Metals like steel, iron, copper and bronze are commonly used in construction. Steel is an alloy of iron with less than 2% carbon. It has high tensile strength and is durable, making it suitable for infrastructure. Common types of steel used include structural steel, mild steel, and rebar steel. Structural steel forms the skeleton of buildings. Mild steel is crack-resistant and widely used. Rebar steel reinforces concrete. Iron exists in cast iron and wrought iron forms and was a early construction material. Copper and bronze are alloys that were used historically.

1. BUILDING
CONSTRUCTION
MATERIALS
AR.ANKITA BAJPAI

2. METALS IN CONSTRUCTION
a. STEEL
b. ALUMINIUM
c. COPPER
d. IRON
e. COPPER
f. BRONZE

5. •CAME INTO EXISTENCE IN COPPER AGE I.E. CHALCOLITHIC PERIOD.
•COPPER IS A PINKISH-ORANGE COLOUR WHEN FIRST EXPOSED, BUT
CAN OXIDISE TO A BLUE GREEN COLOUR.
•MAJOR COPPER ALLOYS
• BRASS: COPPER AND ZINC
•BRONZE: COPPER AND TIN
INTRODUCTION TO METAL IN BUILDING
CONSTRUCTION_ COPPER

6. EXTRACTION OF CU
I. CRUSHING & CONCENTRATION
II. ROASTING
III. SMELTING
IV. REFINING

7. It is defined as an alloy made of copper and another metal, usually tin.
Modifications to the proportions of copper and tin can result in types .
of bronze with different characteristicsThe archaeological period in
which bronze was the hardest metal in widespread use is known as
the Bronze Age .
Used for coins over a longer period.
Bronze was especially suitable for use in boat and ship fittings prior to
the wide employment of stainless steel.
Sculpture
Musical instrument
INTRODUCTION TO METAL IN BUILDING
CONSTRUCTION_BRONZE

8. INTRODUCTION TO METAL IN BUILDING
CONSTRUCTION_IRON
Iron Age Construction
•The rise of the construction profession coincided with the rise of modern
science in the 17th and 18th centuries. Scientific breakthroughs enabled
architects and engineers to experiment with a wider array of materials and
forms. Combined with the technological advances made during the industrial
revolution in the 19th century, these innovations sparked a wave of change
in construction.
• Cast iron was also the primary material
used for railway construction until it was
replaced by wrought iron in the 1820s.

10. IRON
Iron is the chemical element most commonly found on Earth by mass.
As iron-bearing rock is plentiful, iron alloys are
popular industrial and construction materials.
Types of iron include:
Cast iron.
Wrought iron.

11. EXTRACTION PROCESS

12. CAST IRON
Cast iron is obtained from the pig-iron which is re-melted with coke and
limestone. Pig iron is nothing but impure iron which is obtained from
the iron ore. Cast iron has lot of engineering properties so, that it can be
used in many ways like for sanitary fittings, rail chairs, casting molds etc.
The E.V. Haughwout & Co.
Building
The Iron bridge ,England

13. Uses of Cast Iron in Building
Construction
Many types of sanitary fittings like manholes, sewer pipes, water pipes,
cisterns are manufactured using cast iron.
Metal columns and column bases can be made using cast iron.
Casting molds for making metal staircases, lamp posts, gates etc. are
made using cast iron.
Rail chairs and carriage wheels are manufactured.
Several types of agricultural implements can be made.
Machinery parts can be manufactured but shock cannot be resisted by
cast iron.

