This document discusses various ferrous and non-ferrous metals used in construction. It describes steel as a primary structural building material that forms the skeleton of a building. Stainless steel is highlighted as an alloy of iron, carbon, chromium, nickel, and magnesium known for its corrosion resistance and attractive appearance due to chromium. The document also mentions aluminum, brass, copper, and lead as common non-ferrous metals used in secondary building elements and decorative applications.
the power point presentation is all about steel and its all information, its basic introduction, manufacture, types, advantages, disadvantages, market forms, defects and its market rate.
Steel - used as a building material. What is steel - history, manufacturing, production, basic oxygen process, steel companies , cost, type of steel, heat treatment, grades of steel and examples
Non Ferrous Metals (BUILDING MATERIALS AND CONSTRUCTION)Andhra University
Non-Ferrous Metals
Non-ferrous metals include aluminum, copper, lead, zinc and tin, as well as precious metals like gold and silver. Their main advantage over ferrous materials is their malleability. They also have no iron content, giving them a higher resistance to rust and corrosion, and making them ideal for gutters, liquid pipes, roofing and outdoor signs. Lastly they are non-magnetic, which is important for many electronic and wiring applications.
Aluminum
Aluminum is lightweight, soft and low strength. Aluminum is easily cast, forged, machined and welded. It’s not suitable for high-temperature environments. Because aluminum is lightweight, it is a good choice for the manufacturing of aircraft and food cans. Aluminum is also used in castings, pistons, railways, cars, and kitchen utensils.
the power point presentation is all about steel and its all information, its basic introduction, manufacture, types, advantages, disadvantages, market forms, defects and its market rate.
Steel - used as a building material. What is steel - history, manufacturing, production, basic oxygen process, steel companies , cost, type of steel, heat treatment, grades of steel and examples
Non Ferrous Metals (BUILDING MATERIALS AND CONSTRUCTION)Andhra University
Non-Ferrous Metals
Non-ferrous metals include aluminum, copper, lead, zinc and tin, as well as precious metals like gold and silver. Their main advantage over ferrous materials is their malleability. They also have no iron content, giving them a higher resistance to rust and corrosion, and making them ideal for gutters, liquid pipes, roofing and outdoor signs. Lastly they are non-magnetic, which is important for many electronic and wiring applications.
Aluminum
Aluminum is lightweight, soft and low strength. Aluminum is easily cast, forged, machined and welded. It’s not suitable for high-temperature environments. Because aluminum is lightweight, it is a good choice for the manufacturing of aircraft and food cans. Aluminum is also used in castings, pistons, railways, cars, and kitchen utensils.
STEEL - As a Building material:
A 20-minute brief presentation on STEEL for a seminar session.
This presentation covers the areas of :
Origin of Steel, Discovery of STEEL, History of steel making, Classification of STEEL , Properties of steel, Mild Steel , Characteristic tension test curve, Medium Carbon Steel, High Carbon Steel, TOR Steel, Manufacturing processes.
Why STEEL is preferred to concrete?
Disadvantages of STEEL
Some Important Steel Structures
Introduction;
Reinforced brick masonry (RBM) consists of brick masonry which incorporates steel reinforcement embedded in mortar.
This masonry has greatly increased resistance to forces that produce tensile and shear stresses.
The reinforcement provides additional tensile strength, allowing better use of brick masonry's inherent compressive strength.
The two materials complement each other, resulting in an excellent structural material.
HISTORY;
Brick masonry is one of the oldest forms of building construction, and reinforcement has been used to strengthen masonry since 1813.
...
Steel is an alloy of iron and a number of other elements, mainly carbon, that has a high tensile strength and relatively low cost.
Steel is one of the most sustainable construction materials. Its strength and durability coupled to its ability to be recycled, again and again, without ever losing quality make it truly compatible with long term sustainable development.
The versatility of steel gives architects the freedom to achieve their most ambitious visions.
High carbon steel
Mild steel
Medium carbon steel
Stainless steel
high steel
Cobalt steel
Nickel chromium
Aluminium steel
Chromium steel
At its narrow upper end it has an opening through which the iron to be treated is introduced and the finished product is poured out
The wide end, or bottom, has a number of perforations through which the air is forced upward into the converter during operation.
As the air passes upward through the molten pig iron, impurities such as silicon, manganese, and carbon unite with the oxygen in the air to form oxides; the carbon monoxide burns off with a blue flame and the other impurities form slag.
STEEL - As a Building material:
A 20-minute brief presentation on STEEL for a seminar session.
