The document provides information on cast iron, including its history, manufacture, composition, types, properties, uses, production/processing, and future applications. Some key points:
- Cast iron was invented in China in the 5th century BC and has carbon content above 2%.
- It is manufactured by re-melting pig iron in a cupola furnace to remove impurities and produce molten cast iron for casting.
- The main types include grey, white, mottled, chilled, and spheroidal graphite (ductile) iron.
- It has properties of being relatively low melting, strong in compression but weak in tension, and not magnetic or ductile.
- Common uses include
Material Science and Engineering
Ferrous Materials
Classification of Steel
Low carbon steel
Medium Carbon steel
High carbon steel
Structural steel
stainless steel
Applications
Here is a slide, which introduces basic information about cast aluminum alloys, how to name each alloy, selection rules, some example regrading of alloys from each group and their properties.
Hope you find it interesting and helps you in any way possible.
Ceramics are important engineering materials from engineering applications point of view.This presentation gives briefly important properties and applications of ceramics
'Iron seemeth a simple metal but in its nature are many mysteries’. Many, but not all,of these mysteries have been solved over the past three hundred years using the combined skill of the foundryman and the knowledge of the scientist to provide today's design engineer with a family of casting alloys that offer a virtually unique combination of low cost and engineering versatility.
The various combinations of low cost with castability , strength,
Machinability , hardness, wear resistance ,corrosion resistance, thermal conductivity and damping are unequalled among all casting alloys and It makes Cast Iron most widely used metal in engineering purpose .
Material Science and Engineering
Ferrous Materials
Classification of Steel
Low carbon steel
Medium Carbon steel
High carbon steel
Structural steel
stainless steel
Applications
Here is a slide, which introduces basic information about cast aluminum alloys, how to name each alloy, selection rules, some example regrading of alloys from each group and their properties.
Hope you find it interesting and helps you in any way possible.
Ceramics are important engineering materials from engineering applications point of view.This presentation gives briefly important properties and applications of ceramics
'Iron seemeth a simple metal but in its nature are many mysteries’. Many, but not all,of these mysteries have been solved over the past three hundred years using the combined skill of the foundryman and the knowledge of the scientist to provide today's design engineer with a family of casting alloys that offer a virtually unique combination of low cost and engineering versatility.
The various combinations of low cost with castability , strength,
Machinability , hardness, wear resistance ,corrosion resistance, thermal conductivity and damping are unequalled among all casting alloys and It makes Cast Iron most widely used metal in engineering purpose .
CONTENTS
Ferrous metal
Type of ferrous metal
Pig iron
Cast iron
Working of cupola furance
Wrought iron
Steel
Stainless steel
Tools steel
Application of ferrous metal in automotive
Merits and Demerits of ferrous metal materials in automotive
3.1 Types of cast irons as white, gray, nodular, malleable
3.2 Specifications of cast Iron.
3.3 Selection of appropriate cast iron for engineering applications.
3.4 Designation and coding (as per BIS, ASME, EN, DIN, JIS) of cast iron, plain and alloy steel.
What is cast iron, its process, properties and applicationsSearchnscore
Cast Iron is a ferrous alloy consisting of 2 to 4.5 % of Carbon, 0.5 to 3 % Silicon and small amount of Sulphur, Manganese and Phosphorous. It is generally cast as soft and strong or as hard and brittle iron. Usually made from Pig Iron, cast iron is formed by liquefying it, followed by pouring it in a mould and allowing it to cool.
Buddhist religious architecture developed in the Indian subcontinent.
Three types of structures are associated with the religious architecture of early Buddhism:
monasteries , places to venerate relics , and shrines or prayer halls , also called , which later came to be called temples in some places.
Steel is an alloy of iron and a number of other elements, mainly carbon, that has a high tensile strength and relatively low cost.
Steel is one of the most sustainable construction materials. Its strength and durability coupled to its ability to be recycled, again and again, without ever losing quality make it truly compatible with long term sustainable development.
The versatility of steel gives architects the freedom to achieve their most ambitious visions.
