This document discusses various metals and their properties that are used in civil engineering materials. It begins by classifying metals into ferrous and non-ferrous groups. Ferrous metals contain iron, while non-ferrous do not. Steel is an important alloy discussed in detail, including its various types based on carbon content. Reinforced concrete is mentioned as using steel bars to increase strength. Common non-ferrous metals like aluminum, copper, lead, tin, and zinc are also outlined. The document concludes by discussing corrosion of metals and various methods to prevent it, such as electroplating, galvanizing, tin plating, metal spraying and painting.
Steel - used as a building material. What is steel - history, manufacturing, production, basic oxygen process, steel companies , cost, type of steel, heat treatment, grades of steel and examples
STEEL - As a Building material:
A 20-minute brief presentation on STEEL for a seminar session.
This presentation covers the areas of :
Origin of Steel, Discovery of STEEL, History of steel making, Classification of STEEL , Properties of steel, Mild Steel , Characteristic tension test curve, Medium Carbon Steel, High Carbon Steel, TOR Steel, Manufacturing processes.
Why STEEL is preferred to concrete?
Disadvantages of STEEL
Some Important Steel Structures
the power point presentation is all about steel and its all information, its basic introduction, manufacture, types, advantages, disadvantages, market forms, defects and its market rate.
Iron: A strong, hard magnetic silvery-grey metal, the chemical element of atomic number 26, much used as a material for construction and manufacturing, especially in the form of steel.
Steel: A hard, strong grey or bluish-grey alloy of iron with carbon and usually other elements, used as a structural and fabricating material.
It is most typically used as transparent glazing material in the building envelope, including windows in the external walls. Glass is also used for internal partitions and as an architectural feature. When used in buildings, glass is often of a safety type, which include reinforced, toughened and laminated glasses.
4.1 Copper and its alloys - brasses, bronzes Chemical compositions, properties and Applications.
4.2 Aluminium alloys –Y-alloy, Hindalium, duralium with their composition and
Applications.
4.3 Bearing materials like white metals (Sn based), aluminium bronzes. Porous, Self lubricating bearings
Steel - used as a building material. What is steel - history, manufacturing, production, basic oxygen process, steel companies , cost, type of steel, heat treatment, grades of steel and examples
STEEL - As a Building material:
A 20-minute brief presentation on STEEL for a seminar session.
This presentation covers the areas of :
Origin of Steel, Discovery of STEEL, History of steel making, Classification of STEEL , Properties of steel, Mild Steel , Characteristic tension test curve, Medium Carbon Steel, High Carbon Steel, TOR Steel, Manufacturing processes.
Why STEEL is preferred to concrete?
Disadvantages of STEEL
Some Important Steel Structures
the power point presentation is all about steel and its all information, its basic introduction, manufacture, types, advantages, disadvantages, market forms, defects and its market rate.
Iron: A strong, hard magnetic silvery-grey metal, the chemical element of atomic number 26, much used as a material for construction and manufacturing, especially in the form of steel.
Steel: A hard, strong grey or bluish-grey alloy of iron with carbon and usually other elements, used as a structural and fabricating material.
It is most typically used as transparent glazing material in the building envelope, including windows in the external walls. Glass is also used for internal partitions and as an architectural feature. When used in buildings, glass is often of a safety type, which include reinforced, toughened and laminated glasses.
4.1 Copper and its alloys - brasses, bronzes Chemical compositions, properties and Applications.
4.2 Aluminium alloys –Y-alloy, Hindalium, duralium with their composition and
Applications.
4.3 Bearing materials like white metals (Sn based), aluminium bronzes. Porous, Self lubricating bearings
Can you write a report about steel.In your report you need to includ.pdfAmansupan
Can you write a report about steel.In your report you need to include the types of steel,the
manufacturing process of steel,the application of steel in construction and also the advantages
and disadvantages of steel.You need to write your answer neatly so that I can see and understand
it easily.
Solution
INTRODUCTION
Steel is an alloy of iron and other elements, primarily carbon, that is widely used in construction
and other applications because of its high tensile strength and low cost. Steel\'s base metal is
iron, which is able to take on two crystalline forms (allotropic forms), body centered cubic
(BCC) and face centered cubic (FCC), depending on its temperature. , it’s one of the most
popular metals in fabrication shops.