This presentation covers the areas of :
Origin of Steel, Discovery of STEEL, History of steel making, Classification of STEEL , Properties of steel, Mild Steel , Characteristic tension test curve, Medium Carbon Steel, High Carbon Steel, TOR Steel, Manufacturing processes.
Why STEEL is preferred to concrete?
Disadvantages of STEEL
Some Important Steel Structures
Introduction;
Reinforced brick masonry (RBM) consists of brick masonry which incorporates steel reinforcement embedded in mortar.
This masonry has greatly increased resistance to forces that produce tensile and shear stresses.
The reinforcement provides additional tensile strength, allowing better use of brick masonry's inherent compressive strength.
The two materials complement each other, resulting in an excellent structural material.
HISTORY;
Brick masonry is one of the oldest forms of building construction, and reinforcement has been used to strengthen masonry since 1813.
...
Steel is an alloy of iron and a number of other elements, mainly carbon, that has a high tensile strength and relatively low cost.
Steel is one of the most sustainable construction materials. Its strength and durability coupled to its ability to be recycled, again and again, without ever losing quality make it truly compatible with long term sustainable development.
The versatility of steel gives architects the freedom to achieve their most ambitious visions.
High carbon steel
Mild steel
Medium carbon steel
Stainless steel
high steel
Cobalt steel
Nickel chromium
Aluminium steel
Chromium steel
At its narrow upper end it has an opening through which the iron to be treated is introduced and the finished product is poured out
The wide end, or bottom, has a number of perforations through which the air is forced upward into the converter during operation.
As the air passes upward through the molten pig iron, impurities such as silicon, manganese, and carbon unite with the oxygen in the air to form oxides; the carbon monoxide burns off with a blue flame and the other impurities form slag.
Sheets Metal used in Manufacturing ProcessRishabh Singh
Presentaion is on how sheets metal are used in manufacturing process.
You get to know about how many types of steels are there and what are there types.
More than than it contains information about metals used in metallurgy.
Iron: A strong, hard magnetic silvery-grey metal, the chemical element of atomic number 26, much used as a material for construction and manufacturing, especially in the form of steel.
Steel: A hard, strong grey or bluish-grey alloy of iron with carbon and usually other elements, used as a structural and fabricating material.
Here is a power point presentation I used for my Furniture Design Course. It shows interesting images of Metal, Fiberglass, Mixed Media, and Upcycled Furniture Designs.
its about iron metal used in architect used and its advantage and disadvantage ,fire proofing floor, samples, history and discovery of iron metal from earth crust,introduction, physical properties and chemical proerties.
CERAMIC AND SCULPTURE WORKSHOPSite Visit ReportAbhishek Mewada
CLAY: Natural rock or soil which is fine grained and contain silica , alumina , organic matter.
Types : Earthenware , Stoneware, Porcelain.
CLAYBODY : Consist of different materials like silica , clay , fluxes , grog.
Types : Earthenware , Stoneware , Porcelain.
Vastupurusa
For the basis of Hindú architecture often reference is made to Vastupurusa or “the spirit of the site”. One legend explains this as follows. There was an evil demigod (bhuta) who was born during Siva’s fight with the Asur Andhaka. This bhuta possessed a terrifying countenance and an insatiable hunger. The legend goes that having done great penance, the bhuta won a boon from Siva that allowed him to swallow the three worlds that constitute the Hindu cosmos. As this being stretched himself and began to occupy the heavens, he fell flat on the earth. The various gods and demigods seized this opportunity and pinned various parts of his body to the ground, rendering him helpless. This being came to be called Vast (or Vastupurusa) because the gods and demigods managed to lodge themselves on his body. Legends hold that the deities, in pinning him down, occupied different parts of his body and continued to reside there (Figure1). In order to satisfy his hunger, Brahma ordained that he receive offerings from people on building sites before construction. The body of the Vastupurusa is supposed to be sensitive at a number of points called marmas. The well-being of the Vastupurusa assures the well-being of the building and, by implication, its owner. An important criterion for any building, therefore, is to avoid injury to the marmas located on the body of the Vastupurusa. To ensure that this is achieved, texts prohibit any direct construction upon the marmas themselves. The marmas are specifically said to lie at the intersection of major diagonals, seen as the veins (siras or nadis) of the purusa.
MINBAR
Platform in a mosque, placed next to the mihrab. The minbar is used with the khutba, the Friday sermon, and the khatib (the person performing the Friday sermon) ascends it.
Excellent Jain architecture and sculpture can be seen in their Stupas and rock-cut caves found in Mathura, Bundelkhand, Madhya Pradesh and Orissa cave temples. A number of rock-cut caves have been discovered in Udaigiri and Khandagiri, twin hills in Puri District of Orissa and in Ellora in Maharashtra.
