs and specifications.
Steel Roofs: In some parts of the world, metal roofs now account for nearly
50% of all low-rise commercial, industrial and institutional buildings erected
during the last several years. Today, in fact, metal roofs, if properly constructed,
can lower cooling loads and increase energy savings, hence they are being
chosen in many types of commercial constructions. They are the best for
electrical generation and are long lasting.
Steel Frames: They can offer durable and sustainable steel solutions with
cold-formed steel framing, wide flange structural shapes and joists, and metal
building systems.
Structural Steel: Use of steel for structural beams and columns not only adds
durability, but is also cost-effective. Architects and designers enjoy the
flexibility, high strength, ease of design, sustainability, and aesthetic appeal that
it offers.
10. Steel used in interiors
The use of steel is expanding beyond just exterior applications. Steel is making its
way into building interiors and making a bold statement while doing so.
The majority of steel that we see in structures is mild steel and sometimes medium
carbon steel. These types of steel are also used for light engineering work such as
brackets, table legs, pedestals, furniture frames and wall framing.
Stainless Steel, another form of steel that doesn’t require a rust inhibitor or
oxidation protection is stainless steel. This is a fantastically versatile material.
Stainless Steel is used very extensively for most modern interior furnishings. It has
a high tensile strength, allowing it to be applied using hollow tubes, reducing
weight and increasing user accessibility.
Kitchen sinks made of high-grade stainless steel meet demanding design, material,
functionality and production quality requirements. Cutlery and utensils.
Stainless steel mosaic wall tiles Stainless Mild steel counter top. steel switch panels
11. Sheet steels in some situations may be perforated to create a patterned effect such as a lattice or
they may be textured to form a pattern. An example of this may be tread plate, the steel plate that
we see on stairs on industrial sites. These steels and finishes are very important to the interior
designer as they can be used to effect in unusual situations. For example a fashion store aiming at
the younger market may use tread plate as shelving for the clothing.
Liner panels enhance appearance, giving the interior a more finished look. They also protect the
insulation. They are an extremely low maintenance product, and will keep your interior looking
great for many years to come. They are a fantastic product for any commercial, industrial or
institutional project.
Metal helped achieve the firm’s aesthetic and sustainability goals. Columns and beams are
exposed on the interior to serve as an expression of the building. Steel-stud partition walls in the
tenant spaces are unfinished at the edges to reveal the structure behind the drywall. Many of the
practical touches in the office, such as light-fixture supports, electrical conduits and data-distribution
channels, also use exposed and unfinished galvanized steel.
12. ADVANTAGES
Speed of erection.
Quality of construction..
Ease of repair.
Adaptation of prefabrication.
Repetitive use.
Expanding existing structures.
Thermal properties and Fire resistance
Properties depend largely on alloying elements.
Carbon is added to iron to make it stronger. Melting point change depending on
the amount of carbon present by mass. But once carbon content in ‘steel’ exceeds
2.1% by mass it is no longer steel and is called Cast Iron.
Steel looses strength when heated sufficiently. There is a critical temperature
after which it cannot safely support the load.
13. LIMITATIONS OF STEEL
Corrosion
Expensive fireproof treatment
Subjected to bulking
Can be more expensive than other materials
14. U.S STEEL TOWER
Classic examples of
buildings with steel as
major construction
material.
The U.S. Steel Tower is the tallest skyscraper in
Pittsburg and the 37thtallest in United States. The 64-
story tower was finished in 1970 and is 256 meters
high.
The Steel Tower truly stands apart, due to its unique
triangular shape with intended corners.
The main frame is made out of steel, also displayed
on the exterior of the building throughout huge Corten
steel columns that resist the corrosive effects of all the
weather conditions.
The tower has over 40,000 metric tons of structural
steel and 214,000 square meters of leasable office
space. On clear sunny days, the Steel Tower is visible
from as far as 80 km.
Abramovich and Frittz were the chief were the
architects.
15. New York City’s Seagram Buildings
was built in 1957 and is a fine example
of modern and functionalist
architecture. The steel frame used for
the construction of Seagram Building
needed to be covered in concrete, to
comply the federal regulations, although
the architects would have preferred to
be visible. Non-structural glass walls
with three-position windows blinds were
hung from the frame.
Ludwig Mies van de Rohe, was the
main architect of this steel wonder. At
the moment of its completion, this 38
storey building was one of the most
expensive sky scrapers ever built.
SEAGRAM BUILDING
16. EIFFEL TOWER
The Tower derives its structure from the pylon supports for the
earlier bridges but at a much greater scale.