TYPES OF STEEL
1) Carbon Steels:
Carbon steels contain trace amounts of alloying elements and account for 90% of total steel
production. Carbon steels can be further categorized into three groups depending on their carbon
content:
2) Alloy Steels:
Alloy steels contain alloying elements (e.g. manganese, silicon, nickel, titanium, copper,
chromium and aluminum) in varying proportions in order to manipulate the steel\'s properties,
such as its hardenability, corrosion resistance, strength, formability, weldability or ductility.
Applications for alloys steel include pipelines, auto parts, transformers, power generators and
electric motors.
3) Stainless Steels:
Stainless steels generally contain between 10-20% chromium as the main alloying element and
are valued for high corrosion resistance. With over 11% chromium, steel is about 200 times more
resistant to corrosion than mild steel. These steels can be divided into three groups based on their
crystalline structure:
4) Tool Steels:
Tool steels contain tungsten, molybdenum, cobalt and vanadium in varying quantities to
increase heat resistance and durability, making them ideal for cutting and drilling equipment.
2) Deformed steel bars
Mild steel bars are used for tensile stress of RCC (Reinforced cement concrete) slab beams etc.
in reinforced cement concrete work. These steel bars are plain in surface and are round sections
of diameter from 6 to 50 mm. These rods are manufactured in long lengths and can be cut
quickly and be bent easily without damage.
As deformed bars are rods of steels provided with lugs, ribs or deformation on the surface of bar,
these bars minimize slippage in concrete and increases the bond between the two materials.
Deformed bars have more tensile stresses than that of mild steel plain bars. These bars can be
used without end hooks. The deformation should be spaced along the bar at substantially uniform
distances.
To limit cracks that may develop in reinforced concrete around mild steel bars due to stretching
of bars and some lose of bond under load it is common to use deformed bars that have projecting
ribs or are twisted to improve the bond with concrete. These bars are produced in sections from 6
mm to 50 mm dia.
In addition the strength of bonds of d.
3.0 Project 2_ Developing My Brand Identity Kit.pptxtanyjahb
A personal brand exploration presentation summarizes an individual's unique qualities and goals, covering strengths, values, passions, and target audience. It helps individuals understand what makes them stand out, their desired image, and how they aim to achieve it.
Memorandum Of Association Constitution of Company.pptseri bangash
www.seribangash.com
A Memorandum of Association (MOA) is a legal document that outlines the fundamental principles and objectives upon which a company operates. It serves as the company's charter or constitution and defines the scope of its activities. Here's a detailed note on the MOA:
Contents of Memorandum of Association:
Name Clause: This clause states the name of the company, which should end with words like "Limited" or "Ltd." for a public limited company and "Private Limited" or "Pvt. Ltd." for a private limited company.
https://seribangash.com/article-of-association-is-legal-doc-of-company/
Registered Office Clause: It specifies the location where the company's registered office is situated. This office is where all official communications and notices are sent.
Objective Clause: This clause delineates the main objectives for which the company is formed. It's important to define these objectives clearly, as the company cannot undertake activities beyond those mentioned in this clause.
www.seribangash.com
Liability Clause: It outlines the extent of liability of the company's members. In the case of companies limited by shares, the liability of members is limited to the amount unpaid on their shares. For companies limited by guarantee, members' liability is limited to the amount they undertake to contribute if the company is wound up.
https://seribangash.com/promotors-is-person-conceived-formation-company/
Capital Clause: This clause specifies the authorized capital of the company, i.e., the maximum amount of share capital the company is authorized to issue. It also mentions the division of this capital into shares and their respective nominal value.
Association Clause: It simply states that the subscribers wish to form a company and agree to become members of it, in accordance with the terms of the MOA.
Importance of Memorandum of Association:
Legal Requirement: The MOA is a legal requirement for the formation of a company. It must be filed with the Registrar of Companies during the incorporation process.
Constitutional Document: It serves as the company's constitutional document, defining its scope, powers, and limitations.
Protection of Members: It protects the interests of the company's members by clearly defining the objectives and limiting their liability.
