Aluminum is a lightweight metal that is highly recyclable, corrosion resistant, and a good conductor of heat and electricity. It is the second most widely used metal in construction after steel. Aluminum is strong yet malleable, allowing it to be formed into complex shapes for uses like building frames, siding, windows, and doors. Some key properties that make aluminum suitable for construction include its high strength-to-weight ratio, durability, and ability to be easily shaped, finished, and recycled without loss of quality.
introduction . DESIGN OF A CURTAIN WALL . components of a curtain wall . Framing concepts . Materials . Types of curtain walls. Structural problems of curtain walls.
FERROCRETE - MATERIAL AND CONSTRUCTION METHODSjagrutib22
Ferrocrete - introduction, ferrocement, history, difference between rcc and ferrocrete, applications, advantages and disadvantages, construction methods, use of ferrocrete technology and other information.
Glass as building material covered all the glasses with best and suitable examples
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It is most typically used as transparent glazing material in the building envelope, including windows in the external walls. Glass is also used for internal partitions and as an architectural feature. When used in buildings, glass is often of a safety type, which include reinforced, toughened and laminated glasses.
Portal frame construction by Rhythm MurgaiRhythm Murgai
This is the seconed part of slide from Portal fram.
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introduction . DESIGN OF A CURTAIN WALL . components of a curtain wall . Framing concepts . Materials . Types of curtain walls. Structural problems of curtain walls.
FERROCRETE - MATERIAL AND CONSTRUCTION METHODSjagrutib22
Ferrocrete - introduction, ferrocement, history, difference between rcc and ferrocrete, applications, advantages and disadvantages, construction methods, use of ferrocrete technology and other information.
Glass as building material covered all the glasses with best and suitable examples
Please like share and subscribe to my Youtube channel
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCaUEYWPKaJItDDLpc-ZOl4w
It is most typically used as transparent glazing material in the building envelope, including windows in the external walls. Glass is also used for internal partitions and as an architectural feature. When used in buildings, glass is often of a safety type, which include reinforced, toughened and laminated glasses.
Portal frame construction by Rhythm MurgaiRhythm Murgai
This is the seconed part of slide from Portal fram.
If you want to see the previous slide,then go to my account and search for portal frame.
For queries : http://www.facebook.com/rhythmmurgai
or +919872297936
FOLLOW US ON http://www.instagram.com/jsrkofficial
Physically, chemically and mechanically aluminium is a metal like steel, brass, copper, zinc, lead or titanium. It can be melted, cast, formed and machined much like these metals and it conducts electric current. In fact, often the same equipment and fabrication methods are used as for steel.
Aluminium Metal and Aluminium Products, Cast Aluminium Alloys, Alumina Extrac...Ajjay Kumar Gupta
Aluminium Metal and Aluminium Products, Cast Aluminium Alloys, Alumina Extraction, Aluminium Conductor, Aluminium Foil, Flexible Foil Packaging Laminate, Aluminium Foil Packs, Printing on Aluminium Foil, Beneficiation of Bauxite, Aluminium Die Castings
Aluminium plays a major role in the modern world through its innumerable forms of applications- from kitchen ware to electric conductors and from railway wagon to Appollo spacecraft. Because of its intrinsic and versatile properties of lightness, strength to weight ratio, corrosion resistance, electrical and thermal conductivity, non toxicity etc., a wide range of uses has opened up for this metal. Aluminium as a packaging material is unmatched owing to its light weight, hygienic and non-contamination which eventually results in longer shelf-life of end products.
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A number of benefits of modular aluminium extrusions.pptxJM Aluminium
In terms of weight and total cost, aluminium and aluminium extrusions transfer cold and heat more effectively than other metals. This makes extrusion suitable for heat dissipation or heat exchanger applications.
For More Detail :- https://www.jmaluminium.com/
Aluminium Processing,Properties and Application Cooper Lackay
Aluminium is an element in the boron group with symbol Al and atomic number 13
Aluminium is so called because it is a base of “alum,” which in turn is derived from the Latin for “bitter salt.”
Aluminium is the second most plentiful metallic element on earth; an estimated 8.3% of the earth crust is composed of aluminium.
Aluminium Processing,Properties and Application Cooper Lackay
Aluminium is an element in the boron group with symbol Al and atomic number 13
Aluminium is so called because it is a base of “alum,” which in turn is derived from the Latin for “bitter salt.”
Aluminium is the second most plentiful metallic element on earth; an estimated 8.3% of the earth crust is composed of aluminium.
SPATIAL LAYOUTS ON HEALTH IN RESIDENTIAL AREASArchDuty
A DISSERTATION ON EFFECT OF
SPATIAL LAYOUTS ON HEALTH IN RESIDENTIAL AREAS
“Human health should be the governing criteria for spatial planning in residential areas. Making health an explicit component of planning is essential.”