Dive into the innovative world of smart garages with our insightful presentation, "Exploring the Future of Smart Garages." This comprehensive guide covers the latest advancements in garage technology, including automated systems, smart security features, energy efficiency solutions, and seamless integration with smart home ecosystems. Learn how these technologies are transforming traditional garages into high-tech, efficient spaces that enhance convenience, safety, and sustainability.
Ideal for homeowners, tech enthusiasts, and industry professionals, this presentation provides valuable insights into the trends, benefits, and future developments in smart garage technology. Stay ahead of the curve with our expert analysis and practical tips on implementing smart garage solutions.
Transforming Brand Perception and Boosting Profitabilityaaryangarg12
In today's digital era, the dynamics of brand perception, consumer behavior, and profitability have been profoundly reshaped by the synergy of branding, social media, and website design. This research paper investigates the transformative power of these elements in influencing how individuals perceive brands and products and how this transformation can be harnessed to drive sales and profitability for businesses.
Through an exploration of brand psychology and consumer behavior, this study sheds light on the intricate ways in which effective branding strategies, strategic social media engagement, and user-centric website design contribute to altering consumers' perceptions. We delve into the principles that underlie successful brand transformations, examining how visual identity, messaging, and storytelling can captivate and resonate with target audiences.
Methodologically, this research employs a comprehensive approach, combining qualitative and quantitative analyses. Real-world case studies illustrate the impact of branding, social media campaigns, and website redesigns on consumer perception, sales figures, and profitability. We assess the various metrics, including brand awareness, customer engagement, conversion rates, and revenue growth, to measure the effectiveness of these strategies.
The results underscore the pivotal role of cohesive branding, social media influence, and website usability in shaping positive brand perceptions, influencing consumer decisions, and ultimately bolstering sales and profitability. This paper provides actionable insights and strategic recommendations for businesses seeking to leverage branding, social media, and website design as potent tools to enhance their market position and financial success.
Hello everyone! I am thrilled to present my latest portfolio on LinkedIn, marking the culmination of my architectural journey thus far. Over the span of five years, I've been fortunate to acquire a wealth of knowledge under the guidance of esteemed professors and industry mentors. From rigorous academic pursuits to practical engagements, each experience has contributed to my growth and refinement as an architecture student. This portfolio not only showcases my projects but also underscores my attention to detail and to innovative architecture as a profession.
3. FERROUS METAL
A metal containing iron as a primary material
Iron- Iron
- Cast Iron
- Steel
- Stainless Steel
Wrought Iron- Wrought Iron
4. NON-FERROUS METAL
A metal containing little or no iron
Aluminum- Aluminum
- Bronze
- Brass
- Copper
Lead- Lead
5. IRON
Iron is a metal extracted mainly from the iron ore
hematite. It oxidizes readily in air and water to form
Fe2O3 and is rarely found as a free element.
Iron is believed to be the sixth most abundant element
in the universe
6. Pig iron is the intermediate product of melting
iron ore with coke and resin
Cast into pigs in preparation for conversion into
cast iron wrought iron or steelcast iron, wrought iron or steel
Pig iron has a very high carbon content,
typically 3.5 - 4.5%, which makes it very brittle
and not useful directly as a material except for
limited applications
7. FERROUS METALS
CAST IRON
A hard, brittle, nonmalleable iron-based alloy
containing 2% 4 5% carbon and 0 5% 3% siliconcontaining 2%-4.5% carbon and 0.5%-3% silicon
8. FERROUS METALS
CAST IRON
APPLICATIONAPPLICATION:
- Piping & Fittings
- Ornamental Ironwork
Hardware- Hardware
- Base Metal for Porcelain Enameled Plumbing Fixtures
- Floor & Wall Brackets for Railings
- Circular StairsCircular Stairs
- Manhole Cover
- Gratings
9. FERROUS METALS
WROUGHT IRON
A tough, malleable, readily soft iron that is easily
forged & welded Fatigue & corrosion resistant
Commercially pure iron, containing only
forged & welded. Fatigue & corrosion resistant
approximately 0.2% carbon
A fibrous material due to the slag inclusionsA fibrous material due to the slag inclusions,
that gives it a "grain" resembling wood, which is
visible when it is etched or bent to the point ofvisible when it is etched or bent to the point of
failure
10. FERROUS METALS
WROUGHT IRON
Literally means “worked iron”
APPLICATION:
- Piping & Fittings for Plumbing,
Heating & Air conditioningHeating & Air-conditioning
- Ornamental Ironwork
Railing, Table, Chair, Door-
Window Grill, etc…
11. FERROUS METALS
GALVANIZED IRON (G.I.)GALVANIZED IRON (G.I.)