External Communication: It provides clarity to external parties, such as investors, creditors, and regulatory authorities, regarding the company's objectives and powers.
https://seribangash.com/difference-public-and-private-company-law/
Binding Authority: The company and its members are bound by the provisions of the MOA. Any action taken beyond its scope may be considered ultra vires (beyond the powers) of the company and therefore void.
Amendment of MOA:
While the MOA lays down the company's fundamental principles, it is not entirely immutable. It can be amended, but only under specific circumstances and in compliance with legal procedures. Amendments typically require shareholder
Falcon stands out as a top-tier P2P Invoice Discounting platform in India, bridging esteemed blue-chip companies and eager investors. Our goal is to transform the investment landscape in India by establishing a comprehensive destination for borrowers and investors with diverse profiles and needs, all while minimizing risk. What sets Falcon apart is the elimination of intermediaries such as commercial banks and depository institutions, allowing investors to enjoy higher yields.
Putting the SPARK into Virtual Training.pptxCynthia Clay
This 60-minute webinar, sponsored by Adobe, was delivered for the Training Mag Network. It explored the five elements of SPARK: Storytelling, Purpose, Action, Relationships, and Kudos. Knowing how to tell a well-structured story is key to building long-term memory. Stating a clear purpose that doesn't take away from the discovery learning process is critical. Ensuring that people move from theory to practical application is imperative. Creating strong social learning is the key to commitment and engagement. Validating and affirming participants' comments is the way to create a positive learning environment.
"𝑩𝑬𝑮𝑼𝑵 𝑾𝑰𝑻𝑯 𝑻𝑱 𝑰𝑺 𝑯𝑨𝑳𝑭 𝑫𝑶𝑵𝑬"
𝐓𝐉 𝐂𝐨𝐦𝐬 (𝐓𝐉 𝐂𝐨𝐦𝐦𝐮𝐧𝐢𝐜𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐬) is a professional event agency that includes experts in the event-organizing market in Vietnam, Korea, and ASEAN countries. We provide unlimited types of events from Music concerts, Fan meetings, and Culture festivals to Corporate events, Internal company events, Golf tournaments, MICE events, and Exhibitions.
𝐓𝐉 𝐂𝐨𝐦𝐬 provides unlimited package services including such as Event organizing, Event planning, Event production, Manpower, PR marketing, Design 2D/3D, VIP protocols, Interpreter agency, etc.
Sports events - Golf competitions/billiards competitions/company sports events: dynamic and challenging
⭐ 𝐅𝐞𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐣𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐬:
➢ 2024 BAEKHYUN [Lonsdaleite] IN HO CHI MINH
➢ SUPER JUNIOR-L.S.S. THE SHOW : Th3ee Guys in HO CHI MINH
➢FreenBecky 1st Fan Meeting in Vietnam
➢CHILDREN ART EXHIBITION 2024: BEYOND BARRIERS
➢ WOW K-Music Festival 2023
➢ Winner [CROSS] Tour in HCM
➢ Super Show 9 in HCM with Super Junior
➢ HCMC - Gyeongsangbuk-do Culture and Tourism Festival
➢ Korean Vietnam Partnership - Fair with LG
➢ Korean President visits Samsung Electronics R&D Center
➢ Vietnam Food Expo with Lotte Wellfood
"𝐄𝐯𝐞𝐫𝐲 𝐞𝐯𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐢𝐬 𝐚 𝐬𝐭𝐨𝐫𝐲, 𝐚 𝐬𝐩𝐞𝐜𝐢𝐚𝐥 𝐣𝐨𝐮𝐫𝐧𝐞𝐲. 𝐖𝐞 𝐚𝐥𝐰𝐚𝐲𝐬 𝐛𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐞𝐯𝐞 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐭 𝐬𝐡𝐨𝐫𝐭𝐥𝐲 𝐲𝐨𝐮 𝐰𝐢𝐥𝐥 𝐛𝐞 𝐚 𝐩𝐚𝐫𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝐨𝐮𝐫 𝐬𝐭𝐨𝐫𝐢𝐞𝐬."
Remote sensing and monitoring are changing the mining industry for the better. These are providing innovative solutions to long-standing challenges. Those related to exploration, extraction, and overall environmental management by mining technology companies Odisha. These technologies make use of satellite imaging, aerial photography and sensors to collect data that might be inaccessible or from hazardous locations. With the use of this technology, mining operations are becoming increasingly efficient. Let us gain more insight into the key aspects associated with remote sensing and monitoring when it comes to mining.
