This document summarizes different types of ferrous metals used in construction. It discusses pig iron, cast iron, and wrought iron, describing their properties and typical uses. It also covers steel alloys like stainless steel and mild steel. Finally, it briefly discusses metal coating techniques like electroplating, spraying, and galvanizing used to protect ferrous metals from corrosion.

1. FERROUS METALS
CONSTRUCTION AND MATERIALS NAR-503
SUNDER DEEP COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE
SUBMITTED TO:
AR. AMAN SIR
AR.SHWETA MA’AM
B. ARCH 5TH SEMESTER
SECTION: ‘A’
SESSION: 2015-16
SUBMITTED BY:
JUHI
ALEXJENDAR
AHMED ZAID
ABHISHEK RASTOGI
KUNWAR AMAN
DIVYA
ANSHIKA
MADAN
AMIT

2. WHAT ARE METALS?
They are materials that are typically hard, opaque, shiny, and has good electrical and thermal
conductivity.
WHAT IS IRON?
Iron is defined as a metal, that can be magnetized, that rusts in moist air and also occurs in the
blood naturally.
WHAT ARE FERROUS METALS?
Metals which contain iron as their main constituent are termed as ferrous metals.

3. PIG, CAST AND WROUGHT IRON
Pig iron is the intermediate
product of smelting iron
ore.
It is the molten iron from
the blast furnace.
Pig iron has a very
high carbon content,
typically 3.5–4.5%.
It is manufactured by
refining pig iron in a cupola
furnace.
Old castings or scraps iron
is sometimes added to
improve the quality.
Carbon content is from
1.7% to 3.5%
It is the purest form of iron
with low carbon content
less than 0.15%.
It is made from white pig
iron by the process of
puddling process in a
reverberatory furnace.

4. PROPERTIES OF PIG IRON
• Pig iron is a byproduct of the smelting process to
make pure iron. The iron ore is heated using high
carbon fuel coke, which results in pig iron with a
very high carbon content, usually around 4
percent.
• All forms of pig iron contain between 3.5 and 4.5
percent carbon, along with various amounts of
silicon, manganese, sulphur and phosphorous.
• Pig iron is a very brittle metal, owing to the high
carbon content and the other impurities that
form in it. Pig iron will split and fracture if it is
dropped.
• Pig iron has a much lower melting point than
wrought iron or steel due to the high carbon
content.

5. PROPERTIES OF CAST IRON
• Cast iron has good compressive strength but relatively poor tensile strength.
• The casting process enables the production of complex shapes.
• Wrought iron has better tensile strength than cast iron and is more ductile.
USES OF CAST IRON
- hardware: hinges, latches
- columns, balusters
- stairs
- structural connectors in buildings and monuments
- decorative features
- fences
- tools and utensils
- ordnance
- stoves and fire backs
- piping.

6. PROPERTIES OF WROUGHT IRON
• Soft, ductile and magnetic.
• Strong, high elasticity and tensile strength.
• Malleable - can be heated and reheated.
• Suitable for members in tension or compression.
USES OF WROUGHT
- Fences, gates and railings
- Balconies
- Porches and verandas
- Canopies
- Roof cresting
- Lamps
- Grilles
- Hardware

7. ALLOYS
• An alloy is a mixture of metals or a mixture of a metal and
other elements. Alloys are defined by metallic bonding character.
• An alloy may be a solid solution of metal elements (a single phase) or
a mixture of metallic phases (two or more solutions).
• Alloys are used in a wide variety of applications. In some cases, a
combination of metals may reduce the overall cost of the material
while preserving important properties.
• In other cases, the combination of metals imparts synergistic
properties to the constituent metal elements such as corrosion
resistance or mechanical strength. Examples of alloys
are steel, solder, brass, pewter, duralumin, phosphor bronze and
amalgams.
• They can be classified as homogeneous (consisting of a single phase),
or heterogeneous (consisting of two or more phases)
or intermetallic.