The four pylons curve up from their separate bases in three stages
to meet at the top at the point where they are about to become straight.
At each stage the pylons are joined horizontally to provide
intermediate platforms. Decorative arches which are not structurally
required are used at the first stage to temper the heavy horizontality of
the girders that connect the four pylons together
The tapering structural form of the Eiffel tower recognizes and
reflects the importance that the horizontal loadings from the wind
have on tall buildings.
EMPIRE STATE BUILDING
Often referred to as one of the seven wonders of modern
architecture, this amazing tower continues to be the tallest
skyscraper in NYC and the third tallest in USA.
The 80 years old structure is currently undergoing a massive
$550 million renovation that will transform it in one of the most
eco-friendly towers in the States. It displays a superb Art Deco
design, with modernistic stainless steel canopies on two of the
entries and glass enclosed bridges on the second-floor level.
This 102-story high skyscraper is probably one of the most
famous landmarks in New York City.
17. WALT DISNEY CONCERT HALL
It was opened in October 2003.
Designed by Frank Gehry,
Apart from its unforgettable exterior look, the Walt
Disney Concert Hall is also praised for its acoustics,
considered to be one of the best in the whole world
Most of the buildings’ exterior is designed in
stainless steel with a matte finish.
18. GATEWAY ARCH
The Gateway Arch, also known as The Gate to the
West is a massive monument in the Jefferson
National Expansion Memorial in St. Louis.
It is 192 meters wide at the base and reaches a
height of 192 meters.
This is the tallest monument ever made in the
United States
The Arch symbolizes the extension of United States
towards West and was completed in October 1965.
900 tons of stainless steel were used for its
construction.
The arch sways up to 45 cm in conditions of high
wind, but in regular weather the usually sway is
about 5 cm.
19. SEARS TOWER
Built in the year 1971 and has 110 floors which makes
the total height of the building 4423 m.
Designed by Bruce Graham and Fazlur Rahman Khan.
Materials used were structural steel, black anodized
aluminum, bronze-tinted glass.
Highest building in the world 1974-1997.It has 103
elevators.
74000 tons of steel were used for the construction.
Entire structure is of steel frame and glass.
THE NEW YORK
TIMES BUILDING
This is the headquarters of the New York Times Company, the publishing
house for The New York Time, The Boston Globe and the International
Herald Tribune. The height from street to roof is 228 meters ,while the
exterior decorative steel wall rises up to 256 meters.
This steel-framed building has ceramic rods mounted on the exterior of
the glass curtain on the west, east and south façade, a great feature for the
increased efficiency of the building.
In fact, this is considered to be a green structure ever since its
construction period, since 95% of the structural steel used here was
recycled
20. BEIJING NATION STADIUM
The stadium has two independent
structures, a red concrete seating bowl and
the outer steel frame around it at a 50ft
distance.
The structure made of steel is actually the
result of a complex geometry, based on a
main structure of 24 pillars.
SYDNEY HARBOR BRIDGE
This arch bridge in Sydney carries rail, car,
bike and pedestrian traffic from Sydney Central
Business District to the North Shore and backward
for 1,149 m .The locals nicknamed the bridge
“The Coat Hanger”, due to its main piece of
design, the arch.
The Sydney Harbour Bridge currently holds two
world records: it is the widest long-span bridge
and the tallest steel arch bridge, being 130 meters
above the water level.
The amazing arch spans over 503 meters and on
hot days the structure can expand in height with
more than 18 cm
21. BASILICA OF ST. SABASTIAN
Basilica of St Sebastian is the only all-steel church in Asia .
Completed in 1891, the basilica is constructed in the Gothic style
and is considered to be one of the best examples of this
architectural type in the Philippines.
The pre-fabricated steel sections of the church were connected,
the walls were filled with mixed sand, gravel and cement.
Although the popular culture mentions Gustave Eiffel as one of
the architects of this Basilica, there are no records to prove this.
The only known architect of Basilica of San Sebastian is Genaro
Palacios.
INLAND STEEL
BUILDING
The Inland Steel Building in Chicago was one of the most
innovative structures of its time. The project was completed in
1957 and was the first building to be erected on a steel piling.
It is also the first to have in-built air conditioning and to use
the principle of clear-span construction, which means that the
entire weight of the building is supported by 7 external
columns.
The Building is covered by a flat stainless steel curtain and
currently is undergoing a major restructuration that will
update all its features.
It is one of the best examples of a style in architecture that
followed the “form follows function” standard.