High carbon steel
Mild steel
Medium carbon steel
Stainless steel
high steel
Cobalt steel
Nickel chromium
Aluminium steel
Chromium steel
At its narrow upper end it has an opening through which the iron to be treated is introduced and the finished product is poured out
The wide end, or bottom, has a number of perforations through which the air is forced upward into the converter during operation.
As the air passes upward through the molten pig iron, impurities such as silicon, manganese, and carbon unite with the oxygen in the air to form oxides; the carbon monoxide burns off with a blue flame and the other impurities form slag.
Eating is an activity for living beings in the daily life living. It is necessary to eat food because to get strength and potential to complete our daily tasks and moreover to live life.
Humans eat food by cooking the food in the kitchen in different manner.
After cooking the food humans eat food in the dining room or same various places they may like.
#design #architecture #interior #homedesign #house #interiors #construction #deco #interiordesigner #designinspiration #interiorstyling #interiordecor #arquitectura #architecturephotography #kitchendesign #modern #building #architecturelovers #homestyle #bedroom #archilovers #instahome #homestyling #lighting #project #architecturedesign #villa #archdaily #moderndesign #housedesign
One of the simplest ways to avoid creating noisy learning rooms is to locate them far enough away from high noise sources such as mechanical equipment, heavy vehicle traffic, music practice rooms, stadiums, or other outdoor spaces that frequently used for noisy activities.
Learning rooms shall be designed to provide adequate acoustical separation from all other interior and exterior noise sources. Meet or exceed the following requirements:
• 50 STC Walls, ceilings, floors, movable or folding partitions
• 40 STC Doors and windows near high noise areas
• 28 STC Doors and windows near low noise areas
Water is considered a fundamental and primary resource, a human right, Water is a resource that is essential for life and its development. We need water to drink, for our personal hygiene, to produce the food we eat, but also for our economic activities and to produce energy. Unfortunately. however, in some parts of the world water is a very scarce resource and only few lucky people have a water supply which is easy to obtain. In fact, it is estimated that over a billion people do not have access to drinking water and 40% of the world population lives in very poor hygienic conditions. Many countries have already exceeded what is defined peak water, maximum sustainable water withdrawal.
Biodegradable waste consists of organics that can be utilized for food by naturally occurring micro- organisms within a reasonable length of time. The biodegradable organic comprise of agro residue, food processing rejections, municipal solid waste (food waste, leaves from garden waste, paper, cloths/ rags etc.), waste from poultry farms, cattle farm slaughter houses, dairy, sugar, distillery, paper, oil extraction plant, starch processing and leather industries.
Non-Biodegradable organic materials are organics resistant to biological degradation or have a very low degradation rate. This primarily includes woody plants, Cardboard, cartons, containers, wrappings, pouches, discarded clothing, wooden furniture, agricultural dry waste, bagasse, rice husk etc.
Overview of temples
The name Khajuraho is derived from its Sanskrit nomenclature ‘Kharjuravahaka’ which is the confluence of two Sanskrit words ‘Kharjur’ meaning date palm and ‘Vahaka’ meaning bearer. There are about 25 temples spread over an area of approximately 6 square Km. The temples are grouped into three categories depending on their orientation – the Western Group of Temples, the Eastern Group of Temples and the Southern Group of Temples. These temples are dedicated to several Hindu Gods and Goddesses along with deities in Jain beliefs. Among the temples that are standing till now, 6 are dedicated to Lord Shiva, 8 to Lord Vishnu, 1 each to Lord Ganesha and the Sun God, while 3 are dedicated to Jain Tirthankaras. The largest of the temples is the Kandariya Mahadeo Temple that is dedicated to the glory of lord Shiva. It makes Khajuraho one of the four holy sites dedicated to the glory of Lord Shiva, the other three being Gaya, Kashi and Kedarnath.
Transformations of Forms
Principle of Transformation is about applying changes in a unique
places of a design.
The Transformation of Forms are classified into 3 types
1. Dimensional Transformation
2. Subtractive Transformation
3. Additive Transformation(which is divided into 9 types
- Spatial Tension
- Edge To Edge
- Face To Face
- Interlocking
- Centralised
- Linear
- Radial
- Clustered
- Grid
DIMENSIONAL
TRANSFORMATION
:- This transformation occurs when
one or more of a structures dimensions
are transformed
In this Building, the Curve
of the Roof decreases
from the Centre of the hall
to the Entrance in one
shape divided into
many....