Iron coated with zinc to
prevent rust. The
process is achieved
thru hot-dip
galvanizing
12. FERROUS METALS
GALVANIZED IRON (G.I.)
APPLICATION:
GALVANIZED IRON (G.I.)
- Metal Decking
Roofing & Accessories- Roofing & Accessories
- Ceiling Framing
- Wall Framing
- Piping- Piping
13. FERROUS METALS
STEEL
Alloys of iron and carbon
Carbon content is no more than 2%
Alloy elements is composed of phosphorousAlloy elements is composed of phosphorous,
sulfur, oxygen, nitrogen, manganese, silicon,
aluminum copper nickel etcaluminum, copper, nickel, etc.
Can be wrought, rolled, cast, and welded, butCan be wrought, rolled, cast, and welded, but
not extruded
14. FERROUS METALS
ALLOY ELEMENTS & IT’S PURPOSE/S:
1. Aluminum for surface hardening
2. Chromium for corrosion resistance
3 Copper for resistance to atmospheric corrosion3. Copper for resistance to atmospheric corrosion
4. Manganese in small amounts for hardening; in larger
amounts for wear resistance
5. Molybdenum, combined with other alloying metals such asy , y g
chromium & nickel, to increase corrosion resistance and to raise
tensile strength without reducing ductility.
15. 6. Nickel to increase tensile strength without reducing
d tilit i hi h t ti t i iductility; in high concentrations, to improve corrosion
resistance
7. Silicon to strengthen low alloy steels and improve
oxidation resistance; in larger amounts to provide hard,
b ittl ti i t t t i h i lbrittle castings resistant to corrosive chemicals
8. Sulfur for free machining, especially in mild steelsg y
9. Titanium to prevent inter-granular corrosion of stainless
steelssteels
10. Tungsten, vanadium, and cobalt for hardness and
b i i tabrasion resistance
17. FERROUS METALS
Carbon Steel
Low carbon steel
Medium/mild carbon steel (M S )Medium/mild carbon steel (M.S.)
High-carbon steel
Unalloyed steel in which the residual element as carbon
Ultra-high-carbon steel
Unalloyed steel in which the residual element as carbon,
manganese, phosphorus, sulfur and silicon are controlled.
Any increase in carbon content increase the strength and
hardness but reduces its ductility and weldability.
18. FERROUS METALS
Carbon Steel
APPLICATION:
- Structural Steel
- Concrete Reinforcement
- Decking and Panels
R fi & A i- Roofing & Accessories
- Windows & Doors
- Hardware
20. FERROUS METALS
Stainless Steel
An alloy steel containing a minimum of 12%
Stainless Steel
An alloy steel containing a minimum of 12%
chromium & additional nickel, manganese, and
molybdenum alloy elementsmolybdenum alloy elements
Resistance to heat, oxidation & corrosionResistance to heat, oxidation & corrosion
Does not stain, corrode or rust as ordinary steel, butDoes not stain, corrode or rust as ordinary steel, but
not stain-proof
22. FERROUS METALS
HSLA (High Strength Low Alloy) Steel
A group of low carbon steels containing less
HSLA (High-Strength Low-Alloy) Steel
A group of low-carbon steels containing less
than 2% alloys in a chemical composition
specifically developed for increase strengthspecifically developed for increase strength,
ductility, & resistance to corrosion
Much stronger & tougher than ordinary carbon
steelsteel
23. FERROUS METALS
HSLA SteelHSLA Steel
APPLICATION:
- Reinforcement for Pre-stressed Concrete
Hi h t th B lt- High-strength Bolts
- Special Structural Steel
- Cables for Elevators
24. FERROUS METALS
Tools Steel
refers to a variety of carbon and alloy steels
Tools Steel
refers to a variety of carbon and alloy steels
that are particularly suited to be made into
toolstools
Distinctively hard, resistance to abrasion andDistinctively hard, resistance to abrasion and
deformation, and has ability to hold a cutting
edgeedge
25. NNON-FERROUS METALS
Aluminum
• Soft, non magnetic, ductile and malleable silvery white
metal with thermal and electrical conductivity.
• Aluminum is the most abundant metal in the Earth's
crust, and the third most abundant element therein, after
oxygen and silicon.yg
Used as structural
framing like the highframing like the high
strength aluminum alloys
and secondary building
elements such aselements such as
windows, doors, roofing,
flashing, trim and hard
wares.