14. Types of cast iron
Grey cast iron
Malleable cast iron
White cast iron
Ductile cast iron

15. WRAUGHT IRON
A kind of iron that contains some slag and very little carbon: it
is resistant to corrosion, tough, and ductile, and is used in
fences, grating, rivets, etc.
Properties
Soft and Tough
Ductile
Hight tensile Strength
High compressive strength
Easily forged and weldable

16. Applications of Wrought Iron
Wrought is used to make
chains
Crane Hooks
fences and gates
Carpenter tools

19. STEEL
Steel is a metal alloy whose major component is iron with less than 2%
carbon content.
Alloys with more than 2 % of carbon content are known as cast iron.
Alloy agents are used to add one or more of the below properties:
1. Hardenability
2. Corrosion resistance
3. Machinability
4. Ductility
5. Strength

21. PROPERTIES
Tensile
Tensile strength is the amount of stress that a substance can take before
becoming structurally deformed. The tensile strength of steel is
comparatively high, making it highly resistant to fracture or breakage,
which is a key point in its use in infrastructure building.
Ductility
One of the useful mechanical properties of steel, is its ability to change
shape on the application of force to it, without resulting in a fracture.
This property is known as ductility, which enables it to be used in the
making of different shapes and structures ranging from thin wires or
large automotive parts and panels.

22. PROPERTIES
• Malleability
Malleability is closely linked with ductility, and allows steel to be deformed
under compression. It allows this alloy to be compressed into sheets of
variable thicknesses, often created by hammering or rolling.
• Durability
The hardness of this alloy is high, reflecting its ability to resist strain.
It is long-lasting and greatly resistant to external wear and tear. Hence it is
considered a very durable material.

23. STEEL MAKING PROCESS

24. Steel Forming Methods
Steel is wrought, rolled, cast and welded but not
extruded.
HOT ROLLING METHOD
Steel that has undergone the rolling process at a
temperature above its recrystallization temperature
(usually 1700° F or greater)eliminates flaws and used to
make wide range structural range such as beams and
channels.
COLD FORMING METHOD
Increases strength but
decreases ductility.

27. Types of steel used in construction

28. LIGHT GAUGE STEEL
Made from thin sheets based on specific standards.
Easily workable to make a steel frame system with cold deformed steel
(Steel shaped by a cold working process).
Light gauge steel joists and studs are readily available in shops.
It is flexible and safe.
One of the different types of steel used in construction which is
popular in flooring.
Using light gauge steel in facades, composite panels, and for different
cladding solutions is remarkable. Also, it can be used for load-bearing
walls in addition to purlins and side rails.

29. Structural Steel
Structural Steel is yet another one of the popular types of steel used in
construction which is used mainly to give a base or structure to the
building. This is one of the popular types of steel available used for
developing the structure .
Available in different specifications & shapes like – T shaped, Channel
Sections, I-beam, Plate type, bar or rod-type, etc.
Corrosion check (When iron oxides to form rust).
Pro tip: Protective coatings like aerosol sprays can help prevent
corrosion. Also, galvanization ( Zinc coated on steel) helps. Structural
steel is a more environmentally friendly recyclable option, easily
workable with a variety of designs.

30. Mild Steel
Plain carbon steel.
Known for its strength.
The most commonly used steel for construction.
Used for both conventional and modern bolted pre-engineered
buildings.
Crack-resistant to a greater extent. Great weldability and hence can
serve the purpose very well. More easily available, considering all the
other options.

31. Rebar Steel
Reinforcing steel, reinforces the structure affixing well with concrete.
Also used in the form of a mesh of steel wires for building purposes.
Hot-rolled round carbon steel bars are mainly used.
Improves tensile strength.
It can be manufactured to very long lengths.

32. Types of Steel Gradation
Based on the physical properties and their composition, the four types
of steel gradation are –
Stainless steel ( Steel in combination with chromium)
Carbon steel ( A combo of iron and carbon)
Alloy steel (Carbon steel along with various other alloying elements)
Tool steel (Carbon alloy steel well suited to manufacture tools).

33. Steel Bars

34. Steel Bars
Rolled round bars and square bars – For windows and grill works.
TMT bars (Thermo – Mechanically Treated) – Excellent strength, shake –
resistance, and quality.
Ribbed bars – These have High Yield Strength and are also called HYSD (
D for deformed as they are made by cold twisting). Also, there are
ribbed mild steel bars. HYSD bars are used extensively for precast
concrete works.
Angle and channel sections - Steel angles for communication towers,
shelves, bridges.