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
MASS MEDIA STUDIES-835-CLASS XI Resource Material.pdf
Aluminium As a Building Material
1. DISSERTATION – Aluminium As a Building Material
INTRODUCTION
Aluminium is theoretically 100% recyclable
without any loss of its natural quilities.
Aluminium is second most widly specified metal in
building after steel, and it used to construction
sectors frome commercial building to domestic
dwelling.
Aluminiumis strong, malleable and has a low
density.
Aluminiumis resistant to corrosion
PROPERTIES OF ALUMINIUM
Aluminium is a very light metal with a specific weight of 2.7 g/cm3,
about a third that of steel. For example, the use of aluminium in
vehicles reduces dead-weight and energy consumption while
increasing load capacity
Aluminium is a good conductor of heat and
electricity.
AluminiumCan be polished to give a highly
reflective surface.
Aluminium can be represented as ‘Al’,number in
the periodic table is 13.
Strictly speaking al applies to the pure metals.
Physically, chemically and mechanically
aluminium is a metal like steel, brass, copper, zinc,
lead or titanium. It can be melted, cast, formed
and machined much like these metals and it
conducts electric current. In fact often the same
equipment and fabrication methods are used as
for steel.
Corrosion Resistance
Aluminium naturally generates a protective oxide coating
and is highly corrosion resistant.
Different types of surface treatment such as anodising,
painting or lacquering can further improve this property
Electrical and Thermal Conductivity
Aluminium is an excellent heat and electricity conductor
and in relation to its weight is almost twice as good a
conductor as copper.
This has made aluminium the most commonly used
material in major power transmission lines
Reflectivity
Aluminium is a good reflector of visible light as well as
heat, and that together with its low weight, makes it an
ideal material for reflectors in, for example, light fittings or
rescue blankets
2. DISSERTATION - Aluminium As a Building Material
Recyclability
Aluminium is 100 percent recyclable with no downgrading of
its qualities. The re-melting of aluminium requires little
energy: only about 5 percent of the energy required to
produce the primary metal initially is needed in the recycling
process.
Importance of Recycling
Due to the large energy use in the extraction process, it is vital
that we recycle.
Recycled aluminium only requires 5% of the energy needed to
extract fresh aluminium.
Remember to recycle, because energy can be better spent.
.
USES OF ALUMINIUM
Low density and strength make it ideal for
construction of aircraft, lightweight vehicles, and
ladders.
An alloy of aluminium called duralumin is often used
instead of pure aluminium because of its improved
properties.
Easy shaping and corrosion resistance make it a good
material
for drink cans and roofing materials.
Corrosion resistance and low density leads to its use
for greenhouses and window frames.
Good conduction of heat leads to its use
for boilers, cookers and cookware.
Good conduction of electricity leads to its use
for overhead power cables hung from pylons
(low density gives it an advantage over copper).
High reflectivity makes it ideal for
mirrors, reflectors and heat resistant clothing for fire
fighting.
.
3. DISSERTATION - Aluminium As a Building Material
HISTORY OF ALUMINIUM
• Ancient Greeks and Romans used aluminium salts as dyeing
mordants and as astringents for dressing wounds; alum is still
used as a styptic.
•
• In 1761 Guyton de Morveau suggested calling the base alum
alumine. In 1808, Humphry Davy identified the existence of a
metal base of alum, which he at first named alumium and later
aluminium (see Spelling section, below).
•
• Friedrich Wöhler is generally credited with isolating aluminium
(Latin alumen, alum) in 1827 by mixing anhydrous aluminium
chloride with potassium.
•
• In its 100 year history aluminium has had an unparalleled impact
on the built environment.
• Since the sheathing of the cupola of the San Gioacchino Church in
Rome in 1897, aluminium has risen to prominence among
specifiers through landmark projects, such as the curtain walling
on Shreve, Lamb & Harmon’s iconoclastic Empire State Building,
1929.
•
• In 1945, Pietro Belushi created the first large structure totally
sheathed in aluminium and glass:
• The Equitable Building in Portland, Oregon; followed by SOM’s
Lever Building; Mies van der Rohe and Phillip Johnson’s Seagram
Building; and the UN Secretariat in New York.
• But even in these pioneering years, the use of aluminium was not
confined to modernist landmarks.
•
• Indeed, aluminium window frames were installed in the Bodleian
Library, Oxford in 1939; and have since provided eloquent
testament to the material’s durability.
ALUMINIUM AS A BUILDING MATERIAL
Aluminium is the second most widely specified metal in buildings after
steel, and is used in all construction sectors, from commercial
buildings to domestic dwellings.