SUBTRACTIVE
TRANSFORMATION
:- This Transformation occurs when
a portion of it’s volume is
subtracted
In this Building, Negative
spaces are giving the Design
form of the Building a
Subtractive Transformation ...
ADDITIVE
TRANSFORMATION
:- This Transformation occurs when
elements are added into the design .
Spatial Tension
Transformation
This Additive Transformation is about
object combined while having space
between them...
In this Building, the floor to floor design
change and the gaps between are giving this
building a Spatial Tension between the
Floors....
Edge to Edge
Transformation
This Additive Transformation is where the
forms are sharing a common edge
In this Building, The floors that
are in contact combining and
connecting ....
Face to Face
Transformation
In this Additive Transformation, where the
forms have corresponding surfaces which are
parallel to one another...
In this Building, the roofs of the
rooms are in a similar shape
and order...
Interlocking
Transformation
In this Addition Transformation, where
the forms are inter connected to one
another...
In this Building, the floors of the
adjacent sides are showing
different space(negative &
positive) respectively...
Non Ferrous Metals (BUILDING MATERIALS AND CONSTRUCTION)Andhra University
Non-Ferrous Metals
Non-ferrous metals include aluminum, copper, lead, zinc and tin, as well as precious metals like gold and silver. Their main advantage over ferrous materials is their malleability. They also have no iron content, giving them a higher resistance to rust and corrosion, and making them ideal for gutters, liquid pipes, roofing and outdoor signs. Lastly they are non-magnetic, which is important for many electronic and wiring applications.
Aluminum
Aluminum is lightweight, soft and low strength. Aluminum is easily cast, forged, machined and welded. It’s not suitable for high-temperature environments. Because aluminum is lightweight, it is a good choice for the manufacturing of aircraft and food cans. Aluminum is also used in castings, pistons, railways, cars, and kitchen utensils.
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1. Presented by:
G. Lahari (319106101007)
G. Likhitha(319106101008)
K. Aditya(319106101009)
K. Gayathri(319106101010)
K. Lavanya(319106101011)
2. Introduction:
Cast iron is a group of iron-carbon alloys with a carbon content
more than 2%. Its usefulness derives from its relatively low
melting temperature. The alloy constituents affect its colour when
fractured: white cast iron has carbide impurities.
History:
Cast iron was invented in China in the 5th century BC and poured
into molds to make ploughshares and pots as well as weapons and
pagodas. Although steel was more desirable, cast iron was cheaper
and thus was more commonly used for implements in ancient
China, while wrought iron or steel was used for weapons.
3. Manufacture of Cast-Iron:
The cast-iron is manufactured by re-melting pig-iron with coke and
limestone. This re-melting is done in a furnace known as the cupola
furnace. It is more or less same as the blast furnace, but it is smaller in
size. Its shape is cylindrical with diameter of about 1 m and height of
about 5 m.
The working of cupola furnace is also similar to that of blast furnace.
The raw materials are fed from top. The cupola furnace is worked
intermittently and it is open at top. After the raw materials are placed,
the furnace is fired and blast of air is forced through tuyeres. The blast
of air is cold as the impurities in pig-iron are removed by the oxidation
4. The impurities of pig-iron are removed to some extent and
comparatively pure iron is taken out in the molten stage from the
bottom of furnace.
The slag is also removed from top of cast-iron at regular intervals.
The molten cast-iron is led into
moulds of required shapes to form
what are known as the cast-iron
castings.
5. Composition of Cast-Iron:
The cast-iron contains about 2 to 4 per cent of carbon. In addition, it contains
the various impurities such as manganese, phosphorus, silicon and sulphur.
The manganese makes cast-iron brittle and hard. Its amount should therefore
be kept below 0.75 per cent or so.
The phosphorus increases fluidity of cast-iron. It also makes cast-iron brittle
and when its amount is more than 0.30 per cent, the resulting cast-iron is
lacking in toughness and workability. Its percentage is sometimes kept as
about 1 to 1.5 to get very thin castings.