26. COPPER
Ductile malleable and bright reddish brown color withDuctile, malleable and bright reddish brown color with
high thermal and electrical conductivity.
Posses a “patina” weather reactive surface layer of
insoluble green salt which retards corrosion and used to
alloy bronze and brass to increase strength andalloy bronze and brass to increase strength and
corrosion resistance.
U d l t i l i i i i d fi t i lUsed as electrical wiring, piping and roofing material.
Care must be taken in fastening, attaching or supported
only by selected brass fittings.
27.
28. BrassBrass
Brass is any alloy of copper and zinc. It has
t d ll l h t i il ta muted yellow color, somewhat similar to
gold.
It is relatively resistant to tarnishing andIt is relatively resistant to tarnishing, and
is often used as decoration and for coins. In
antiquity, polished brass was often used as
Lead
q y, p
a mirror.
Lead is a soft, malleable poor metal, also considered to be
one of the heavy metals. Lead has a bluish white color when
freshly cut, but tarnishes to a dull grayish color when it is
exposed to air and is a shiny chrome silver when melted into a
liquidliquid. .
30. METAL JOINERY
Soldering is a process in which two or more metal items are
j i d t th b lti d fl i fill t l i t thjoined together by melting and flowing a filler metal into the
joint, the filler metal having a relatively low melting point.
AnnealingAnnealing
In the cases of copper, steel,
d b hi iand brass this process is
performed by substantially
heating the material (untilheating the material (until
glowing) for a while and
allowing it to cool slowly. Theg y
metal is softened and prepared
for further work such as
h i f ishaping, or forming.
31. Welding is a fabrication process
that joins materials, usually
metals or thermoplastics, by
causing coalescencecausing coalescence
(connection).
This is often done by melting theThis is often done by melting the
work pieces and adding a filler
material to form a pool of moltenmaterial to form a pool of molten
material (the weld puddle) that
cools to become a strong joint,
with pressure sometimes used in
conjunction with heat, or by itself,
to produce the weldto produce the weld.
32. A rivet is a mechanical fastener. Before it is installed it
consists of a smooth cylindrical shaft with a head on one end.
The end opposite the head is called the buck-tail.
36. STAINLESS STEEL . .
• ALLOY OF IRON AND CARBON , CHROMIUM, NICKEL & , ,
MAGNESIUM
• STAINLESS STEEL IS RENOWNED ABOVE ALL FOR ITS RESISTANCESTAINLESS STEEL IS RENOWNED ABOVE ALL FOR ITS RESISTANCE
TO CORROSION AND ITS ATTRACTIVE, STRIKING APPEARANCE.
BOTH ARE DUE TO THE PRESENCE OF THE CHROMIUMAS ANBOTH ARE DUE TO THE PRESENCE OF THE CHROMIUM AS AN
ALLOYING ELEMENT.
STAINLESS STEEL ALSO POSSESS PHYSICALS AND MECHANICAL• STAINLESS STEEL ALSO POSSESS PHYSICALS AND MECHANICAL
PROPERTIES THAT MAKE IT AN EXCEPTIONALLY USEFUL AND
DESIRABLE MATERIAL FOR THE WIDEST VARIETY OFDESIRABLE MATERIAL FOR THE WIDEST VARIETY OF
APPLICATIONS.
42. Stainless Steel Mosaic Wall Tiles
Stainless steel tiles aren’tStainless steel tiles arent
unusual in bathrooms or as
back splashes in modernback splashes in modern
kitchens, but it’s their use
here to cover an entire livinghere to cover an entire living
room wall that puts them in
a whole new light.a whole new light.
Shimmering and textural,Shimmering and textural,
this tile application creates
an eye‐catching accent wall.an eye catching accent wall.
43. Aluminium & S.S. Modular KitchenAluminium & S.S. Modular Kitchen
Shiny metal is much more
than just an accent in this
modular kitchen. Calling to
mind commercial kitchens in
which every surface must be
easily sanitized, but on a
smaller scale, the minimalist
result is clutter‐free and
contrasts nicely with a natural
wood floor.
44. Ultramodern Steel SofaUltramodern Steel Sofa
Looking like it was carved from
one solid block of metal, this
curving sofa in a shape
reminiscent of a sea shell is
definitely a bold way to bring
metals into your living room.
46. Steel Stairs
SINCE STAIRS ARE OFTEN
LOCATED IN THE HEART OFLOCATED IN THE HEART OF
A HOME, THEY PROVIDE
ANOTHER OPPORTUNITY TOANOTHER OPPORTUNITY TO
STUN WITH STEEL.