40% of the UK annual production of aluminium is utilised within the
construction industry, which equates to roughly 150,000 tonnes of
aluminium per annum, of which approximately 65,000 tonnes is
extruded products, and 25,000 tonnes sheet materials.
The main market sectors are windows, roofing, cladding, curtain
walling and structural glazing, prefabricated buildings, architectural
hardware, H&V, shopfitting and partitions.
Strength versus Weight
One of aluminium’s primary appeals to specifiers is its exceptional
strength to weight ratio. At 2.7g/cm2, aluminium is 66% lighter than
steel.
It is also far less susceptible to brittle fractures. Indeed, when
aluminium and steel structures are compared, aluminium’s greater
modulus of elasticity means that weight ratios of 1:2 are easily
attained
4. DISSERTATION - Aluminium As a Building Material
ALUMINIUM IN WINDOW & DOOR
Aluminium’s unique combination of strength and lightness enables frames, sashes and fittings to be neat and
unobtrusive. Because the frames, rails and stiles can be finer than those made in wood, they allow maximum entry of
light and provide unobstructed views
Aluminium doesn’t require painting while its dimensional stability ensures years of trouble free operation.
Aluminium windows and doors come powder coated in a range of colours to match your home, but it’s important to
choose frame colours carefully as powder coated surfaces cannot be repainted.
A window consists of an outer frame that goes in the hole in the wall, and a sash frame that holds the glass.
There are four traditional styles of windows – double hung, awning, casement, and sliding. The one that is most
appropriate for you can depend on a number of factors such as how they operate and how much ventilation they allow
TYPE OF DOOR & WINDOW
Bi-fold patio doors have a series ofbetween 2 to 7 doors, hinged so theyfold onto themselves
Bi-fold patio doors Sliding patio doors
5. DISSERTATION - Aluminium As a Building Material
Sliding patio doors have two or more panels which slide past each other horizontally within the frame.
Hinged doors are hinged on either the left or the right and can open either inwards or outwards.
Double hung windows have two vertically sliding sashes which slide past each other in a single frame.
Single hung windows have one fixed and one opening sash.
Awning windows are hinged along the top horizontal edge and the bottom opens outwards.
Casement windows are either hinged along a vertical edge or pivoted on the top and bottom, and open outwards
from the opposite side.
Sliding windows have two or more sashes, which slide past each other horizontally within the frame.
Casement window Sliding window
6. DISSERTATION - Aluminium As a Building Material
Aluminium in Construction
It is estimated that across Europe, the building and construction market consumes almost 1.4 million tonnes of aluminium per annum.
The growing importance of recycling can be gauged by the fact that, in 1996, the production of primary aluminium in Western Europe stood at
890,000 tonnes, while production of secondary aluminium was 1,747,000 tonnes;
with the building sector accounting for 54% of extruded products and 15% of rolled products.
Advantages of Aluminium
Lightweight: Aluminium is one of the lightest available commercial metals with a density approximately one third that of steel or copper.
Its high strength to weight ratio makes it particularly important to transportation industries allowing increased payloads and fuel savings.
Catamaran ferries, petroleum tankers and aircraft are good examples of aluminium’s use in transport.
Excellent Corrosion Resistance :Aluminium has excellent resistance to corrosion due to the thin layer of aluminium oxide that forms on the
surface of aluminium when it is exposed to air.
Strong at Low Temperatures :Where as steel becomes brittle at low temperatures, aluminium increases in tensile strength and retains
excellent toughness
Easy to Work :Aluminium can be easily fabricated into various forms such as foil, sheets, geometricshapes, rod, tube and wire.
It also displays excellent machinability and plasticity ideal for bending, cutting, spinning, roll forming, hammering, forging and drawing.
Aluminium can be turned ,milled or bored readily, using the correct too large.
In fact, most aluminium alloys can be machined speedily and easily. An important factor contributing to the low cost of finished aluminium parts.
Aluminium is a popular choice of material for complex-sectioned hollow extrusions.
Easy Surface Treatment :For many applications, aluminium requires no protective or decorative coating; the surface supplied is entirely
adequate without further finishing. Mechanical finishes such as polishing, embossing, sand blasting, or wire brushing meet a variety of needs.
Where the plain aluminium surface does not suffice, a wide variety of surface finishes are available to suit. Chemical, electrochemical and paint
finishes are all used.
7. ANALYSIS
Aluminium –Building material of the modern age:
Modern building and construction is more than merely erecting buildings as functionally as possible. In addition to functional and economic
criteria, aesthetic and design considerations together with ecological demands placed on building projects play an equally important role.
This means the materials used are of major significance. Aluminium, the building material for the modern age, established itself as an important
factor in the building and construction industry during the course of the 20th century.