The silicon combines with part of iron and forms a solid solution. It also
removes combined carbon from graphite form. If its amount is less than 2.50
per cent, it decreases shrinkage and ensures softer and better castings.
6. Types of Cast-Iron:
Following are the varieties of cast-iron:
1. Grey cast-iron
2. White cast-iron
3. Mottled cast-iron
4. Chilled cast-iron
5. Malleable cast-iron
6. Spheroidal graphite iron or ductile iron
7. Tophened cast iron
7. 1. Grey cast iron:
This is prepared from grey pig. Its colour is grey with a coarse
crystalline structure. It is soft and it melts readily. It is somewhat weak
in strength. It is extensively used for making castings. One of the key
characteristics of gray iron is its ability
to resist wear even when lubrication
supply is limited (e.g. the upper cylinder
walls in engine blocks).
Gray iron is used to make engine blocks
and cylinder heads, manifolds, gas
burners, gear blanks, enclosures, and
housings.
8. 2. White Cast-Iron:
Its colour is silvery white. It is hard and it melts with difficulty. It is not
easily worked on machine. It cannot be used for delicate casting. The
chilling process used to make white iron results in a brittle material that
is very resistant to wear and abrasions.
For this reason, it is used to make mill
linings, shot-blasting nozzles, railroad
brake shoes, slurry pump housings,
rolling mill rolls, and crushers.
9. 3. Mottled Cast-Iron:
Cast iron or pig iron that is intermediate between white cast iron
and grey cast iron and shows a mottled surface on fracture is
known as mottled cast iron
Iron which consists of a mixture of a variable proportions of gray
cast iron and white cast iron, such a material has a mottled
fracture.
10. 4. Chilled Cast-Iron:
The chilling consists of making some portion of cast-iron hard and
other portion soft. This variety of cast-iron is hard to a certain
depth from the exterior surface and it is indicated by white iron
Obtained by casting against a chiller.
Surface is White C.I. (faster cooling rates).
Harder / wear resistant surface.
Depth depends on composition (C, Si decrease chill depth)
Carbide forming elements like Cr, Mo increase chill depth)
Applications: Railway car wheels, crushing rolls, heavy machinery
Additions of Ce / Mg poisons the easy growth di
11. 5. Malleable cast iron
Malleable cast iron exhibits good malleability and good ductility. Due
to the lower silicon content compared to other cast irons, it exhibits
good fracture toughness at low temperature.
Malleable cast iron applications
As a result of its good tensile strength and
ductility, malleable cast iron is used for electrical
fittings and equipment, hand tools, pipe fittings,
washers, brackets, farm equipment, mining
hardware, and machine parts.
A common classification for malleable cast iron
is ASTM A47.
12. 6. Spheroidal Graphite Iron or Ductile Iron:
Malleable cast-iron is being replaced by spheroidal graphite iron or
ductile iron now-a-days. Its manufacturing process is much easier than
malleable cast-iron. Manganese treatment is given to the cast-iron.
Manganese increases the content of carbon
in iron and opposes the formation of free
graphite in flaky form.
This type of iron is used for manufacturing
of pipes for carrying water and sewage due
to its high strength, ductility and good
resistance to corrosion.
13. 7. Toughened Cast-Iron:
This variety of cast-iron is obtained by melting cast-iron with wrought-
iron scrap. The proportion of wrought-iron scrap is about to ¼th to
1/7th of weight of cast-iron.
14. Name
Nominal
composition
[% by weight]
Form and
condition
Yield strength
[ksi (0.2%
offset)]
Tensile
strength [ksi]
Elongation
[%]
Hardness
[Brinell scale]
Uses
Grey cast iron
(ASTM A48)
C 3.4,
Si 1.8, Mn 0.5
Cast — 50 0.5 260
Engine cylind
er
blocks, flywhe
els, gearbox
cases,
machine-tool
bases
White cast
iron
C 3.4, Si 0.7,
Mn 0.6
Cast (as cast) — 25 0 450
Bearing surfac
es
Malleable iron
(ASTM A47)
C 2.5, Si 1.0,
Mn 0.55
Cast
(annealed)
33 52 12 130
Axle bearings,
track wheels,
automotive cr
ankshafts
Ductile or
nodular iron
C 3.4, P 0.1,
Mn 0.4, Ni 1.0,
Mg 0.06
Cast 53 70 18 170
Gears, camsha
fts,
crankshafts
Ductile or
nodular iron
(ASTM A339)
—
Cast (quench
tempered)
108 135 5 310 —
15. Properties of Cast-Iron:
If placed in salt water, it becomes soft.