8. STEELS
• Steels are alloys of iron and other elements, primarily carbon, widely used in
construction and other applications because of their high tensile strengths and low
cost.
STAINLESS STEEL
• Stainless steels are iron alloys with a
minimum of 10.5% chromium. Other
alloying elements are added to enhance
their structure and properties such as
formability, strength and toughness.
• Does not stain, corrode or rust.
MILD STEEL
• Carbon steel is sometimes referred to as
‘mild steel’ or ‘plain carbon steel’.
• carbon steel as having no more than 2 %
carbon and no other appreciable alloying
element.

9. PROPERTIES OF STAINLESS STEEL
• Chromium is added to make it resistant to rust.
• Stainless steel is a hard and strong substance, it is not a good conductor of heat and electricity, it
is ductile, magnetic, retains its strength and cutting edge regardless of temperature.
USES OF STAINLESS STEEL
Domestic – cutlery, sinks, saucepans, washing machine drums, microwave oven liners, razor blades
Architectural/Civil Engineering – cladding, handrails, door and window fittings, street furniture,
structural sections, reinforcement bar, lighting columns, lintels, masonry supports
Transport – exhaust systems, car trim/grilles, road tankers, ship containers, ships chemical tankers,
refuse vehicles
Chemical/Pharmaceutical – pressure vessels, process piping.
Oil and Gas – platform accommodation, cable trays, subsea pipelines.
Medical – Surgical instruments, surgical implants, MRI scanners.
Food and Drink – Catering equipment, brewing, distilling, food processing.
Water – Water and sewage treatment, water tubing, hot water tanks.
General – springs, fasteners (bolts, nuts and washers), wire.

11. PROPERTIES OF MILD STEEL
• It is one of the cheapest types of steel available.
• Mild steel does not have great structural strength, making it unsuitable for building girders or
structural beams.
• Since it has a weak resistance to corrosion, mild steel must be painted or sealed to keep it
from rusting. Because it is a soft material, mild steel is easy to weld.
USES OF MILD STEEL
• This includes motorcycle frames, automobile chassis, and most cookware.
• A light coat of grease or oil will seal it fine and also aid in controlling rust.
• mild steel is easy to weld.
• The composition of the steel lets the electrical current travel through the metal
without damaging the makeup of the material.
• mild steel is more flexible and can give in certain places in construction projects.

13. WHAT IS METAL COATING?
• A coating is a covering that is applied to the surface of an object.
• The purpose of applying the coating may be decorative, functional,
or both.
• The coating itself may be an all-over coating, completely covering
the substrate, or it may only cover parts of the substrate.
TYPES
ELECTROPLATING
SPRAYING
GALVANIZING

14. ELECTROPLATING
• Electroplating is a process that uses electric current to reduce dissolved
metal cations so that they form a coherent metal coating on an electrode.
Electroplating is primarily used to change the surface properties of an object
(e.g. abrasion and wear resistance, corrosion protection, lubricity, aesthetic
qualities, etc.), but may also be used to build up thickness on undersized parts
or to form objects by electroforming.
• The process used in electroplating is called electro deposition. It is analogous
to a galvanic cell acting in reverse. The part to be plated is the cathode of the
circuit. In one technique, the anode is made of the metal to be plated on the
part. Both components are immersed in a solution called
an electrolyte containing one or more dissolved metal salts as well as
other ions that permit the flow of electricity. A power supply supplies a direct
current to the anode, oxidizing the metal atoms that it comprises and
allowing them to dissolve in the solution. At the cathode, the dissolved metal
ions in the electrolyte solution are reduced at the interface between the
solution and the cathode, such that they "plate out" onto the cathode.

15. METAL SPRAYING
• The term “thermal metal spraying” refers to a process in which metals are
melted and sprayed on a surface to form a coating. The metals may be melted
using combustion (i.e., oxy fuel) or electrical processes (i.e., arc, plasma arc,
or plasma induction).

16. GALVANIZING
• Galvanization is the process of applying a protective zinc coating to steel or iron, to
prevent rusting. The most common method is hot-dip galvanization, in which parts are
submerged in a bath of molten zinc. Galvanizing protects in two ways:
• It forms a coating of corrosion-resistant zinc which prevents corrosive substances from reaching
the more delicate part of the metal.
• The zinc serves as a sacrificial anode so that even if the coating is scratched, the exposed steel
will still be protected by the remaining zinc.

17. THANK YOU