India Orthopedic Devices Market: Unlocking Growth Secrets, Trends and Develop...Kumar Satyam
According to TechSci Research report, “India Orthopedic Devices Market -Industry Size, Share, Trends, Competition Forecast & Opportunities, 2030”, the India Orthopedic Devices Market stood at USD 1,280.54 Million in 2024 and is anticipated to grow with a CAGR of 7.84% in the forecast period, 2026-2030F. The India Orthopedic Devices Market is being driven by several factors. The most prominent ones include an increase in the elderly population, who are more prone to orthopedic conditions such as osteoporosis and arthritis. Moreover, the rise in sports injuries and road accidents are also contributing to the demand for orthopedic devices. Advances in technology and the introduction of innovative implants and prosthetics have further propelled the market growth. Additionally, government initiatives aimed at improving healthcare infrastructure and the increasing prevalence of lifestyle diseases have led to an upward trend in orthopedic surgeries, thereby fueling the market demand for these devices.
Buy Verified PayPal Account | Buy Google 5 Star Reviewsusawebmarket
Buy Verified PayPal Account
Looking to buy verified PayPal accounts? Discover 7 expert tips for safely purchasing a verified PayPal account in 2024. Ensure security and reliability for your transactions.
PayPal Services Features-
🟢 Email Access
🟢 Bank Added
🟢 Card Verified
🟢 Full SSN Provided
🟢 Phone Number Access
🟢 Driving License Copy
🟢 Fasted Delivery
Client Satisfaction is Our First priority. Our services is very appropriate to buy. We assume that the first-rate way to purchase our offerings is to order on the website. If you have any worry in our cooperation usually You can order us on Skype or Telegram.
24/7 Hours Reply/Please Contact
usawebmarketEmail: support@usawebmarket.com
Skype: usawebmarket
Telegram: @usawebmarket
WhatsApp: +1(218) 203-5951
USA WEB MARKET is the Best Verified PayPal, Payoneer, Cash App, Skrill, Neteller, Stripe Account and SEO, SMM Service provider.100%Satisfection granted.100% replacement Granted.
[Note: This is a partial preview. To download this presentation, visit:
https://www.oeconsulting.com.sg/training-presentations]
Sustainability has become an increasingly critical topic as the world recognizes the need to protect our planet and its resources for future generations. Sustainability means meeting our current needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet theirs. It involves long-term planning and consideration of the consequences of our actions. The goal is to create strategies that ensure the long-term viability of People, Planet, and Profit.
Leading companies such as Nike, Toyota, and Siemens are prioritizing sustainable innovation in their business models, setting an example for others to follow. In this Sustainability training presentation, you will learn key concepts, principles, and practices of sustainability applicable across industries. This training aims to create awareness and educate employees, senior executives, consultants, and other key stakeholders, including investors, policymakers, and supply chain partners, on the importance and implementation of sustainability.
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
1. Develop a comprehensive understanding of the fundamental principles and concepts that form the foundation of sustainability within corporate environments.
2. Explore the sustainability implementation model, focusing on effective measures and reporting strategies to track and communicate sustainability efforts.
3. Identify and define best practices and critical success factors essential for achieving sustainability goals within organizations.
CONTENTS
1. Introduction and Key Concepts of Sustainability
2. Principles and Practices of Sustainability
3. Measures and Reporting in Sustainability
4. Sustainability Implementation & Best Practices
To download the complete presentation, visit: https://www.oeconsulting.com.sg/training-presentations
The world of search engine optimization (SEO) is buzzing with discussions after Google confirmed that around 2,500 leaked internal documents related to its Search feature are indeed authentic. The revelation has sparked significant concerns within the SEO community. The leaked documents were initially reported by SEO experts Rand Fishkin and Mike King, igniting widespread analysis and discourse. For More Info:- https://news.arihantwebtech.com/search-disrupted-googles-leaked-documents-rock-the-seo-world/
7. METALS:
There are hundreds of metals which are used
in engineering. All the metals are extracted
from quarries in the form of ores. They are
made pure by some special methods in the
industries.