Aluminium enables every possible architectural concept to be realised – regardless of whether it is a new build or a modernization.
Primary smelter aluminium is pure and,
as such, has a relatively low strength. For
extrusions and other manufactured
components, the material is alloyed to
improve its strength, although even the
most heavily alloyed wrought aluminium
is still 92% pure.The choice of the most
appropriate alloy of the 6000 series for a
particular extrusion depends on the
nature of the task it has to perform. A
balance has to be struck between
strength, ease of forming and finish.
The 6063 alloy, for instance, has good extra durability, corrosion resistance and surface finish; and is thus widely used in fenestration. The
properties of the individual alloys are amplified by the shape of the extruding die.
Careful and knowledgeable design can take advantage of the ability of the extrusion process to distribute the material across the section to
exactly where it is needed for a particular performance requirement.
8. SOME IMPORTANT PROJECT OF ALUMINIUM
Residential Project 8-13 Bird Street, London
Architect Koski Solomon & Ruthven Architects
Installer CAP Aluminium Systems Ltd.
System Kawneer Series Designer 53 swing doors,
Kawneer Series 1200 curtain walling, Kawneer Series
casement windows and Kawneer Series 503 Tilturn
windows
Contract value £672,000
Specification Residential-style glazing contract
featuring the new Kawneer Series 503 Tilturn
windows set within large bays, and as projecting
within brickwork enclosed by Kawneer Series 1200
curtain walling system.
Detail Safety rails to the exterior of windows, and
clip-on face caps to emphasise the development’s
vertical lines.
Public Buildings
Project Millennium Stadium, Cardiff
Architect Lobb Sports Architecture
Installer Siac Construction Ltd
System Kawneer Series 1200 curtain walling system
Contract value £3,500,000
Specification Feature bands of continuous horizontal glazing, set within
the cladding, running around the entire building
Detail Kawneer Series 1200 curtain walling cantilevered out over the
River Taff.
9. Future of Aluminium as a building material
Aluminium is the most widely-used material for meeting architects’ performance requirements when designing curtain walling and non-standard
systems.
The material adapts well to all types of architecture and allows a wide variety of shapes and forms; windows and spans.
The inherent qualities of aluminium, its infinite recyclability, strength and lightness, durability and low maintenance qualities mean it is one of
the most
sustainable building materials.
Aluminium allows 15 to 47 per cent more light compared with other materials, and the thermal and acoustic properties of aluminium systems
are continually improving to meet the most demanding architectural specifications.
Aluminium – The heavyweight in lightweight construction
As a constructional material, aluminium is characterised by numerous physical, chemical and technical properties that assign it an outstanding
role in the building sector.
One of aluminium’s outstanding properties is its long useful life. Thanks to an extremely thin but strong oxide layer, it is resistant to corrosion and
the weather as well as to UV radiation.
Especially with long-life objects like buildings, this is beneficial: for one thing, during service components only have to be replaced after a long
time, if at all; and for another, it minimises the effort required for service and maintenance. Both of these have a favourable bearing on
aluminium’s environmental balance.
The aluminium alloys used in architecture exhibit good weathering behaviour even in marine environments and are resistant to seawater, which
means that they maintain their mechanical properties and stability even after being exposed for long periods of time.
It is possible to optimise these properties in a specific manner by means of surface pretreatment and the use of coatings .By contrast, steel
structures like the Eiffel Tower or timber frames that are exposed to the elements need to be painted regularly to protect the magainst rusting or
weathering.
10. CONCLUSIONS
It is certain that Aluminium will become even more widely used in construction as pressure grows for buildings that are flexible, easy to maintain
and offer low cost-in-use. There is certainly scope for growth in a wide variety of structural applications, such as supporting Aluminium sheet
roofing on aluminium extruded roofing members. This growth is limited principally by a lack of understanding of Aluminium’s true structural
abilities.
No construction material is perfect. Timber is affected by moisture, requires maintenance, has limited structural capabilities and cannot be
machined into complex shapes. Steel has a relatively poor strength to weight ratio, cannot be thermally broken, rusts in an untreated state and,
under stress, is prone to brittle fractures. PVC is available in a limited range of colours, can suffer from polymer migration, does not have the
inherent stiffness of metals, and has been attacked on environmental grounds by leading environmental NGOs.
Aluminium, while it has a relatively high initial energy cost, offers unparalleled manufacturing flexibility, the broadest ranges of finishes, an
excellent strength-to-weight ratio, unlimited recyclables and has a far better environmental profile than many specifiers believe. Above all, it
offers architects the most elegant and satisfying design solutions.
For many contemporary designers there are simply no alternative to Aluminium – the form dictates the material and the material facilitates the
form. This fact alone will ensure the continued growth of Aluminium in construction.