It can be hardened by heating and sudden cooling, but it cannot be
tempered.
It cannot be magnetized.
It does not rust easily.
It is fusible.
It is hard, but it is brittle also.
It is weak in tension and strong in compression. The tensile and
compressive strengths of cast-iron of average quality are respectively
150 N/mm2 and 600 N/mm2.
16. It is not ductile and hence it cannot be adopted to absorb shocks and
impacts.
Its melting temperature is about 1250°C.
It shrinks on cooling. This fact is to be considered while making
patterns or moulds for foundry work.
Its structure is granular and crystalline with whitish or greyish tinge.
Its specific gravity is 7.5.
It lacks plasticity and hence it is unsuitable for the forging work.
The two pieces of cast-iron cannot be connected by the process of
riveting or welding. They are to be connected by nuts and bolts which
are fixed to the flanges. The holes for bolts, etc. are either drilled out or
cast in the casting.
17. A few common mechanical properties for cast iron include:
Hardness– material’s resistance to abrasion and indentation
Toughness – material’s ability to absorb energy
Ductility – material’s ability to deform without fracture
Elasticity – material’s ability to return to its original dimensions after it
has been deformed
Malleability – material’s ability to deform under compression without
rupturing
Tensile strength – the greatest longitudinal stress a material can bear
without tearing apart
Fatigue strength – the highest stress that a material can withstand for a
given number of cycles without breaking
18. Uses of Cast-Iron:
For making cisterns, water pipes, gas pipes and sewers, manhole
covers and sanitary fittings.
For making ornamental castings such as brackets, gates, lamp posts,
spiral staircases, etc.
For making parts of machinery which are not subject to heavy shocks.
For manufacturing compression members like columns in buildings,
bases of columns, etc.
For preparing agricultural implements.
For preparing rail chairs, carriage wheels, etc.
20. Characteristics of a Good Casting:
A good casting should possess the following qualities or
characteristics:
Its edges and corners should be sharp, perfect and clean.
Its fresh fracture should exhibit fine grained texture with bluish grey
colour.
It should be free from air bubbles, cracks, etc.
It should be soft enough for drilling or chiselling.
It should be uniform in shape and it should be consistent with the
requirements of the design.
Its outer surface should be smooth.
21. Production and processing:
To produce cast iron, the iron must be extracted from iron ore. The ore
is smelted in a blast furnace where it separates into pig iron and slag.
The furnace is heated to around 1800 degrees Celsius in an oxygen
atmosphere and the slag formed rises to the top and can be removed.
The molten pig iron below contains around 3 wt.% – 5 wt.% carbon.
This is then combined with iron, steel, coke and limestone.
Once impurities are removed selectively from this iron, the carbon
content is reduced. At this point, silicon may be added to convert the
carbon content to graphite or cementite. The iron is then cast into
various forms.
22. Cast iron and the future:
From its early use over 3,000 years ago, iron has remained an
integral part of human society. Iron production has come a long
way since the centuries of working iron by blacksmiths to the
invention of cast iron in the industrial age.
Since then, wrought iron has become largely obsolete except for
decorative uses. Contrastingly, cast iron is still progressing in
terms of composition, microstructure, and mechanical
properties—continuing to make its mark in the modern world.
23. Disadvantages of cast iron:
However, it has low wear resistance, mobility and low shake-suction.
Further, it has bad casting ability and machinability which is a distinct
disadvantage. The cost of casting steel alloys is also more than cast iron.
It is Prone to rusting.
It has poor tensile strength.
Its parts are section sensitive, this is due to slow cooling of thick
sections.
failure of Its parts is sudden and total, it does not exhibit yield point.
It has poor impact resistance.
Compared to steel it has poor machinability.