10. (1) Ferrous metals:
All those metals which contain iron
as chief constituent are called ferrous
metals.
Such as:
(1) Pig iron
(2) Wrought iron
(3) Cast iron
11. (2) Non-Ferrous metals:
All those metals which do not contain iron as
principal constituent are called non-ferrous metals.
Such as:
– Zinc
– Lead
– Nickel
– Chromium
– Silver
– Platinum
– Gold and all other metals except steel and iron.
12. DUCTILE MATERIALS:
A material which can undergo considerable
deformation without rupture is called ductile
material. E.g. steel.
(OR)
A material that can be stretched, drawn or
hammered thin without breaking.
BRITTLE MATERIALS:
A material which can not undergo any deformation
is called brittle material. Brittle material has
tendency to break into pieces easily, e.g. concrete
and glass.
13. STEEL:
Steel is an alloy (mixture of two
or more than two metals) of
carbon and iron. It is most
important metal which is widely
used in RCC construction of civil
engineering.
14. Types of Steel:
Steel is classified into three main
types depending upon
carbon content.
15. (1) Low / Mild / Soft /Plain Carbon Steel:
In this type of steel, the carbon content is 0.15% to
0.3%.
Properties:
(1) It is ductile and malleable.
(2) It corrodes quickly.
(3) It can be easily forged, welded and riveted.
(4) It withstands shocks and sudden impacts well.
(5) It is not much affected by saline water.
(6) It is equally strong in tension, compression and
in shear. Continued-------
16. Uses:
Mild steel round bars are extensively used
as reinforcement in R.C.C construction.
It is extensively used in the manufacturing of
various tools and equipments, machine parts,
railway tracks , transmission towers and
industrial buildings.
20. (2) Medium carbon Steel:
In this type of steel, the carbon content is
0.3 to 0.8 %.
Medium steel has characteristics between
those of low –carbon and high carbon
steel.
It is widely used for boilers.
21. (iii) High- Carbon Steel (or) Hard Steel:
In this type of steel, the carbon content is more than
0.8 to 1.5 %. Higher %age of carbon in it renders it
harder and tougher.
Properties:
(1) Its structure is granular.
(2) It is more tough and elastic than mild steel.
(3) It is easier to harden and to temper.
(4) It is more difficult to forge and to weld.
(5) Comparatively it is stronger in compression than
in tension or in shear.
(6) It with stands shocks and vibrations better.
22. Uses of High carbon steel:
(1) It is used in the pre-stressed concrete.
(2) It is used for making tools such as
drills, files, chisels, fine types of cutlery.
(3) It is also used in the manufacturing of
cutters,keys,knives,razers,etc.
(4) It is used in the manufacturing of those
parts of machinery that need a hard, tough,
durable material capable of withstanding
shocks and vibrations.
23. REINFORCED STEEL BARS:
As plain cement concrete (PCC) is strong in compression
but very weak in tension and shear. As mild steel bars are
strong in tension. Therefore, mild steel bars or high carbon
steel bars are embedded as reinforcement in the concrete to
make good that deficiency of the plain concrete. Therefore,
round, flat or square bars too can be used for that purpose.
Welded wire mesh and expanded metal too are used as
reinforcement in cement concrete.
Commonly deformed bars or twisted bars are used in cement
concrete.
Therefore, RCC sections will carry compression as well as
tension safely without failure.
In these sections compression will be taken by concrete and
tension by steel.
25. (1) ALUMINUM:
It is more commonly used non-ferrous metal. It is widely
used in every field of Engineering. Due to improved strength
and durability, aluminum is a versatile material for use by
Engineers.
Properties and Uses:
(1) Its colour is silvery white.
(2) It shows bright luster on a freshly broken surface.
(3) It is ductile material,
(4) It is very light in weight.
(5) It also resists atmospheric corrosion,
(6) It is very good conductor of electricity,
(7) It is used for making door and window frames,
(8) It is also used in roofing, piping, etc,
(9) It is also used in electric wires, cables.
26. (2) COPPER:
It is one of the most widely used non-ferrous
metals. It is not widely used in Engineering due
to its high cost.
Properties:
(1) It is crystalline in structure,
(2) Its color is reddish brown,
(3) It is highly ductile,
(4) It is excellent conductor of electricity,
(5) When exposed to sun, its colour turns
greenish,
Continued------
27. (6) It with stands corrosion,
(7) It is soft and highly flexible,
(8) It is light in weight,
(9) Dents in copper can be hammered out
without any damage to it.
Uses:
(1) It is used for winding electric motors,
generators and for transmission of electricity,
(2) Its sheets are used as damp proofing in
buildings.
28. (3) LEAD:
It is widely used in building construction and has draw
back of being poisonous.
Properties:
(1) It is bluish grey metal,
(2) It is soft as it can be cut with a knife,
(3) It is highly ductile,
(4) It is a good conductor of heat and electricity,
(5) It does not corrode,
(6) Its specific gravity is 11.35.
Uses:
(1) It is used as a base in paints,
(2) Lead pipes and lead joints in sanitary fittings are
extensively used.
29. (4) TIN:
It is one of the mostly used protective metals
used in construction activities.
Properties:
(1) It is lustrous silvery white metal,
(2) It is highly ductile,
(3) It is a good conductor of heat and electricity,
(4) It is soft and has good plasticity,
(5) Its specific gravity is 7.3.
Uses:
It is used to give protective coatings to iron and
steel sheets.
30. (5) ZINC:
It is commonly used in building construction either as a
base for paints or as protective coverings for metals.
Properties:
(1) It is bluish white crystalline metal,
(2) It is brittle metal at ordinary temperature,
(3) It becomes ductile between 100-1500
C,
(4) It is a good conductor of heat and electricity,
(5) It resists corrosion.
Uses:
(1) It is used for galvanizing iron sheets and pipes, for
batteries and printing blocks,
(2) It is also used for preparing paints.
32. (1) BRASS:
Brass is an alloy of about 60-70 % copper and
zinc. Hardness of this alloy depends upon the
amount of zinc present in it.
Properties:
(1) It is very strong,
(2) It is ductile alloy,
(3) It resists corrosion,
Uses:
It is widely used for making house hold utensils,
water pumps and other machine parts.
33. (2) BRONZE:
Bronze is an alloy of 90 % copper and 10 % tin. It
can be easily machined and cast.
Properties:
*It resists corrosion.
*It takes a fine polish.
Uses:
(1) It is used for manufacturing of house hold
utensils.
(2) Phosphorous bronze is used for making radio
aerials and certain other instruments.
35. CORROSION:
Conversion of metals into various compounds by
natural means or agencies is described as
corrosion. Corrosion of ferrous metals appears
in the form of rusting.
Corrosion of metals is explained in two ways.
One is by the formation of oxides. As in case of
iron, reaction with oxygen, carbon dioxide and
water results in the formation of bicarbonate,
which in turn alters into carbonate and finally
changes into hydrated oxide. Continued---
36. According to other explanation, the
metal surface processes areas which
act as cathode and anodes. The
presence of water or moisture etc
provides a contact between such
areas which results in corrosion.
37. Protection against Corrosion:
Ferrous metals have tendency for corrosion.
It is maximum for steel and least for cast
iron. Wrought iron has a moderate tendency
to rust. Therefore, all the products require a
protective cover to prevent the possibility of
corrosion and thereby adding to its
durability. Various methods which are in
commonly used include Electroplating,
Galvanizing, Tin plating, Metal spraying,
Painting, etc.
38. (1) Electroplating:
This method involves the use of electric current to
give a coating of chromium or nickel which is
highly resistant to corrosion.
(2) Galvanizing:
In this method zinc is used to give a coating on the
ferrous metal products.
(3)Tin Plating:
This method is similar to the galvanizing process.
The iron products are thoroughly cleaned and
washed. Then these are dipped into the hot molten
tin and it will give protection against corrosion.
39. (4) Metal Spraying:
This method involves the use of a special sprayer
in which fuel gas, oxygen and air are used to
make flame. The wire of metal to be sprayed like
zinc, tin, or aluminium is used in these sprayers.
The wire metals and a thin layer is sprayed over
the ferrous metal items.
(5) Painting:
The iron made goods are often coated with paint.
Care should be taken to first clean the iron surface
thoroughly and then give a good coating of good
quality paint.